global citizenship 2012

research series

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE NETHERLANDS 2012

This report investigates the extent to which Dutch citizens aged 18 years and older behave as global citizens. The key element within the concept of global citizenship is the contribution made by individuals towards a liveable world. This encompasses not only support for international cooperation, but also the way in which people’s involvement in international issues defines their behaviour.

Is the Dutch population aware of the mutual dependency in the world? Are they convinced of the equality of all human beings world-wide and do they feel a shared responsibility for global issues? What do Dutch people know of the world? And how does their everyday behaviour relate to these insights?

These are the issues that this research evaluates.

This publication is part of a series of research publications by NCDO. NCDO is the Dutch expertise and advisory centre for citizenship and international cooperation. NCDO carries out research, provides information and advice, stimulates public debate and is actively involved in the field of training and education.

This research publication was issued by NcDO, april 2013

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NCDO is the Dutch expertise and advisory centre for citizenship and inter-national cooperation. NCDO carries out research, provides information and advice, stimulates public debate and is actively involved in the field of training and education. For this, NCDO cooperates with government, political and social organisations, the business community and the research sector.

If you have any questions about or remarks on this research or if you want to be kept up-to-date about new research, please contact NCDO through [email protected].

Illustration cover: Kim Verschoor

Original publication: Nederlanders & Mondiaal Burgerschap 2012 (september 2012). Translation by Pamela Moore.

ISBN: 978-90-74612-32-6

Amsterdam, April 2013

NCDO is the centre for global citizenship. P.O. Box 94020, 1090 AD Amsterdamtel +31 (0)20 568 87 [email protected], www.ncdo.nl

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE NETHERLANDS 2012Christine CarabainMarije van Gentevelien boonstoppel

RESEARCH SERIES

NCDO RESEARCH SERIES GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE NETHERLANDS 20122 3

CONTENTS SUMMARY 4

1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. WHAT IS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP? 10 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 11 1.2.1. EFFICIENT USE OF WATER AND ENERGY 12

1.2.2. MOBILITY 13

1.2.3. RECYCLING & HANDLING OF WASTE 13

1.2.4. CONSUMPTION 14

1.2.5. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION AND EXPRESSING AN OPINION 15

1.3. THIS RESEARCH 15

2.BEHAVIOUR 16 2.1. EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND WATER 16 2.2. MOBILITY 17 2.3. RECYCLING AND HANDLING OF WASTE 18 2.4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 19 2.5. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION ABOUT GLOBAL ISSUES 20 2.6. EXPRESSING AN OPINION ON GLOBAL ISSUES 21 2.7. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 22 2.8. DONATING TO CHARITY 23 2.8.1. WHO DONATES TO WHICH CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS? 23

2.8.2. HOW MUCH IS DONATED? 24

2.9. VOLUNTEERING 25 2.9.1. WHO IS ACTIVE AS A VOLUNTEER AND WHERE? 25

2.9.2. DO THE DUTCH REGULARLY WORK AS VOLUNTEERS? 26

2.10. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP INDEX 27 2.11. CONCLUSION 29

3.PRINCIPLES 32 3.1. HUMAN EQUALITY 32 3.2. MUTUAL DEPENDENCY IN THE WORLD 33 3.3. SHARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SOLVING GLOBAL ISSUES 34 3.4. CONCLUSION 35

NCDO RESEARCH SERIES GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE NETHERLANDS 20123

4.KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GLOBAL ISSUES 37

5.GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 39 5.1. THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPLES 39 5.2. THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE 42 5.3. THE ROLE OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS 43 5.4. THE ROLE OF ALTRUISTIC VALUES, CONTACT WITH OTHER

CULTURES AND TRUST 44 5.5. THE EFFECT OF ALL THE ASPECTS TOGETHER 47 5.6. CONCLUSION 48

6.ATTITUDE WITH REGARD TO DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION 50

6.1. THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION 50 6.2. THE DUTCH AND THE BUDGET FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION 52 6.3. CONCLUSION 54

REFERENCES 56

METHODOLOGY 58


SUMMARY ThisreportinvestigatestheextenttowhichDutchcitizensaged18yearsorolderbehaveasglobalcitizens.Thekeyelementwithintheconceptofglobalcitizenshipisthecontributionmadebyindividualstowardsaliveableworld.Thisencompassesnotonlysupportforinternationalcooperation,butalsothewayinwhichpeople’sinvolvementininternationalissuesisexpressedintheirbehaviour.Itisthisthatthisresearchevaluates.

DotheDutchBehaveasGlobalCitizens?NCDOdistinguishesninetypesofbehaviourrelatedtoenvironmentalorsocialsustainability:1)efficientuseofwaterandenergy;2)mobility;3)recy-clingandhandlingofwaste;4)consumerbehaviour;5)searchingforinforma-tionand6)expressinganopiniononglobalissues;7)politicalparticipation;8)donatingtocharityand9)volunteering.

EfficientUseofWaterandEnergyWithreferencetowaterandenergywastage-suchasleavingthetaprunningwhilebrushingtheirteethandleavingchargersinpowerpoints-theDutchuseenergyinaresponsibleway.ThevastmajorityoftheDutchexhibitbehaviourthatresultsinlessenergywastage.However,theDutchbehavelessresponsiblywithenergywhentheirconvenienceisinvolved,suchaswiththeuseoflaundrydryers.AlmosthalfoftheDutchusesuchadeviceoftenor(almost)always.

MobilityWhatchoicesdotheDutchmakeinthefieldofmobility?Dotheyoptforthetrain?Dotheyusethecarforshortdistances?OnlyasmallpercentageofDutchpeopleoftenor(almost)alwaysoptforthetrain.Ontheotherhand,onlyasmallpercentageofDutchpeopleoftenor(almost)alwaysusethecarwithintheirneighbourhood,orgoonholidaybyplane.


RecyclingandHandlingofWasteTheDutchseemtoberesponsibleintheirhandlingofwaste.Onlyasmallpercentageoftenthrowawayfoodthatisstilledible:thisalsoappliestodisposingbatterieswithotherwaste.AlsoasignificantpercentageoftheDutchpopulationdonategoodssothattheycanbereused.

ConsumerBehaviourAretheDutchsustainableconsumers?Apartfromchoosinggreenenergy,Dutchsustainableconsumerbehaviourstillseemstobelimited.AsmallpercentageoftheDutchoftenor(almost)alwaysbuyfair-tradeproducts.CompensatingforflightsisalsonotyetcommonbehaviouramongsttheDutchpopulation.Moreover,onlyasmallpercentagebuysecondhandgoods.Inaddition,thevastmajorityoftheDutchpopulationoftenor(almost)alwayseatmeat.

SearchingforInformationandExpressinganOpiniononGlobalIssuesThevastmajorityoftheDutchfollowthenewsaboutproblemsabroad.Itisremarkablethatthisismainlydonethroughthe‘old’media,suchasnewspapers,televisionandradio.ThepercentageofDutchpeoplewhofollowthenewsovertheinternetisstillmuchlower.AboutoneoutofeightDutchpeopleoftenor(almost)alwayssaysomethingiffamilyorfriendsdosomethingthatisnotgoodfortheenvironment.Onlyasmallpercentagefrequentlytalkaboutenviron-mentalproblemsandpoverty.However,ifthosewhosometimestalkaboutthesesubjectsareincluded,thevastmajorityoftheDutchdothis.Onlyaverysmallpercentageparticipatein(online)petitionsorsupportcharitiesthroughsocialmedia.

PoliticalParticipationPoliticalparticipationislargelylimitedtovotinginelections.OneoutoffourDutchcitizensisamemberofatradeunion.Ontheotherhand,onlyaverysmallpercentageareactivemembersofapoliticalparty.


DonatingTheDutchdonaterelativelylargeamountsandrelativelyoften.ThreequartersoftheDutchgivetocharity.Popularcharitableorganisationsarethoseinthefieldsofdevelopmentaid,health,natureandenvironment.Dutchcontributorsgaveanaverageof224eurostocharityin2011.Thereareconsiderabledifferencesbetweentheaverageamountsofdonationspersector.Traditionally,thehighestaverageamountsaregiventoideologicalorganisationssuchaschurchesandmosques.

VolunteeringForty-twopercentoftheDutchperformvoluntaryservices.Thisvolunteeringisnotevenlydistributedacrossthedifferentsectors.Thecategory‘other’isthelargest.ThiscategoryillustratesthediversityofDutchvolunteeringactivities,whichrangefromactivitiesatschoolorvolunteeringfortheApartmentOwnersAssociation(VVE)tocollectingmoneyfortheKWFandmanagingabrassband.Sportsclubs,communitycentresandplacesofworship(e.g.thechurch,mosqueandtemple)arealsopopularplacesforvolunteering.Thosewhoareactiveasvolunteerappeartobesoonaveryregularbasis:seventy-threepercentofDutchvolunteersareactiveasvolunteeratleastonceamonth.TheplacesofworshipintheNetherlandscanrelymostonvolunteers,whomakeanactivecontributionatleastonceamonth.

HumanEquality,MutualDependencyand(Shared)ResponsibilityNCDOdistinguishesthreeprinciplesthatarethoughttosupportglobalcitizenship:humanequality,asenseofmutualdependencyandtakingsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.TheseprinciplesarewidelysupportedbytheDutchpopulation.Thisapplies,inparticular,toasenseofmutualdependencyandtakingsharedresponsibilityandtoalesserextenttotheideaofhumanequality.

EducationplaysanimportantroleintheextenttowhichtheDutchsupporttheseprinciples.HighlyeducatedDutchpeoplesupportthethreeprinciplesmoreoftenthanthosewithalowereducation.Threeotherpersonalcha-racteristicseachplayaseparaterolewithregardtothesethreeprinciples.Forexample,womenseepeopleasmoreequalthanmendo.TheDutchaged35yearsandolderaremorewillingtotakeresponsibilitythanthosewho


areyoungerthan35years.Dutchpeoplewhoearnmorearemoreawareofmutualdependencyintheworld.

Alsotheextenttowhichpeopleattachimportancetoaltruisticvaluesplaysanimportantroleintheextenttowhichtheysupportthethreeprinciples.Thisappliesinparticulartotheirwillingnesstotake(co-)responsibility.Inaddition,theamountoftrustthatDutchpeoplehaveininstitutionsplaysarelativelyimportantrole.Peoplewhohavemoretrustalsohavemoresupportfortheseprinciples.

Whatistherolethatpoliticalpreferenceplayswithregardtoadherencetothethreeprinciples?Afairlyclearpatternisdiscernablehere:DutchcitizenswhovoteforGroenLinks(theDutchGreenParty)andD66(theNewDemocrats)supporttheseprinciplesthemost.AlsothosewhovoteforthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)scorewellwithregardtotheprinciples.ThosewhovoteforthePVV(theDutchFreedomParty)supportallthreeprinciplestheleast.GlobalCitizenship?Theexpectationthatpeoplewhoadheremoretothethreeprinciples–humanequality,mutualdependencyintheworldandsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues-behavemoreoftenasglobalcitizensseemstobeconfirmedbythedatacollected.Inparticular,theprincipleofsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesbestexplainsthedifferencesintheextentofglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.

Alsootherbackgroundcharacteristicsappeartopartiallyexplainthedifferen-cesinglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Peoplewhohavemoreknowledgeaboutglobalissuesbehavemoreoftenasglobalcitizensthanpeoplewhohavelessknowledgeabouttheseissues.

Also,gender(female),ageandeducationallhaveapositiveinfluenceonglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Themorefrequentoccurrenceofthisbehaviourinthehighlyeducated,andparticularlyinwomen,maybepartiallyexplainedbythefactthattheysupportthethreeprinciplesmoreoftenthanlesswelleducatedpeopleandmen.

Altruisticvalues,contactwithotherculturesandtheamountofsocialandinstitutionaltrustalsodisplayapositivecorrelationwiththeextenttowhich


peoplebehaveasglobalcitizens.Inparticular,theimportanceattachedtoaltruisticvalueshasastrongpositiveeffectonglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Themorealtruisticthevalues,themorefrequentthebehaviour.Thesealtruis-ticvaluesalsoreducethepreviouslyobservedeffectsofthethreeprinciples.Itturnsoutthat,inparticular,thepositiveeffectoftheprincipleofequalityonglobalcitizenshipmaypartiallybeexplainedbythefactthatpeoplewhosupportthisprinciplealsoattachagreaterimportancetoaltruisticvalues.

Inspiteofadecreaseinthecorrelation,theprinciplesofmutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilitycontinuetoplayaroleinexplainingtheextenttowhichpeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens,evenafteracontrolhasbeendonejointlyforthesebackgroundcharacteristics.

WhatistheAttitudeoftheDutchwithRegardtoDevelopmentCooperation?TheimportancethattheDutchattachtodevelopmentcooperationcontinuestoremainhighin2012.ThelargemajorityoftheDutchpopulationfindit(very)importanttoassistpoorcountrieswiththeirdevelopment.

Inspiteofthissupport,in2012almosthalfoftheDutchareoftheopinionthatthegovernmentbudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldbereduced.Ontheotherhand,anequallylargegroupbelievesthatthebudgetshouldremainthesameorbeincreased.Thismeansthatthereispermanentsupportforthegovernmentbudget,butthatthissupportisunderpressure.

Unlikepreviousyears,thisstudydidnotaskwhypeopleareoftheopinionthatthegovernmentbudgetshouldbereduced.However,theBarometerInternationalCooperation2011showedthatthemainreasonforwantingthegovernmentbudgettobereducedwasthattheDutchareoftheopinionthattheirowneconomyshouldbeputinorderfirst.Inviewofthecontinuedreces-sionitisentirelypossiblethatthisargumentnowalsoplaysamajorroleinthemotivationforwantingthebudgettobereduced.


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Inthisdocumentwepresenttheresearch‘GlobalCitizenshipintheNetherlands2012’:anewresearchthatisacontinuationofthelongtraditionoftheBarometerInternationalCooperation.Fordecades,workingonsupportfordevelopmentcooperationhasbeenanimportantpillarofDutchdevelopmentpolicy.Forthisreason,upto2011NCDOannuallyissuedtheBarometerInternationalCooperationinwhichtheDutchpublic’ssupportfordevelopmentcooperationwasmeasured.

Since2011NCDOhasundergoneatransformationandisnolongeranorga-nisationthatfocusesonthesupportfordevelopmentcooperation,buthasbecometheknowledgeandadvicecentreinthefieldofglobalcitizenshipintheNetherlands.

Theshiftfromsupportfordevelopmentcooperationtoglobalcitizenshipisconsistentwithtwoimportantshiftsinthethinkingaboutinternationalcoope-rationingeneral,i.e.theshiftfromthefocusonpovertyreductionindevelopingcountriestoglobalconnectednessandtheshiftfromsupporttoparticipation.Theseshiftshaveledtothefocusnolongerbeingon‘problemsandchallengesthere’buton´problemsandchallengeshereandthere´.Inaddition,thefocushasshiftedfromDutchpublicsupportforgovernmentpolicyinthefieldofdevelop-mentcooperationtothequestionhowindividualscancontributethroughtheirbehaviourtosolvingglobalissues(Carabainetal,2012).

Thefocuson‘hereandthere’isalsoreflectedinagovernmentresponse(DutchHouseofRepresentatives,2011)onthereport´Minderpretentie,Meerambitie´(‘Lesspretension,Moreambition´)bytheScientificCouncilforGovernmentPolicy(WRR,2010)inwhichtheinevitabilityofinternationalcooperationhavingtotackleglobalissuesinthefieldofsecurity,stabilityorclimatechangeisconfirmed.Publicgoodsaregoodsthat,inprinciple,arefreelyavailableandforwhichpeopledonotneedtocompete.Aslongagoas1890,theItalianeconomistUgoMazzola(1890)identifiedthemaincharacteristicofapublicgood,i.e.that


theconsumptionofapublicgoodbyonepersondoesnotreducetheabilityofanothertoconsumeit.Examplesofinternationalpublicgoodsarecleanair,financialstabilityandgoodhealth.

ThefocusonparticipationalsolinksupwithanumberoftrendsinDutchsocietywithregardtodevelopmentcooperation.InspiteofthefactthatthereisdecreasingsupportforthepolicyofdevelopmentcooperationamongsttheDutchpopulation(Hento,2011),therehasbeen,forexample,anincreaseinthenumberofDutchpeoplewhobuyfair-tradefood(DeGoede&Ruben,2012).TheDutchalsoseemtobeincreasinglytakingresponsibilityforglobalproblemsthroughindividualparticipation.Relativelynewdevelopmentorganisations,suchasthe1%Club,areconnectingwiththistrendandenablingpeopletochooseforthemselveswhich(small)projectstheywishtodonateto.Thetraditi-onaldevelopmentorganisationsarealsorespondingtothetrendtowardsmoreindividualinvolvement,inter aliathroughthefacilitationandimplementationofinteractivenetworks,suchastheOxfamNovibDoenersnet.

TheNetherlandshavealeadingroleinEuropeintermsofglobalcitizenship.In2009,MinisterBertKoendersdeterminedthatthepresenttimecallsforglobalcitizenship(DGIS,2009).Thekeyelementwithintheconceptofglobalcitizenshipisthecontributionmadebyindividualstowardsaliveableworld.Thisnolongermerelyencompassessupportforinternationalcooperation,butalsothewayinwhichpeople’sinvolvementininternationalissuesdefinestheirbehaviour.Thisiswhattheresearch‘GlobalCitizenshipintheNetherlands2012’evaluates.

1.1.WhatisGlobalCitizenship?Earlyin2012NCDOpublishedatheoreticalexplorationoftheconcept‘globalcitizenship’(Carabainetal,2012).Thisexplorationresultedinadefinitionofglobalcitizenship.Inthisdefinition,globalcitizenshipisconsideredtobetheglobaldimensionofactivecitizenship,inwhichtheemphasisliesonthepartici-pationinandtakingresponsibilityforthepublicsphere(“FoundationforActiveCitizenship”,noyear):

“The global dimension of citizenship comes to the fore in behaviour that does justice to the principles of mutual dependency in the world, the equality of human beings, and shared responsibility for solving global issues.”


Figure 1. Graphicdepictionofthedefinition

Behaviourformsthekeyelementinthisdefinitionofglobalcitizenship.Itwaspreviouslyconcludedthatgoodintentionshavelittleimpactonabetterworld.Goodbehaviourcanbeaneffectivecontributiontoabetterworld.Behaviourthatiscompatiblewithglobalcitizenshipdoesjusticetothreeprinciples,i.e.humanequality,mutualdependencyintheworld,andsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.Allbehavioursrelatedtoglobalcitizenship(asdescribedinthispublication)dojusticetotheseprinciples,butneednotbeconsciouslybasedonthem.Inotherwords:onecanbehaveasaglobalcitizenwithoutconsciouslysupportingtheseprinciples.Withoutmakingconcretestatementsonthecausalityofglobalcitizenshipbehaviour,thispublicationwillexaminetheextentofthecorrelationbetweenthethreeprinciplesandbehavioursrelatedtoglobalcitizenship.

1.2.EnvironmentalandSocialSustainabilityTherearebasicallytwotypesofbehaviourrelatedtoglobalcitizenshipthatshouldbedistinguished.Thesetypesofbehaviourareeitherlinkedtoenvironmentalsustainabilityortosocialsustainability.

MUTUAL DEPENDENCY IN THE WORLD

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SOLVING GLOBAL ISSUES

HUMAN EQUALITY

BEHAVIOUR


Behavioursthatmaybeassociatedwithsocialsustainabilityarethoserelatedtosocialandeconomicjustice(Carabainetal,2012).Inotherwords:thesebehavioursfocusonhumanequalityanddistributionissues.

Consumerbehaviour,suchasbuyingfair-tradeproductsornotbuyingproductsmadebychildren,maycontributetosocialsustainability.Thisalsoappliestoactiveparticipationinapoliticalpartyortradeunion.Essentialtobehavioursrelatedtoenvironmentalsustainabilityisawarenessoftherelationshipbetweentheneedsofthepresentgenerationandthepossibilityofendangeringtheneedsoffuturegenerations(WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment,1987).Thisincludessuchbehavioursastheefficientuseofenergy,waterandwaste,recycling,reducinggreenhousegasemissions,etc.

Forthetimebeing,NCDOdistinguishesninetypesofbehaviourassociatedwithenvironmentalorsocialsustainability:1)efficientuseofwaterandenergy;2)mobility,3)recyclingandhandlingofwaste;4)consumerbeha-viour;5)searchingforinformationand6)expressinganopiniononglobalissues;7)politicalparticipation;8)donationstocharityand9)volunteering.NCDOconsiderstheseninebehaviourstobeglobalcitizenship.However,itshouldbenotedthatNCDOdoesnotclaimthatthislistisexhaustive.

FollowingKaiserandhiscolleagues(2003)itisstatedthatinparticularbehavioursinthefieldofsavingenergyandwater,mobilityandthere-useandhandlingofwastehaveapositiveeffectonenvironmentalsustainability,whilstpoliticalparticipationmainlyhasapositiveeffectonsocialsustaina-bility.Withregardtootherbehavioursitishardertodistinguishbetweentheireffectsonenvironmentalorsocialsustainability.Consumerbehaviour,searchingforinformationandgivinganopinionaboutglobalissues,dona-tionstocharitableorganisationsorvolunteeringmaycontributetobothenvironmentalandsocialsustainability.

1.2.1.EfficientUseofWaterandEnergyThedemandforwaterhasincreasedsignificantlyinthepastdecadesduetopopulationgrowth,theglobalincreaseinconsumptionandeconomicdevelop-ment.Waterscarcitymayhaveenormousconsequenceslocallyandglobally.Waterisnotonlyessentialforthepeople’ssurvival,butalsoforagricultureandmanyothereconomicprocesses(Spitz,2012).Peoplecancontributetotheglobalfightagainstwaterscarcitybytheefficientuseofwaterintheirownhousehold.


Withtheimminentdepletionoffossilfuels,theefficientuseofenergyisincrea-singlybecominganecessityinsteadofachoice.Inaddition,theefficientuseofenergyalsocontributestothereductionofthecarbondioxideemissionsthatarearesultofthecombustionofthesefuels(Muskens,2012).Thishasnegativeconsequencesfortheself-healingcapacityofnature(OECD,2012).Asolutionfortheenergyissuesistheuseofsustainablealternativesforfossilfuels.Anno2012,thesealternatives(includingbiomassandhydropower)onlycover13%oftheglobaldemandforenergy.Initsmostpositivescenario,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)predictsthattheshareofsustainableenergyin2035willpossiblyrisetoaround27%(IEA,2011).However,therearereservationsaboutthisscenario.Othersexpectthat,whenthefossilfuelshortagebecomesdire,mankindwillbeabletoswitchtosustainableenergysourcesmuchfaster(Gilding,2012).Peoplecansaveenergyindifferentwaysandthusmakeapositivecontributiontoenergyscarcity,forexample,byproperlyinsulatingtheirhomesandusingenergy-efficientequipmentandbynotleavingthelightsonunnecessarily.

1.2.2.MobilityMobilityislinkedtotheglobalissueofenergyscarcity.Theexpectationisthatatagloballevelmobilitywillincreaseconsiderablyinthenexttwodecades,asaresultof,amongstotherthings,economicgrowthincertainpartsoftheworldandofurbanisation.TheInternationalEnergyAgencypredictsthatthenumberofcarsintheworldin2050willincreaseby250to375percent.Transportationcurrentlyproduces80%ofallharmfulairpollutionandthusmakesasubstantialcontributiontocarbondioxideemissionsandtoclimatechangeingeneral.

Asustainableapproachtotransportation,suchastheavoidanceofunneces-sarymotorisedtravel,thepromotionofsustainableformsofmobilityandtheincreaseoftransportationefficiency,makeanimportantcontributiontothereductionofcarbondioxideemissionsandtheconservationofscarceresour-ces(Repogle&Hughes,2012).Forexample,peoplecanaddressmobilitymoresustainablybytravellingbypublictransportorusingtheirbikeasanalterna-tiveforthecartotravelsmalldistances.1.2.3.Recycling&HandlingofWasteWasteisoneofthemajorglobalissuesofourtime.Wenowcollectivelyproduceanaverageof12billiontonsofwasteannually(OECD,2012).Theproblemofwasteisarelativelynewphenomenon(Strasser,1999).Untilabout


acenturyago,wastewasasmallandmainlylocalproblem(Carabain,Spitz&Keulemans,2012).Thefactthat,nowadays,wasteisalarge,globalproblemistheresultoftwoimportantchangesinglobalsociety.Firstly,thereistheriseoftheconsumersocietywithproductsmadeofnon-naturalmaterialsthatdonotbreakdownorcannotbeeasilyrecycled.Secondly,wasteisincreasinglybeingmovedaround.Forinstance,Westerncountriestransporttheirwastetodevelopingcountriesforrecycling.Inthesecountrieslargequantitiesofwasterelativelyoftenendupbackintheenvironment,duetothelackofadequateorganisationalstructuresforcollectionandprocessing.Wastethatendsupintheenvironmentcanconstituteadangertohumansandanimals(Carabain,Spitz&Keulemans,2012).Peoplecancontributeindividuallytosolvingthisglobalissue,forexamplebyrecycling,separatingtheirwaste,orbydonatingusableclothingandequipmentforreuse.

1.2.4.ConsumptionCurrentglobalconsumptionpatternsareleadingtotheover-burdeningoftheplanetandofsociety(Mattar,2012).Itshouldalsobeborninmindthateconomicandpopulationgrowthinemergingcountries,suchasChina,IndiaandBrazil,isirrevocablyleadingtowardsanincreaseinglobalconsumption.Anotherglobaltrendinconsumptionistheincreaseofglobalproductionchainsandthedecreaseoflocalproductionchains.Inotherwords,consump-tionofpeoplewholiveinoneplacemayinfluencethelivesofpeopleinotherplaces.Forexample,thinkoftheproductionoffruitandvegetablesforWesternconsumersinEastAfricaforwhichtherelativelyscarcewaterandfertilesoil‘there’isusedforconsumption‘here’.Anotherexampleistheproductionofclothesandelectronicproductswhich,foreconomicreasons,usuallytakesplaceintheso-called‘low-wagecountries’(NCDO,2012).Eatingmeatisaspecificaspectofconsumerbehaviour.Theconsumptionofmeatindirectlyhasarelativelylargeeffectonenvironmentalsustainability.Theglobalproductionofmeatanddairyproductsisresponsiblefor18%ofthetotalgreenhouseeffectand8%ofglobalwaterconsumption.Increasedconsumptionofmeatanddairyproductscouldthereforeleadtoasevereenvironmentaloverload(Steinfeldetal,2006).Peoplecanthusindividuallycontributetoenvironmentalsustai-nabilitybyeatinglessmeatanddairyproducts.Otherexamplesofsustainableconsumptionarebuyingproductswithasustainabilityorsocialapprovallabel.Animportantaspecthereisalsotheavoidanceofwastage,forexampleoffood(NCDO,2012).


1.2.5.SearchingforInformationandExpressinganOpinionFindingandsharinginformationaboutglobalissuesisalsoconsideredtobeglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Informingoneselfand/orsharingthisinformationareformsofparticipationbymeansofwhichpeopledealwiththeglobalissuesofourtime.InthisKaiserandWilson(2004)arefollowed,whoconsidersearchingforandsharinginformationrelatedtotheenvironmenttobeexamplesofsocialbehaviourassociatedwithenvironmentalprotection.

Volunteering,donatingandparticipatingincivicorganisationsareconsideredtobethecentralcomponentsofcitizenparticipation(Putnam,1995).Inthispublication,nodistinctionismadebetweenwhetherthecontributingbehaviour,volunteeringorotherformof(political)participationincivicorganisationsfocusesontheNetherlandsorabroad.Atthebeginningofthisintroductionitwasalreadyestablishedthatglobalcitizenshipencompassescontributionstosolvingproblems‘hereandthere’andnotjustsolvingproblems‘there’.Inaddition,politicalparticipation,evenintheminimalformofvoting,influenceswhatgovernmentsdo(seee.g.LehmanSchlozmanetal1999).Inmanycasestheinfluenceofgovernmentsreachesbeyondtheirnationalborders.

1.3.ThisResearchThisresearchevaluatestheextenttowhichDutchcitizensaged18yearsandolderbehaveasglobalcitizens.Itsspecificfocusisonbehavioursrelatedtoenvironmentalorsocialsustainability.

Inaddition,theextenttowhichDutchadultssupporttheprinciplesofhumanequality,mutualdependencyintheworldandtakingco-responsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesisconsidered.Thereportalsoincludesananalysisofhowglobalcitizenshipandsupportforthethreeprinciplesareinterrelated.Finally,theattitudeofDutchcitizenstowardsdevelopmentcooperationisreported.


CHAPTER 2

BEHAvIOUR

Ninetypesofbehaviourassociatedwithglobalcitizenshipandbasedonsocialandenvironmentalsustainabilityaredistinguished.Thesebehavioursfocusondifferentaspectsofenergyandwaterconsumption,mobility,recyclingandwaste,consumerbehaviour,searchingforinformation,politicalparticipation,expressinganopinion,makingdonationsandvolunteering.Inthefiguresinthischapter,thepercentageofDutchadultswhooftenor(almost)alwaysshowacertainbehaviourisreported.1

EfficientUseofEnergyandWaterWithreferencetothesheerwasteofwaterandenergy-suchasleavingthetaprunningwhilstbrushingtheirteethandleavingchargersinpowerpoints-theDutchuseenergyinaresponsibleway.ThevastmajorityofDutchpeopleexhibitbehaviourthatleadstolessenergywastage.However,Dutchcitizensarelessresponsiblewithenergywhentheirconvenienceisinvolved,forexamplewiththeiruseoftumbledryers.Almosthalf(44%)usesuchdeviceoftenor(almost)always.

Figure 2.1 Efficientuseofenergyandwater(%oftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

1Unfortunately,agoodindicatorofreligiosityismissinginthedataset.Theresearchersareawarethatignoringthisbackgroundcharacteristicmaydistorttheresults.

I use a tumble dryer

I leave the charger of my cell phone plugged in aer charging

I leave the tap running whilst brushing my teeth

0 10 20 30 40 50

44

18

14


Womenaremoreefficientintheiruseofenergyandwaterthanmen.Dutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderaremoreefficientinthisfieldthantheiryoungercounterparts.

Dutchpeoplewithsecondaryeducation2aretheleastefficientwithenergyandwater.Thoseinthelowestthreeincomegroupsaremoreefficientintheiruseofwaterandenergythanthosewhoearnmore(4thand5thquintile).Itseemsverylikelythatsparinguseinordertosavecostsalsoplaysarolehere.

Dutchpeoplewhohavehigheraltruisticvalues3andthosewhomakecontactwithotherculturesmoreoftenaremoreefficientintheiruseofwaterandenergy.

DutchcitizenswhovotefortheVVDarelessefficientwithenergyandwaterthantheothers.Incontrast,thosewhovoteforGroenLinksarerelativelyefficientintheiruseofwaterandenergy.

2.2.MobilityWhatchoicesdotheDutchmakeinthefieldofmobility?Dotheyoptforthetrain?Dotheyusethecartotravelshortdistances?OnlyasmallpercentageofDutchpeopleindicatethattheyoftenor(almost)alwaysoptforthetrain(16%).Ontheotherhand,onlyasmallpercentageoftenor(almost)alwaysusesthecarwithintheirneighbourhood(28%).AboutoneoutoffiveDutchpeopleoftenor(almost)alwaysflywhengoingonholiday.

2Theeducationallevelhasbeendividedintothreelevels.Low=primaryschool/lower(lbo)/upper-techni-calandvocationaltraining(vbo)andpreparatorysecondaryvocationaltraining(vmbo)managementandvocationalprogramme/lowergeneralsecondaryeducation(mavo)/firstthreeyearsofhighergeneralsecondaryeducation(havo)andpre-universityeducation(vwo)/preparatorysecondaryvocationaltraining(vmbo)(theoreticalandcombinedprogrammes).Secondary=secondarytechnicalandvocationaltraining(mbo)/highergeneralsecondaryeducation(havo)andpre-universityeducation(vwo)upperschool/university(wo)andhighervocationaleducation(hbo)propaedeuticyearorhigher.High=highervocationaleducation(hbo)\university(wo)bachelororbachelor/university(wo)doctoralormaster.

3Scaleshavebeenconstructedfromaltruisticvalues,trustandcontactwithothercultures.Formoreinformationaboutthescalestructureandtheitemsinthescaleswerefertotheresearchmethodologyofthisreportthatmaybedownloadedfromthewebsitewww.ncdo.nl.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

If I need to go somewhere within my neighbourhood, I take the car

When going on holiday, I travel by plane

I travel by train 16

21

28

Figure 2.2Mobility(%oftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

Womenbehavemoresustainablythanmenwithregardtomobility.Dutchpeoplewithahighereducationbehavethemostsustainablywhenitcomestomobility.Thosewiththehighestincomesbehavetheleastsustainably.Thiseffectremainswhenwecheckforthepossessionofacar.Inotherwords:Dutchpeoplewithlowincomeswhoownacarstillbehavemoresustainablythanthosewithhigherincomewhoalsoownacar.

Dutchcitizenswhohavehigheraltruisticvaluesbehavemoresustainablywhenitcomestomobility.Alsothosewithmoresocialandinstitutionaltrustmakemoresustainablechoicesinthisarea.

DutchpeoplewhovotefortheVVDandPVVarerelativelyspeakingtheleastsus-tainableintermsofmobility.ThosewhovoteforD66,thesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)andinparticularpeoplewhovoteforGroenLinksmakethemostsustainablechoicesintheareaofmobility.

2.3.RecyclingandHandlingofWasteTheDutchseemtoberesponsibleintheirhandlingofwaste.Onlyasmallpercen-tage(12%)oftenthrowsawayfoodthatisactuallystilledibleandthispercentagealsoappliestodisposingofbatterieswithotherwaste(11%).Alsoasignificantper-centageoftheDutchpopulationdonategoodssothattheycanbereused(41%).

Womenrecyclemoreanddealmoreresponsiblywiththeirwastethanmen.Dutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderalsobehavemoreresponsiblyinthisthanyoungerDutchpeople.MorehighlyeducatedpeopleintheNetherlandsbehavemoreresponsiblyinthisregardthanthosewithasecondaryandlowereducation.Ontheotherhand,thosewhoresideintheRandstad[ringofcitiesinthecentralwestoftheNetherlands,transl.]behavelessresponsiblyinthisthanthosewholiveoutsidetheRandstad.


Figure 2.3Recyclinganddisposalofwaste(%oftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

Dutchpeoplewithhigheraltruisticvaluesbehavemoresustainablyintheirdea-lingswithwasteandrecycling.Alsothosewhohavemoresocialandinstitutionaltrustmakemoresustainablechoicesinthisarea.

Withregardtowastehandlingandrecycling,thesustainablebehaviourofDutchpeoplewhodonotvoteorvoteforthePVVandVVDisrelativelylimited.Incontrast,peoplewhovoteforGroenLinksandD66dealrelativelyresponsiblywiththeirwasteandrecycling.

2.4.ConsumerBehaviourAretheDutchsustainableconsumers?Severalaspectsofconsumerbehaviourarehighlighted.Apartfromoptingforgreenpower(48%),theDutchcitizenseemsonlytoalimitedextenttobeasustainableconsumer.Only12%oftheDutchoftenor(almost)alwaysbuyfair-tradeproductsandalsothecompen-sationofflightsisnotyetcommonbehaviouramongstDutchcitizens.Only3%oftheDutchtaketheopportunitytocompensatetheirflights.Alsoonlyasmallpercentagebuysecond-handgoods(15%).Inaddition,thevastmajorityoftheDutchpopulationoftenor(almost)alwayseatsmeat(82%).

WomenandDutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderbehavemoreoftenasasustainableconsumerthanmenandyoungerDutchpeople.Thosewithahighereducationconsumemoresustainablythanthosewithasecondaryorloweredu-cation.However,Dutchpeopleinthetwolowestincomegroupsconsumemoresustainablythanthoseinthehighestincomegroup.ThedifferencebetweenthesegroupsmainlyappearstobethattheDutchwithlowincomesmoreoftenhaveacontractforgreenpowerandmoreoftenbuysecond-handgoods.Dutchpeoplewithhigheraltruisticvaluesconsumemoresustainably.Alsothosewhomoreoftencomeintocontactwithotherculturesandthosewithmoresocialandinstitutionaltrustaremoresustainableconsumers.

0 10 20 30 40 50

At home I dispose empty batteries with other waste

I throw away le�over food, even when it is still edible

I donate goods (clothing, shoes, computers, etc.)

41

12

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Figure 2.4ConsumerBehaviour(%yes(*)andoftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

PVV,CDAandVVDvotersandDutchcitizenswhodonotvoteconsumelesssustainably.ThosewhovoteforGroenLinksarebyfarthemostsustainableconsumers.

2.5.SearchingforInformationaboutGlobalIssuesThevastmajorityoftheDutchfollowthenewsaboutproblemsabroad.Itisremarkablethatthisisdonemainlythroughtheso-called‘old’media,suchasnewspapers,televisionandradio(74%).ThepercentageofDutchcitizenswhofollowthisnewsovertheinternetisstillmuchlower(39%).

Figure 2.5Searchforinformation(%oftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

MenandDutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderfollowthenewsaboutproblemsintheworldmoreoftenthanwomenandyoungerDutchpeople.Thosewithahighereducationfollowthenewsonglobalissuesmoreoftenthanthosewithasecondaryorlowereducation.Thosewithasecondaryeducationfollowthe

0 20 40 60 80 100

I eat meat

I buy products, even though I know they are made by children

I compensate for CO2 emission a�er flying (paying an extra amount to plant trees)

The money on my bank account is invested in things that are beneficial for people, nature and climate (green / sustainable savings)*

I buy fairtrade products

I buy second-hand goods

In my household we have a subscription to green power* 48

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

I follow the news about problems in the world over the internet

I follow the news about problems in the world through television, radio and newspapers

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newsmoreoftenthanthosewithalowereducation.Dutchpeopleinthehighest20%incomegroupfollowthenewsaboutproblemsintheworldmoreoftenthanthosewhoearnless.

Dutchpeoplewhomorefrequentlycomeintocontactwithotherculturesmoreoftenfollowthenewsaboutproblemsintheworld.Evenwhen,Thereisalsoamoderatelypositiverelationshipbetweensearchingforinformationandaltruisticvaluesandsocialandinstitutionaltrust.TheDutchwhovoteforD66,VVDandGroenLinksmoreoftenfollowthenewsaboutproblemsintheworld.Thosewhodonotvotefollowthenewsbyfartheleast.

2.6.ExpressinganOpiniononGlobalIssuesTowhatextentdoDutchpeopleexpresstheiropinionsonglobalissues?Aboutoneoutofeightoftenor(almost)alwaysspeakoutiffamilyorfriendsdosome-thingthatisnotgoodfortheenvironment.Thesepercentagesaremuchhigherifwealsotakeintoaccountthosewhosometimestalkaboutthissubject.Then77%ofDutchpeopletalkaboutpovertyand75%talkaboutenvironmentalproblems.OnlyaverysmallpercentageofDutchpeopleoftensignsan(online)petition(5%)orsupportscharitableorganisationsviathesocialmedia(4%).

Figure 2.6 Expressinganopinion(%oftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

Womenexpresstheiropiniononglobalissuesmoreoftenthanmen.Dutchpeoplewithahighereducationexpresstheiropinionmoreoftenthanthosewithasecondaryeducation,whilstthelattergroupexpressesitsopinionmoreoftenthanthosewithalowereducation.Alsothoseinthetwolowestincomegroupsexpresstheiropiniononglobalissuesmoreoftenthanthosewhoearnmore.

0 3 6 9 12 15

I support charitable organisations via the social media

I sign (online) petitions

I talk about global poverty

I talk about environmental problems

I speak out if family or friends do something that is not good for the environment

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4


ThisdifferenceiscausedbythefactthatDutchpeoplefromthelowestincomegroupstalkmoreaboutpovertyandseemtobemoreactiveonline.Dutchpeoplewithhigheraltruisticvaluesgivetheiropinionmoreoften.Alsothosewhohavemorecontactwithotherculturesdothismoreoften.Trustplaysalimitedroleingivinganopinion.

CDA,VVDandPVVvotersexpresstheiropiniononglobalissuesrelativelyinfrequently,incontrasttopeoplevotingforGroenLinksandtheotherparties.Theyexpresstheiropinionontheseissuesrelativelyoften.

2.7.PoliticalParticipationThreeaspectsofpoliticalparticipationaremeasured:votinginelections;beingamemberofatradeunionandactivemembershipofapoliticalparty.Votinginelectionsisbyfarthemostpopularformofpoliticalparticipation.MostDutchpeople(80%)voteoftenor(almost)alwaysinelections.Approximatelyaquarterisatradeunionmember.Onlyaverysmallproportion(3%)isanactivememberofapoliticalparty.

Figure 2.7Politicalparticipation(%yes(*)andoftenor(almost)always,n=2250,weightedresults)

Menaremoreoftenpoliticallyactivethanwomen.OlderDutchcitizensarealsomorepoliticallyactivethanyoungercitizens.Themorehighlyeducatedaremostactiveinthepoliticalarena,followedbythosewithasecondaryandlowereducation.Thosewhoearnmore(thetop3quintiles)aremoreactiveinthefieldofpoliticsthanthoseinthelowestincomegroups.

Dutchpeoplewhoaremorealtruisticandthosewhohavemoretrustininstitu-tionsexhibitahigherdegreeofpoliticalparticipation.Thisalsoappliestothosewhohavemorecontactwithotherculturesandwhohaveagreateramountofsocialtrust.

80

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3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

I am an active member of a political party*

I am a member of a trade union*

I vote if elections are held


TheDutchwhovoteforPartijvandeArbeid(theDutchLabourParty),D66,andthesmallChristianpartiesarerelativelyactiveintermsofpoliticalparticipation.

2.8.DonatingtoCharity

2.8.1.WhoDonatestoWhichCharitableOrganisations?TheDutchdonaterelativelyoften.Whenwelookatallsectors,threequartersoftheDutchdonatetocharity.Dutchcontributorsdonaterelativelyoftentodeve-lopmentaid,natureandtheenvironment.Inaddition,arelativelylargegroupofDutchpeoplesaytheydonateto‘another’charity.Thisisprobablyconnectedtothefactthatinthisstudythecategory‘health’hasnotbeenexplicitlypresentedtotherespondents.Fromtheanswerstotheopenquestionsitisthusapparentthatthemajorityofthedonationsreportedinthe“other”categoryweregiftstocharitableorganisationsinthefieldofhealthcare.

WomendonatemoreoftenthanmenandalsoolderDutchpeopledonatemoreoftenthanyoungerDutchpeople.ThosewithahighereducationdonatethemosttocharityintheNetherlands,followedbythosewithasecondaryandthenalowereducation.TheDutchwithlowerincomes(thetwolowestincomegroups)donatelessoftenthanthosewhoearnmore.

Figure 2.8Donationstocharity(givers%,n=2250,weightedresults).

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Neighbourhood activities

Human rights

Sports

Religious and ideological causes

Other

Nature & environment

Development aid

All sectors 75

38

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30

19

15

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Dutchcitizenswhoattachmoreimportancetoaltruisticvaluesandhavemoretrustininstitutionsdonatemoreoftentocharity.Thisalsoappliestopeoplewhomoreoftenhavecontactwithotherculturesandtopeoplewithmoresocialtrust.PVVvotersandpeoplewhodonotvotedonatetheleastoftenandsupportersofthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)donatethemostoften.

2.8.2.HowMuchisDonated?In2011Dutchdonorsgaveonaverage224eurostocharity.Therearemajordif-ferencesbetweentheamountsoftheaveragedonationspersector.Traditionally,thegreatestaverageamountsaregiventoideologicalorganisationssuchaschurchesandmosques(seeforexampleSchuytetal.2011).AmongstDutchdonorsanaverageof359euroswasgiventoideologicalorganisations,suchaschurches,mosquesortemples.Dutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderdonategreateramountsthanyoungerDutchpeople.Thosewithahighereducationdonatethegreatestamounts,fol-lowedbythosewithasecondaryeducation,whointurndonategreateramountsthanthosewithalowereducation.Dutchpeoplewiththehighestincomes(4thand5thquintile)donategreateramountsthanthosewhoearnless.

TheDutchwhosupporthigheraltruisticvaluesandhavemoretrustininstituti-onsdonategreateramounts.

Figure 2.9Donationstocharity(averagegift,n=2250,weightedresults)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

All sectors (n=1678) 224

Neighbourhood activities (n=249) 30

Sports (n=326) 29

Human rights (n=333) 45

Religious and ideological causes (n=427) 359

Other (n=665) 99

Nature and environment (n=734) 54

Development aid (n=834) 102


TheDutchwhovoteforthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)donatebyfarthegreatestamounts.OnaveragerelativelylowamountsaredonatedbythosewhovoteforthePVV,SPandthosewhodonotvote.

2.9.Volunteering

2.9.1.WhoisActiveasaVolunteerandWhere?Volunteeringisalsopartoftheglobaldimensionofcitizenship.Forty-twoper-centoftheDutchperformvoluntaryactivities.Thesevoluntaryactivitiesarenotevenlydistributedoverthedifferentsectors.Thecategory‘other’isthebiggest.ThiscategoryshowsthediversityoftheDutchvoluntarysector,rangingfromactivitiesatschool,committingasavolunteerfortheHomeOwnersAssociation(VVE)tocollectingfortheKWFandmanagingthebrassband.Sportsclubs,communitycentresandhousesofworship(forexamplechurches,mosquesandtemples)arealsopopularplacesforperformingvoluntaryactivities.

Dutchpeoplewithahighereducationaremoreoftenactiveasavolunteer,fol-lowedbythosewithasecondaryeducation(whointurnaremoreoftenactiveasavolunteerthanthosewithalowereducation).ThoseresidingoutsidetheRandstadaremorelikelytobeactiveasavolunteerthanthoseresidingintheRandstad.

Figure 2.10 Voluntaryactivitiespersector(%ofvolunteers,n=2250,weightedresults)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Human rights

Nature and environment

Development aid

Religious and ideological causes

Neighbourhood activities

Sports

Other

All sectors 42

16

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1

1

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Dutchpeoplewhohavehigheraltruisticvaluesandmoretrustininstitutionsaremoreoftenactiveasvolunteers.Contactwithotherculturesandsocialtrusthasaslightpositiveeffectonthepossibilitythatpeopleperformvoluntaryactivities.

TheDutchwhovoteforthesmallChristianpartiesarerelativelyspeakingmostoftenactiveasvolunteers.ThosewhovoteforthePVV,SPandtheotherpartiesandthosewhodonotvotearetheleastoftenactiveasvolunteers.

2.9.2.DotheDutchWorkRegularlyasVolunteers?Subsequently,thefrequencywithwhichtheDutchperformvoluntaryactivi-tiesinthedifferentsectorswasconsidered.Dutchpeoplewhoareactiveasvolunteersappeartobesoonanextremelyregularbasis:73%oftheDutchvolunteersareactiveatleastonceamonth.ThehousesofworshipintheNetherlandsaremostabletorelyonvolunteers,whoareactiveatleastonceamonth.

Figure 2.11 Atleast1xpermonthworkingasvolunteerbysector(%volunteers,n=2250,weightedresults)

Amongstthevolunteers,menandtheover35saremoreoftenactiveasvolun-teersthanwomenandDutchpeopleyoungerthan35.Thisisparticularlythecaseformenofretirementage.ThisdoesnotmeanthatmenandDutchpeopleaged35yearsandolderingeneralperformvoluntaryactivitiesmoreoftenthanwomenandyoungerDutchpeople,butthatwhentheydoworkasvolunteerstheydosomorefrequentlythanthewomenandyoungerDutch

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Development aid (n=30)

Nature and environment(n=36)

Human rights (n=15)

Neighbourhood activities (n=241)

Sports (n=256)

Other (n=352)

Religious and ideological causes (n=182)

All sectors (n=942) 73

79

72

68

65

53

50

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peoplewhoarealsoactiveasvolunteers.Dutchpeoplewhoattachagreaterimportancetoaltruisticvaluesarealsomoreoftenactiveasavolunteeratleastonceamonth.

2.10.GlobalCitizenshipIndexInthepreviousparagraphsdifferenttypesofglobalcitizenshipbehaviourhavebeenreportedonseparately.InthisparagraphanGlobalCitizenshipIndexwhichincludesallthepreviouslydiscussedbehavioursispresented.Anindexhasbeenconstructedinwhichpeoplecanscoreaminimumof0andamaximumof100.Someonewhoscoresa100hasexhibitedalltheglobalcitizenshipbehavi-ours(asdefinedinthispublication)oftenor(almost)alwaysduringthepastyear,andsomeonewhoscoresa0hasnotexhibitedany.

Womenbehaveasglobalcitizensslightlymoreoftenthanmen.ThisalsoappliestoDutchpeopleaged35yearsandolder.ThemorehighlyeducatedDutchpeoplebehavethemostlikeglobalcitizens,followedbythosewithasecondaryandlowereducation.

Figure 2.12GlobalCitizenshipIndex(averagescoresscale0-100,n=2250,weightedresults).

0 10 20 30 40 50

5th quintile

4th quintile

3rd quintile

2nd quintile

Income: 1st quintile

High

Secondary

Education: Low

35 years and older

Age: 18 to 35 years

Male

Gender: Female

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Figure 2.13 GlobalCitizenshipIndexandpoliticalpreference(averagescoresscale0-100,n=2250,weightedresults).

TherelationshipbetweenDutchcitizens’politicalpreferencesandglobalciti-zenshipbehaviourswasalsoconsidered.Therearelargedifferencesbetweenthevotersfordifferentpoliticalparties.ThosewhovoteforGroenLinkshavebyfarthehighestscoreintheIndexGlobalCitizenship,whereasPVVandVVDvotershavearelativelylowscore.

Dutchpeoplewhoattachmoreimportancetoaltruisticvalues,thosewhohavemorecontactwithotherculturesandthosewithmoresocialandinstitutionaltrustbehavemoreoftenasglobalcitizens.

0 10 20 30 40 50

Non voters

Other

D66

CU/SGP

GROEN LINKS

PVV

VVD

SP

PvDA

CDA

All 39

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Figure 2.14GlobalCitizenshipIndexandaltruism,interactionwithothercultures,socialandinstitutionaltrust(averagescoresscale0-100,n=2250,weightedresults).

2.11.ConclusionIngeneralwecansaythattheDutchdonotactextensivelyasglobalcitizens.Therearedifferencestobefoundbetweenthedifferenttypesofbehavioursrelatedtoenvironmentalandsocialsustainability.Somebehaviour-suchasefficientuseofenergyandwater,handlingofwaste,donatingtocharity,sear-chingforinformation,expressinganopiniononglobalissuesandvolunteering-aremorecommonthanpoliticalparticipation,sustainableconsumerbehaviourandmobility.Thereisstillmuchgroundtobewonintheselasttwocategories.Womenbehavemoreoftenasglobalcitizensthanmenforalmostallthecatego-riesofglobalcitizenship.Thereareafewinterestingexceptions,i.e.‘followingthenewsaboutglobalproblems’and‘politicalparticipation’.Thisisdonemoreoftenbymen.

Educationplaysanimportantroleinglobalcitizenship.DutchpeoplewithahighereducationmoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizensthanDutchpeoplewithalowereducation.Theroleofincomeinrelationtoglobalcitizenshipismorecomplex.Therearesometypesofbehaviour-suchasbeingefficientintheuseofenergyandwater,expressinganopiniononglobalissues,mobilityandconsumer

0 10 20 30 40 50

high

middle

Institutional trust: low

high

middle

Social trust: low

high

middle

Interaction with other cultures: low

high

middle

Altruistic values: low

All 39

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behaviour-inwhichtheDutchwithlowerincomesmoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizensthanthosewhoearnmore.Ontheotherhand,behaviourssuchas“searchingforinformation”and“politicalparticipation”aremoreoftendemon-stratedbyDutchpeoplewithhigherincomes.

Withreferencetoage,itcanbeobservedthatDutchpeopleaged35yearsandoldermoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizensthanyoungerDutchpeople.WhethertheDutchresideintheRandstadornotplaysamodestrolewithregardtoglobalcitizenship;onlyinthefieldofrecyclingandhandlingofwastewasanydifferencefound.

Peoplewhoattachmoreimportancetoaltruisticvaluesmoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizens.Alsomoresocialandpoliticaltrustincreasestheprobabilitythatapersonwillbehaveasaglobalcitizen.Politicaltrustseemstobeaprerequisiteforpoliticalparticipationandcommitmentasavolunteer.Altruismisespeciallyimportantwhenitcomestodonatingtocharity,wasteandrecycling,expressinganopinionandwhetherornotvoluntaryworkisdone.Theextentofinteractionwithotherculturesplaysaparticularrolewithregardtofollowingthenewsaboutglobalproblems.

Withreferencetopoliticalpreferences,anumberoftrendsmaybedistinguished.Ingeneral,wecansaythatpeoplewhovoteforPVVandVVDbehaverelativelylittleasglobalcitizens,whilstGroenLinksandD66votersdosorelativelyoften.Thevotersfortheso-calledsmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)alsooftenbehaveasglobalcitizens,particularlyinthefieldsofmobility,donationstocharityandvolunteering.Inchapter5,theinteractionbetweenthesedifferentpersonalcharacteristicsislookedatmoreclosely.


CHAPTER 3

PRINCIPLES

Threeprincipleshavebeendistinguishedwhichareexpectedtoexhibitanassociationwiththebehaviourofaglobalcitizen:humanequality,anawarenessofmutualdependenceandthetakingof(shared)responsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.Inthischapter,theextenttowhichtheDutchsupporttheseprincipleswillbedescribed.

3.1.HumanEqualityWelookedatvariousaspectsemphasisingtheprincipleofhumanequality,i.e.faith,therighttowork,thesuperiorityoftheDutch,theproximityofpeoplefromothercultures,freedomofexpressionandstandardsandvalues.TheDutchturnouttosupporttheprincipleofequalitymoreoftenintheareasoffreedomofexpressionandstandardsandvaluesthanintheareasofreligion,therighttowork,thesuperiorityoftheNetherlandsandtheproximityofpeoplefromothercultures.TheprincipleofhumanequalityisonaverageendorsedbyslightlymorethanhalfoftheDutch.

Womenendorseassertionsinwhichhumanequalityiscentralmoreoftenthanmen.Dutchpeoplewithahigherandsecondaryeducationalsodothismoreoftenthanthosewithalowereducation.

Dutchpeoplewhoattachmorevaluetoaltruisticvaluesendorsetheprincipleofhumanequalitymoreoften.AlsoDutchpeoplewhohavemorecontactwithotherculturesandthosewithmoresocialandinstitutionaltrustsupportthisprinciplemoreoften.

TheDutchwhovoteforGroenLinkssupporttheprincipleofhumanequalityrelativelymoreoften.TheDutchwhovoteforthePVVandthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)endorsethisprinciplelessoften.ThatvotersforthesmallChristianpartiesendorsetheprincipleofhumansequalitylessoften


canbefullyretracedtothefirstassertion‘IthinkChristianityisjustasgoodorbadastheIslam‘.Ifthisassertionisremovedfromtheanalysis,theextenttowhichthevotersforthesmallChristianpartiessupporttheprincipleofequalitydoesnotdeviateinanegativesense.

Figure 3.1 Equality(%(fully)agree,n=2025(min),weightedresults).

3.2.MutualDependencyintheWorldTheprincipleofmutualdependencyintheworldmainlycoverstheawarenessofrelationshipsbetween‘here’and‘there’.ThevastmajorityoftheDutchseemawareoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofclothesintheNetherlandsandthelowwagesofthepeopleinpoorcountrieswhomaketheclothes(72%).AlsothemajorityoftheDutchpopulationseesthelinkbetweenthecarelesstreatmentofnatureelsewhereandtheclimateintheNetherlands(thefellingoflargeforestsandthemeltingoftheicecaps).

OnlyasmallpercentoftheDutchthinkthatwedonotneedothercountriesinordertomakemoney.Ingeneral,wecanassertthatthevastmajorityoftheDutchseemawareofthemutualdependencyintheworld.

DutchpeoplewithahighereducationaremoreawareofmutualdependencyintheworldthanDutchpeoplewithasecondaryandlowereducation.AlsoDutchpeoplewhoearnmorearemoreoftenawareofthisthanthosewhoearnless.

0 10 20 30 40 50

I believe the norms and values of my own culture are better than those of other cultures

Freedom of speech is less important to people inpoor countries than it is to people in the Netherlands

I prefer people from my own culture living next to me rather than people from a different culture

In the Netherlands, we are richer than people in poor countries because we organize things better

I believe that I should have a better chance of finding a job in the Netherlands than a Polish citizen who is looking for work here

I believe Islam is just as good or bad as Christianity 50

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Figure 3.2Mutualdependency(%(fully)agree,n=1984(min),weightedresults).

Dutchpeoplewhohavehigheraltruisticvaluesaremoreawareofmutualdepen-dencyintheworld.AlsoDutchpeoplewhomorefrequentlycomeintocontactwithotherculturesandthosewhohavemoresocialandinstitutionaltrustaremoreawareofthis.

TheDutchwhovoteforGroenLinks,D66,thesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)arerelativelyoftenawarethatthereismutualdependencyintheworld.TheDutchwhodonotvoteandthosewhohavevotedforthePVV,havearelativelylowawarenessofthisdependency.

3.3.SharedResponsibilityforSolvingGlobalIssuesTowhatextentaretheDutchwillingtosharetheresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues?Wherevictimsofnaturaldisastersareconcerned,thevastmajorityofDutchpeopleagreethattheyshouldbehelped(72%).Whereamoregeneralprincipleisinvolvedthatfocusesonproblemsinpoorcountries,itisapparentthatamuchsmallerpartoftheDutchpopulation(42%)feelresponsibilityforthis.ItisalsostrikingthataquarteroftheDutchfeelresponsibleforthepovertyintheworld.

DutchpeoplewithahighereducationaremorewillingtotakeresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesthanDutchpeoplewithasecondaryeducation,butthelattergroupismorewillingtotakeupthisresponsibilitythanDutchpeoplewithalowereducation.AlsoDutchpeoplewiththehighestincomesaremorewillingtotakeresponsibilitythanthoseinthetwolowestincomegroups.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

The melting of the ice-caps at the North and South Poles does not affect us in the Netherlands

The Netherlands do not need other countries in order to earn money

I can make a contribution to solving global problems through the choices that I make in day-to-day life

Protecting the rainforests in Brazil, i.e. preventing them from being cut down, is good for the climate in the Netherlands

Some clothing in the Netherlands is cheap because it is made in poor countries, by people earning a low wage 72

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Figure 3.3 Sharedresponsibility(%(fully)agree,n=2183(min),weightedresults).

Dutchpeoplewhohavehigheraltruisticvaluesarealsomorewillingtotakeglobalresponsibility.ThisalsoappliestotheDutchwhohavemoresocialandinstitutionaltrustandthosewhohavemoreinteractionwithothercultures.

TheDutchwhovoteforGroenLinksandthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)arethemostwillingtotakeresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues,andtheDutchwhovoteforthePVVtheleast.

3.4.ConclusionTheprinciplesofhumanequality,theawarenessofmutualdependencyandthetakingofsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesarewidelysupportedbytheDutchpopulation.Thisparticularlyappliestothetwolastprinciplesandtoalesserextenttothehumanequality.

EducationplaysanimportantroleintheextenttowhichtheDutchsupporttheseprinciples.Dutchpeoplewithahighereducationmoreoftensupportthethreeprinciplesthanwhosewithalowereducation.Threeotherpersonalcharacteristicsplayaseparaterolewithregardtothethreeprinciples.Womenseehumansasmoreequalthanmendo.TheolderDutcharemorewillingtotakeresponsibilitythantheyouth.TheDutchwhoearnmorearemoreawareofthemutualdependencyintheworld.

Alsotheextenttowhichpeopleattachimportancetoaltruisticvaluesplaysanimportantroleintheextenttowhichtheysupportthethreeprinciples.Thisparticularlyappliestothewillingnesstotake(co)responsibility.Inaddition,theextentoftrustthattheDutchhaveininstitutionsplaysarelatively

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

People in poor countries must solve their poverty themselves

The Netherlands should not interfere with howother countries treat their natural environment

I feel responsible when I see otherpeople in the world suffering in poverty

The Netherlands must help poorcountries to solve their problems

People have a joint responsibility to help the victims of natural disasters across the globe

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15


importantrole.Peoplewithmoretrustinthemsupporttheprinciplestoagreaterextent.

Whatroledoespoliticalpreferenceplayinsupportforthethreeprinciples?Inthisafairlyclearpatterncanbeseen:theDutchwhovoteforGroenLinksandD66supporttheprinciplesthemost.AlsotheDutchwhovoteforthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)scorewellontheprinciples.TheDutchvotingforPVVhavelesssupportforalloftheprinciples.

Inchapter5,acloserlookistakenattheinteractionbetweenthesethreeprinciplesandthevariouspersonalcharacteristics.


CHAPTER 4

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GLOBAL ISSUES

ToformanimpressionofDutchpeople’sknowledgeaboutglobalissues,ninemultiple-choicequestionsweresubmittedtotherespondents.ThesubjectsofthesequestionsarederivedfromtheUNMillenniumDeclarationandtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.

TherearelargedifferencesintheknowledgeaboutthevariousglobalissuesamongsttheDutch.AlmostalltheDutchknowaboutthecauseofmalariaorknowthenameoftheChancellorofGermany.However,thereseemstobealotlessknowledgeabouttheeducationalparticipationofgirlsandchildlabour.

Figure 4.1 Knowledgeaboutglobalissues(%answeredcorrectly,n=2250,weightedresults)

Onaverage,theDutchanswer5.5outoftheninequestionscorrectly.Ifweconvertthistoa10-pointscaleitappearsthattheDutchpopulationbarelyscoresasixwithregardtoknowledgeaboutglobalissues.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Which country has the highest percentage of child workers under the age of 14?

Which country has relatively the lowest girls' school enrolment rates in the world?

Who is the State Secretary for DevelopmentCooperation at the moment?

Which disease is the leading cause of death in young children in poor countries?

Which country has the highest percentage of hungry people?

Which animal is endangered?

In which country is now a civil war going on?

Who is the Chancellor of Germany?

How do you get infected by malaria? 96

94

85

66

51

49

41

38

32


Menhavealittlemoreknowledgeaboutglobalissuesthanwomen(onaverage5.7v.5.3correctanswers).ThisalsoappliestotheDutchaged35yearsandoldercomparedtothosewhoareyounger.Dutchpeoplewithahighereducationhavemoreknowledgethanthosewithasecondaryeducation.

ThelattergrouphasmoreknowledgeaboutglobalissuesthanDutchpeoplewithalowereducation(resp.onaverage6.2,5.4and4.7correctanswers).

TheDutchwiththelowestincomes(1stand2ndquintile)havelessknowledgeofglobalissuesthanthosewithhigherincomes(onaverage5.1versus6.1correctanswers).PeoplewhoresideintheRandstadareabletoanswermorequestionscorrectlythanpeopleelsewhere(onaverage5.6versus5.4correctanswers).

TheDutchwhohavemorecontactwithotherculturesandmoretrustininstitutionshavemoreknowledgeaboutglobalissues.

TheDutchwhovoteforD66,VVDandGroenLinkshavearelativelylargeamountofknowledgeaboutglobalissues.Non-votersandDutchvotingforthePVVhaverelativelylittleknowledgeabouttheseissues.


CHAPTER 5

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

InthepreviouschapterstheextenttowhichtheDutchbehaveasglobalcitizenshasbeenreported,aswellastheextenttowhichtheysupporttheprinciplesofthehumanequality,mutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.Inthischapterthecorrelationbetweentheprinciplesandthebehavioursarereported.Alsothecohesionbetweenknowledgeaboutglobalissuesandsupportofthethreeprinciplesandbehaviourisexamined.Inshort,inthischapteranattemptwillbemadetoprovidemoreinsightintowhichaspectsplayaroleintheextenttowhichtheDutchbehaveasglobalcitizens.

5.1.TheRoleofthePrinciplesThedefinitionofglobalcitizenshipasemployedbyNCDOsuggestsapositivecohesionbetweenthesupportoftheprinciplesandglobalcitizenship.Figure5.1showsthecohesionbetweenthevariousprinciplesthemselvesandthecohesionbetweentheprinciplesandbehaviour(basedonscoresontheGlobalCitizenshipIndex).Theexpectationthatpeoplewhosubscribemoretothesethreeprinci-plesaremorelikelytobehaveasglobalcitizens(Carabainetal2012),seemstobeconfirmedbythedatacollected.TheDutchwhosubscribemoretotheprincipleofhumanequality,mutualdependencyintheworldand,inparticular,oftakingsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesaremorelikelytobehaveasglobalcitizens.Note:onlythecohesionbetweenbehaviourandthethreeprinciples,andthecohesionbetweenthethreeprinciplesaretreatedhere.Thisthereforedoesnotsayanythingaboutthedirectionofthiscohesion4.

4Itisstillunclearwhetherthecohesionthatisfoundisalsocausal(inthesensethattheendorsementofprinciplesleadstomorebehaviour).Theoretically,itispossiblethatthisrelationworkstheotherwayaround,andthatpeoplewhoshowmorebehaviourforexamplefeelmoresharedresponsibility.Forthisreason,thesameresearchwillbecarriedoutnextyearwiththesamerespondents(longitudinalstudyplan).Withthisdatacorrelationscanbeexaminedforcausality.


Thereisadifferenceintheextentofcohesionbetweenthevariousprinciplesandthebehavioursrelatedtoglobalcitizenship.Theprincipleofsharedrespon-sibilityforsolvingglobalissuesappearstobebestabletoexplaindifferencesintheextentofglobalcitizenship;17%ofthebehaviouraldifferencesinitiallyfoundcanbeexplainedbytheextenttowhichpeoplearewillingtotake(shared)responsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.Thesenseofmutualdependencyexplains11%ofthedifferencesintheextentofglobalcitizenshipbehaviourandtheprincipleofhumanequalityonly6%.5

Figure 5.1 Cohesionbetweenbehaviourandprinciplesandbehaviour6,n=2159(min).7

MUTUAL DEPENDENCY IN THE WORLD

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SOLVING GLOBAL ISSUES

HUMAN EQUALITY

BEHAVIOUR.53

.41.25

.33.32

.41

5Theseresultsarenotreportedinatable,forfurtherinformationpleasecontacttheauthorsofthispublication.

6Thefiguresarecorrelationcoefficients.ThesecorrelationcoefficientsrepresentthestrengthofalinearrelationshipbetweentheprinciplesandthescoresontheGlobalCitizenshipIndex.Thevaluesofcorrelationcoefficientscanbebetween-1and+1.Thecloserthevalueofthecorrelationcoefficientisto1,thestrongertheconstructsarepositivelycorrelated.

7Allthereportedcorrelationsaresignificantat0.01level.


Uptonow,theexplanatorycapacityofthethreeprincipleshavebeenexaminedseparately.Fromhereon,thejointcontributionsofthethreeprinciplestowardstheexplanationofdifferencesintheextenttowhichtheDutchbehaveasglobalcitizenswillbeexamined.

Table 5.1 (n=2250,unweightedresults)

Beta8

Human equality .08**

Mutual dependency .15**

Shared responsibility .30**

Adjusted R2 .19

Significance:*p<.05,**p<.01

Itisnoteworthythatifallthreeprinciplesareincludedsimultaneouslyintheexplanatorymodelthecombinedexplanatorypowerofallthreeprinciplesisscarcelymorethantheprincipleofthetakingofsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesonitsown.Thepercentageofexplainedvarianceinbehaviouronlyincreasesby2%from17%to19%.

Insummary,itmaybeconcludedthatthereisapositiverelationshipbetweentheprinciplesofhumanequality,mutualdependencyintheworldandthetakingof(shared)responsibilityforsolvingglobalissues.Below,acloserlookistakenattherelationshipbetweenthesethreeprinciplesandcomplementaryaspects(suchasknowledgeaboutglobalissuesandpersonalcharacteristics)withreferencetoglobalcitizenship.

8ThereportedBetaisthestandardisedregressioncoefficient.TheseBetasaregenerallybetween-1and+1.Theconstantintheregressionisequalto0inthecaseofstandardisedregressioncoefficients.


5.2.TheRoleofKnowledgePeoplewhohavemoreknowledgeaboutglobalissuesmoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizensthanthosewhohavelessknowledgeabouttheseissues.Knowledgeaboutglobalissuesaloneexplains6%ofthedifferencesinglobalcitizenshipbehaviours.

Table 5.2 Knowledgeandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

BasemodelModel with Knowledge

Basemodel with Knowledge

Beta Beta Beta

Human equality .08** .07**

Mutual dependency .15** .11**

Shared responsibility .30** .29**

Knowledge .24** .12**

Adjusted R2 .19 .06 .20


Ifknowledgeisaddedtothebasemodelwiththethreeprinciples,theeffectsofthesethreeprinciplesonglobalcitizenshipbehaviourremainalmostunchanged.Thepercentageofexplainedvarianceinthedifferencesinglobalcitizenshipbehavioursonlyincreasesby1%.Theeffectofmutualdependencyandinparti-culartheeffectofknowledgedo,however,decreaseinthismodel.Thereisaclearcohesionbetweenknowledgeandtheprincipleofmutualdependency.Inotherwords:peoplewithmoreknowledgehaveabettersenseofmutualdependencyintheworld,whichpartiallyexplainstheinitialpositiveeffectofknowledge.


5.3.TheRoleofPersonalCharacteristicsEarlierinthispublicationanumberofpersonalcharacteristicswerealreadyidentifiedwhichwerepositivelyassociatedwithvariousmanifestationsofglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.

Table 5.3 Personalcharacteristicsandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

BasemodelModel with personal characteristics

Basemodel with per-sonal characteristics

Beta Beta Beta




Female .08** .05*

Age .28** .23**

Education .32** .19**

Household income -.09** -.11**

Living in 'Randstad' .00 -.01

Adjusted R2 .19 .14 .25


Whenthesecharacteristicsareexaminedtogether,itappearsthatgen-der(female),ageandeducationallhaveapositiveeffectontheGlobalCitizenshipIndex.However,grossannualincomehasanegativeeffect:thehighertheincome,thelessthebehavioursfound.Thesecharacteristicsjointlyexplain14%oftheobserveddifferenceinbehaviour.Whenthepersonalcharacteristicsareaddedtothebasemodelcontainingthethreeprinciples,theoriginallyobservedeffectsoftheseprinciplesarepreserved.Inthecaseofthepersonalcharacteristicsitisremarkablethattheoriginallyobservedpositiveeffectofeducation-andespeciallygender-isreduced.Itmaybededucedthatthemorehighlyeducated-andinparticularwomen-oftensupportthethreeprinciples,whichpartiallyexplainstheirmorefrequentbehaviourcomparedtothelesswelleducatedandmen.


Thepersonalcharacteristicstakentogetherexplainanadditionalpartofthedifferencesintheextentofglobalcitizenshipbehaviourthatcannotbeexplainedbythethreeprinciplesalone.Withtheadditionofthepersonalcharacteristicstothebasemodel,theexplainedvarianceincreasesfrom19%to25%.

5.4.TheroleofAltruisticValues,ContactwithOtherCulturesandTrust

Theresultsbelowshowthataltruisticvalues,havingcontactwithotherculturesandtheamountofsocialandinstitutionaltrustallhaveapositivecohesionwiththeextenttowhichpeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens.

Table 5.4 Altruisticvaluesandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

BasemodelModel with altruistic values

Basemodel with altruistic values

Beta Beta Beta

Human equality .08** .05*



Altruistic values .41** .26**

Adjusted R2 .19 .17 .24


Theimportanceattachedtoaltruisticvalueshasastrongpositiveeffectonglobalcitizenship.Thehigherthevalues,themorefrequentthebehaviour.Altruisticvaluesexplain17%oftheobserveddifferenceinbehaviour.Thisisalmostasmuchasthethreeprinciplestogether.

Theadditionofaltruisticvaluestothebasemodelreducestheearlierobservedeffectsofthethreeprinciples.Inparticular,theeffectoftheendorsementofhumanequalityonglobalcitizenshipisalmostreasonedaway.Theprincipleofequalitythusappearstoexplainamajorpartofglobalcitizenship,becausepeoplewhoendorsethisprinciplealsoattachagreaterimportancetoaltruisticvalues,whichhasastrongpositiveeffectontheextenttowhichtheybehaveasglobalcitizens.Inspiteoftheeffectofaltruisticvaluesontheextenttowhich


peoplebehaveasglobalcitizens,theoriginallyobservedeffectsofthethreeprinciplesarepartiallypreserved.Withtheadditionofaltruisticvalues,5%additionalvarianceisexplained.

Table 5.5 Contactotherculturesandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

BasemodelModel with contact with other cultures

Basemodel with contact

with other cultures

Beta Beta Beta




Contact with other cultures .20** .13**

Adjusted R2 .19 .04 .21


Alsointhecaseofcontactwithothercultures,thereisapositiveeffectonglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Themorefrequentthiscontact,themorepeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens.Inthiscase,aftertheadditionofthiscontacttothebasemodeltheeffectofthethreeprinciplesishardlyreduced,andalsotheeffectofthiscontactispreserved.Thislattereffectdoeshoweverdecreasesignificantly.Thisimpliesthatpeoplewhooftenhavecontactwithotherculturesmoreoftenendorsethethreeprinciplesandthereforemoreoftenexhibitglobalcitizenshipbehaviour,andnotviceversa.

Withtheadditionofcontactwithotherculturesa2%additionalvarianceisexplainedwithrespecttothebasemodel.

Table 5.6 Socialtrustandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

Basemodel Model with social trust

Basemodel with social trust

Beta Beta Beta





Social trust .16** .09**

Adjusted R2 .19 .03 .20


Socialtrusthasapositiveeffectonglobalcitizenshipbehaviour.Themoresocialtrust,themorepeoplebehavelikeglobalcitizens.Alsointhecaseofsocialtrust,afteritsadditiontothebasemodeltheoriginallyobservedeffectofthethreeprinciplesishardlyreduced.Thepositiveeffectofsocialtrustisalsopreserved,butdoesdecreaseinstrength.Thisimpliesthatpeoplewithmoresocialtrustmoreoftenendorsethethreeprinciplesandthereforemoreoftenexhibitglobalcitizenshipbehaviour,andnotviceversa.Withtheadditionofsocialtrusttheexplainedvarianceincreasesbyonly1%.

Table 5.7 Institutionaltrustandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

Basemodel Model with social trust

Basemodel with social trust

Beta Beta Beta




Institutional trust .22** .07**

Adjusted R2 .19 .05 .20


Institutionaltrusthasapositiveeffectonglobalcitizenshipbehaviour:thehighertheinstitutionaltrust,themorefrequentthebehaviour.Takenseparately,institutionaltrustseparatelyexplains5%oftheobserveddifferenceinbehavi-our.Aftertheadditionofinstitutionaltrusttothebasemodel,theeffectofthethreeprinciplesishardlyreduced.Theeffectofsocialtrustisalsopreserved,butlosesvigour.Thisimpliesthatpeoplewithmoretrustininstitutionsmoreoftenendorsethethreeprinciplesandthereforemoreoftenexhibitglobalcitizenshipbehaviour,andnotviceversa.Theadditionofinstitutionaltrustincreasestheexplainedvariancebyonly1%increase.


5.5.TheEffectofAlltheAspectsTogetherFinally,amodelispresentedwhichincludesallaspects.Inthismodel,anumberofinterestingshiftscanbeobserved.

Table 5.8 Principles,personalcharacteristicsandglobalcitizenshipbehaviour(n=2250,unweightedresults)

Basemodel Model with personal characteristics

Basemodel with personal characteristics

Beta Beta Beta

Human equality .08** .00



Knowledge .11** .07**

Female .03 .03

Age .21** .21**

Education .16** .13**

Household income -.11** -.11**

Living in 'Randstad' -.01 -.01

Altruistic values .32** .23**

Contact with other cultures .11** .11**

Social trust .04 .04

Institutional trust .06* .02

Adjusted R2 .19 .29 .31


Whenacontrolhasbeencarriedoutforallthebackgroundcharacteristics(excludingprinciples),itappearsthatthelevelofknowledgeandeducation,contactwithothercultures,age,institutionaltrust,andparticularlyaltruisticvaluesallhaveapositiveeffectonglobalcitizenship.Thehigherthegrosshouseholdincome,thelessthebehaviourexhibited.Itwasalreadynotedearlierthatthisnegativecorrelationcanpartiallybefoundinthefactthatpeoplewithlowincomesmoreoftenhaveasubscriptiontogreenpower,andmoreoftenbuysecond-handproducts.


Furthermore,itissignificantthatinthiscompletemodelthepositiveeffectof‘beingawoman’disappears.Table5.3alreadyshowedthataftertheadditionofthethreeprinciplesthisgendereffectwasgreatlyreduced.Nowthereappearstobenodifferenceatallbetweenmenandwomen.Itmaybeconclu-dedfromthisthatwomenveryprobablyexhibitbehaviourrelatedtoglobalcitizenshipbecausetheyattachmoreimportancetoaltruisticvaluesthanmen.Thepreviouslyobservedpositiveeffectofsocialtrustalsodisappears.

Whenthemodelsaremerged,animportantresultisthatthepositiveeffectsofthethreeprinciplesdecreasewithrespecttothebasemodel.Thecoef-ficientsofmutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilityarealmosthalved,andtheeffectofequalityonglobalcitizenshipevendisappearsentirely.Inparticular,altruisticvaluesappeartobeaveryimportantfactorinexplainingdifferencesintheextenttowhichpeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens.Sincethesevaluesarecloselyrelatedtotheendorsementofthethreeprinciples(asalreadyseenearlierinTable5.4),thisalsoexplainsalargepartoftheorigi-nallyobservedpositiveeffectofthethreeprinciplesonglobalcitizenshipinthebasemodel.

Thisalsoappliestomostoftheotherbackgroundcharacteristicsforwhichapositiveeffectoncitizenshipwasobservedearlier.TheDutchwithahigherlevelofeducation,moreknowledgeaboutglobalissues,morecontactwithotherculturesandthoseaged35yearsandolder,scorehigherintheindex,alsoafteracontrolhasbeencarriedoutforthethreeprinciples.

5.6.ConclusionInthischapter,therelationshipsbetweenthethreeprinciplesandbehavioursrelatedtoglobalcitizenshiphavebeenexaminedinmoredetail,asalsotheeffectofthecohesionbetweenvariousbackgroundcharacteristicsandthesupportforthethreeprinciplesonthebehaviour.

Theexpectationthatpeoplewhoexhibitmoresupportforthethreeprinciplesmorefrequentlybehaveasglobalcitizensseemstobeconfirmedbythecol-lecteddata.TheDutchwhoexhibitmoresupportfortheprinciplesofhumanequality,mutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesaremoreofteninclinedtobehaveasglobalcitizens.Theregressionanalysisfurthershowsthatinparticulartheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityforsolvingglobalissuesisbestabletoexplaindifferencesintheextentofglobalcitizenship.


Alsootherbackgroundcharacteristicsappeartopartiallyexplaindifferencesinbehaviour.Peoplewhohavemoreknowledgeaboutglobalissuesmoreoftenbehaveasglobalcitizensthanpeoplewhohavelessknowledgeabouttheseissues.Inparticular,thereisaclearcohesionbetweenknowledgeandtheprincipleofmutualdependency.Peoplewithmoreknowledgehaveabettersenseofmutualdependencyintheworld,whatpartiallyexplainstheinitialpositiveeffectofknowledge.

Alsogender,ageandlevelofeducationallhaveapositiveeffectontheGlobalCitizenshipIndex.Women,Dutchcitizensaged35yearsandolderandthemorehighlyeducatedmoreoftenexhibitbehaviourrelatedtoglobalcitizen-ship.Theregressionanalysesshowthatthismorefrequentbehaviourinthecaseofthemorehighlyeducated-andparticularlywomen-canpartiallybeexplainedbythefactthattheysupportthethreeprinciplesmoreoftenthanthelesswelleducatedandmen.

Altruisticvalues,makingcontactwithotherculturesandtheamountofsocialandinstitutionaltrustalsoshowapositivecohesionwiththeextenttowhichpeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens.Inparticular,theimportanceattachedtoaltruisticvalueshasastrongpositiveeffectonglobalcitizenship.Thehigherthevalues,themorefrequentthebehaviourexhibited.Thesealtruisticvaluesalsodecreasetheearlierobservedeffectsofthethreeprinciples.Itturnsoutthat,inparticular,thepositiveeffectoftheprincipleofequalityonglobalcitizenshipmaypartiallybeexplainedbythefactthatpeoplewhosupportthisprinciplealsoattachgreaterimportancetoaltruisticvalues.

Whenallthesebackgroundcharacteristics,includingthecombinedthreeprinciples,areincludedinamodel,somenotableshiftsoccur.Earlierobservedsignificantdifferences(suchasthosebetweenmenandwomen)disappear.Moreimportantly,thecoefficientsofmutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilityarealmosthalved,andtheeffectofequalityonglobalcitizenshipactuallydisappearsentirely.Again,itappearsthataltruisticvaluesplayaveryimportantroleintheexplanationofdifferencesintheextenttowhichindividualsbehaveasglobalciti-zens.Asthesevaluesalsocloselyrelatetotheadherencetothethreeprinciples,theythusexplainalargepartoftheoriginallyobservedpositiveeffectofthethreeprinciplesonglobalcitizenshipinthebasemodel.Inspiteofdecreasedcohesion,theprinciplesofmutualdependencyandsharedresponsibilitycontinuetoplayaroleinexplainingtheextenttowhichpeoplebehaveasglobalcitizens,evenwhenacontroliscarriedoutjointlyforthesebackgroundcharacteristics.


CHAPTER 6

ATTITUDE WITH REGARD TO DEvELOPMENT COOPERATION

Until2011NCDOannuallyissuedtheBarometerInternationalCooperation.ThisbarometerfocusedontheDutchand(support)fordevelopmentcoope-ration.Forthesakeofcontinuity,ithasbeendecidedtoreporttheresultsofthetwocentralquestionsfromtheBarometerInternationalCooperationinthisreportaswell.Thesequestionsareabouttheimportanceofdevelopmentcooperationingeneralandaboutthesupportforthegovernmentbudgetfordevelopmentcooperation.

6.1.TheImportanceofDevelopmentCooperationHowmuchimportancedotheDutchattachtohelpingpeopleinpoorcountriestodevelopthemselves?ThemajorityoftheDutch(64%)stillconsiderthisimportantin2012.TheextentofthissupportcorrespondswiththeresultsfromthepreviouseditionsoftheBarometerInternationalCooperation.Therecogni-tionoftheimportanceofdevelopmentcooperationhasremainedmoreorlessstableamongsttheDutchpopulationsincethemeasurementin2009.

Table 6.1 Importanceofhelpingpeopleinpoorcountriestodevelopthemselves(2009-2012)

2009(n=2079)

2010 (n=1500)

2011 (n=1544)

2012(n=2250)

(very) unimportant 7% 9% 8% 7%

neutral 23% 27% 25% 26%

(very) important 68% 62% 64% 64%

dont know / no opinion 3% 2% 3% 3%


In2010thereseemedtobeadeclineintheimportancetheDutchattachedtodevelopmentcooperation,butthistrendhasnotcontinued.In2011,thepercentagethatconsideredit(very)importanttohelppeopleinpoorcoun-triestodevelopthemselvesincreasedagainto64%.In2012,thispercentageremainsinvariablyhigh.

Figure 6.1Importanceofhelpingpeopleinpoorcountriestodevelopthemselves(2009-2012)

ThehighlyeducatedDutchattachmoreimportancetohelpingpeoplefrompoorcountriestodevelopthanthosewithasecondaryorlowereducation.TheDutchresidingintheRandstadalsoattachmoreimportancetothisthanthoseresidingoutsidetheRandstad.

TheDutchwhoattachagreaterimportancetoaltruisticvaluesalsoconsideritmoreimportanttohelppeoplefrompoorcountrieswiththeirdevelopment.ThisalsoappliestotheDutchwhohavemorefrequentcontactwithotherculturesandthosewhohavemoreinstitutionaltrust.

2009 2010

(very) important (very) unimportant

2011 2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


TheDutchvotingforGroenLinks,thesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)andD66finditrelativelyimportanttohelppeopleinpoorcountries.OfalltheDutch,thosevotingforPVVfindhelpingpeopleinpoorcountriesbyfartheleastimportant.

6.2.TheDutchandtheBudgetforDevelopmentCooperationInrecentyears,thegovernmenthassignificantlycutbackondevelopmentcooperation.In2011,thebudgetwasreducedfrom0.8%oftheGDPto0.75%oftheGDP(4.6billioneuros)andin2012thisisfurtherreducedto0.7%oftheGDP(CentralGovernment2010;MinistryofForeignAffairs2011).ThequestioniswhethertheDutchpopulationsupportsthesegovernmentcuts.

ThegovernmentcutsseemtobeconsistentwiththeviewsoftheDutchpopu-lation.AlmosthalfoftheDutch(48%)areoftheopinionthatthegovernmentbudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldactuallybereduced.Andthisinspiteofthecutsalreadymadeinthepastyears.ItshouldbenotedthatapreviousNCDOresearchshowedthatonlyonethirdoftheDutchpopulationareawareofthefactthatinthepasttwoyearsconsiderablecutshavebeenmade(Carabain,Spitz&Hogeling,2012).Thereisalsoalwaysanequallylargegroupthatbelievesthatthebudgetshouldremainunchangedorshouldbeincreased.

Table 6.2 Doyouthinkthatthegovernmentbudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldbeincreased,leftunchangedorreduced?(2006-2012)

2006 (n=1512)

2007 (n=1487)

2008 (n=2525)

2009 (n=2079)

2010 (n=1500)

2011 (n=1544)

2012 (n=2250)

Increase 17% 13% 13% 10% 7% 10% 4%

Unchanged 46% 53% 51% 56% 48% 48% 44%

Reduction 37% 34% 36% 34% 45% 42% 48%

Don’t know 5%

Since2006,NCDOhasaskedtheDutchtowhatextenttheyareoftheopinionthatthebudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldbeincreased,remainunchangedorbereduced.


ThesupportamongtheDutchtoincreasethebudgetfordevelopmentcoope-rationhasdecreasedinrecentyears.In2012,thepercentagewhoconsiderthatthebudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldbereducedisforthefirsttimelargerthanthepercentageoftheDutchwhothinkthatthebudgetshouldremainunchanged.Furthermore,inrecentyears,therehasalsobeenadecreaseinthenumberofDutchcitizenswhothinkthatthebudgetfordevelopmentcoopera-tionshouldbeincreased.Thisyearmarkstheprovisionallowpointofthistrend.Wherein2006therewerestill17%whosupportedtheincreaseofthebudget,thisisonly4%in2012.Thismeansthatthereispermanentsupportforthegovernmentbudget,butthatthissupportisunderpressure.

Figure 6.2 Supportforthebudgetfordevelopmentcooperation(2006-2012)

Theresultsoftheyear2012showthatDutchmenandDutchpeoplewithalowereducationmoreoftenwantthebudgetfordevelopmentcooperationtobereduced.

Incontrast,women,Dutchcitizenswhoattachagreaterimportancetoaltruisticvaluesandthosewithacollegedegreeorhigheraremoreoftenopposedtothecutsondevelopmentcooperation.Also,theDutchwhohavemorefrequent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2006 2007

increase unchanged decrease

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


contactwithotherculturesandthosewhohavemoresocialtrustareoftenmoreopposedtothesecuts.Peoplewhohavethemselvesdonatedmoneytocharitableorganisationsinthefieldofinternationalaidarealsomoreoftenopposedtotgovernmentcutsondevelopmentcooperation.

Theleveloftheincomehasnoeffectoneithersupportingornotsupportingcutsondevelopmentcooperation.

Relativelyspeaking,theDutchwhovoteforGroenLinksandthosewhovoteforthesmallChristianparties(ChristenUnieandSGP)supportcutstodeve-lopmentcooperationtheleast.TheDutchwhovoteforPVVarerelativelyspeakingthemostofteninfavourofareductionofthebudgetfordevelopmentcooperation.

Furtheranalysesshowthatoverathird(38%)ofthepeoplewhosaythattheyfindhelpingpoorcountries(very)important,neverthelessalsothinkthatthegovernmentbudgetshouldbereduced.

6.3.ConclusionTheimportanceattachedbytheDutchtodevelopmentcooperationremainsundiminishedin2012.ThelargemajorityoftheDutchpopulation(64%)considerit(very)importanttohelppoorcountriesdevelopthemselves.

Inspiteofthissupport,in2012almosthalfoftheDutch(48%)believethatthegovernmentbudgetfordevelopmentcooperationshouldbereduced.Incontrast,anequallylargegroupbelievesthatthebudgetshouldremainunchangedorshouldbeincreased.Thismeansthatthereispermanentsupportforthegovern-mentbudget,butthissupportisunderpressure.

Unlikepreviousyears,thisstudydidnotaskthereasonwhypeopleareoftheopinionthatthegovernmentbudgetshouldbereduced.TheBarometerInternationalCooperation2011showedthatthemainreasonforwantingtoreducethegovernmentbudgetwasthattheDutchthinkthattheirowneconomyshouldbeputinorderfirst.Inviewofthecontinuedrecessionitmightwellbethatthisargumentnowalsoplaysamajorroleinthemotivationforwantingtoreducethebudget.

Itisalsoremarkablethattheextentofsupportforthesizeofthegovernmentbudgetisnotinverselyproportionatetotheactualamountthatthegovernment


spendsondevelopmentcooperation.In2006-whenstill0.8%ofGDPwasspentondevelopmentcooperation-17%wereoftheopinionthatthisbudgetshouldbeincreased.Now,in2012,andafterarecent12.5%reductioninthebudget,only4%stillthinkthatthisbudgetshouldbeincreased.ItshouldbenotedthatpreviousNCDOresearchshowedthatonlyonethirdoftheDutchareawareofthefactthat,inthepasttwoyears,substantialcutshavebeenmadeandthattheyfurthermorestronglyoverestimatethesizeofthegovernmentbudget.

Thehighestlevelofsupportfordevelopmentcooperation-bothinsubscribingtotheimportanceofhelpingpoorcountriesandinthewishtoincreasethegovernmentbudget-canbefoundunderthehighlyeducatedandthosewithhigheraltruisticvalues.Agreateramountoftrustalsoresultsinagreateramountofsupport.ThosewhovoteforGroenLinksandthesmallChristianpartiesarethebiggestsupportersofdevelopmentcooperation.


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METHODOLOGY

DataCollectionTNSNIPOwascommissionedbytheNCDOtocarryouttheBarometerGlobalCitizenship2012.ItisarepresentativestudycarriedoutamongstDutchpeopleof18yearsandolder.

SamplingTheresearchwasconductedwithintheonlinepanelofTNSNIPObase.TheTNSNIPObaseisadatabaseof59,000households(133,000respondents)whoregu-larlyparticipateinresearchbyTNSNIPO.ThepanelisrepresentativefortheDutchandcertifiedaccordingtotheISOstandards(ISO20252andISO26362).

FortheresearchamongDutchadults(18yearsandolder)3,000respondentswereinvitedtoparticipate.BecausetheresponserateamongstyoungerDutchcitizensislower,anexcessivenumberofrespondentsinthisgroupwereiniti-allyapproached.Intable7.1youwillfindtheresponseanddistributionofthesamplingperagecategory.


Table 7.1 Sampling

Age Ideal Response Sample

70+ 12,80% 82% 10,11%

65-69 5,99% 82% 4,73%

60-64 8,29% 81% 6,71%

55-59 8,36% 78% 7,29%

50-54 9,06% 76% 8,33%

45-49 9,92% 73% 9,88%

40-44 10,03% 71% 10,56%

35-39 9,13% 68% 10,48%

30-34 7,72% 67% 9,13%

25-29 7,73% 68% 8,87%

20-24 7,81% 66% 9,52%

18-19 3,18% 62% 4,39%

100,00% 100,00%

ResponseThedataforthisstudywascollectedonline.ThefieldworktookplacefromTuesday19June2012uptoandincludingSunday1July2012.Therespondentsneededonaverage17minutestocompletethequestionnaire.TNSNIPOsenttworeminderstothepeoplewhohadnotrespondedtotheinvitationtoparti-cipateinordertopersuadethemtoparticipateinthestudy.Attheendofthequestionnaire,respondentswereaskedwhethertheywishedtoparticipateinthisstudyagainnextyear.Thewillingnesstodothiswashigh,96%oftherespon-dentsindicatedthattheywerewillingtoparticipateinthestudyagainnextyear.


Table 7.2 Response

Respondents

Invited 3.000

Response 2.250 (75%)

Willingness 2.160 (96%)

WeightingResponsibilityTheresultsofthestudyarere-weightedtakinggender,age,region,educationandfamilysizeintoaccountinordertoachievearepresentativesamplefortheDutchpopulation.TheidealfiguresarebasedondatafromtheStatisticsNetherlands(CBS).

Thedatabaseincludesthevotingbehaviouroftherespondentsintheparliamen-taryelectionsin2010.Thisvariablewasaddedlaterandnoaccountwastakenofitinthesamplingatthetimeofdistribution.Thisresultedinthefactthatthenon-votersinthesampleareunder-represented(peoplewhodonotvotealsotendtobelessinclinedtoparticipateinapanel)andthatthevotingbehaviourofanumberofrespondentsisunknown(atthetimetheywerenotyetamemberofthepanel,ortheydidnotanswerthequestionabouttheirvotingbehaviour).Forthe(weighted)descriptivestatisticsinthisstudy,usewasmadeoftheweightingfactorthatincludesvotingbehaviour.

Table 7.3 Samplingefficiency9

Sampling efficiency

Adults (weigth excluding voting behaviour) 0,97

Adults (weight including voting behaviour) 0,67

FullresearchmethodologycanbefoundonthewebsiteofNCDO(www.ncdo.nl).

9Samplingefficiency=unweightedn/(sum(weighingfactors2))

research series

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE NETHERLANDS 2012

This report investigates the extent to which Dutch citizens aged 18 years and older behave as global citizens. The key element within the concept of global citizenship is the contribution made by individuals towards a liveable world. This encompasses not only support for international cooperation, but also the way in which people’s involvement in international issues defines their behaviour.

Is the Dutch population aware of the mutual dependency in the world? Are they convinced of the equality of all human beings world-wide and do they feel a shared responsibility for global issues? What do Dutch people know of the world? And how does their everyday behaviour relate to these insights?

These are the issues that this research evaluates.

This publication is part of a series of research publications by NCDO. NCDO is the Dutch expertise and advisory centre for citizenship and international cooperation. NCDO carries out research, provides information and advice, stimulates public debate and is actively involved in the field of training and education.

This research publication was issued by NcDO, april 2013

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