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Banner of Going Public Banner of Mobile plant clinic

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Table of Contents

Subject Page Nr. Front page 1 Table of Contents 2 Acronyms 3 Introduction 4 A. Establishment of plant clinics network 4 Agricultural Extension Service Providers (AESPs) 4 Fixed plant clinic 4 Community Plant Doctors 5 Day, Time, Venue and Space of Fixed Plant clinics 5 Technical fact sheets 5 Summary of plant clinics network 6 B. Operation of fixed plant clinics 6 C. Implementation of mobile plant clinic (Open problems) 7 D. Implementation of mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) 7 E. Implementation of Going Public 9 F. Solution for unknown plant health problem(s) 10 G. Farmer's innovative method 11 (a) Protect young plant of vegetables from cutworm with poly-enclosure 11 (b) Naphthalene application for controlling Brinjal shoot and fruit borer 12 (c) Farmer's Innovative Improved Management Practices for Mango Orchard 13 Insect and disease management 14 Mango harvesting 14 Post harvest management practices 14 H. Garlic leaf curling: An unsolved plant health problem 15 List Of Table A. Establishment of plant clinics Network (12 plant clinics at fixed venues

of 12 Agricultural Extension Service Providers-AESPs): Table. 1a - 1e 17

B. Operation of plant clinics (12 plant clinics at fixed venue): Table. 2a - 2d 22 C. Implementation of mobile plant clinic with open plant health problems at

communities: Table. 3a - 3c 27

D. Implementation of mobile plant clinic with fixed plant health problem(s) at communities: Table. 4a - 4h 32

E. Implementation of going public with fixed plant health problem(s) at public places: Table. 5a - 5p 38

F. Solution for unknown plant health problems: Table. 6 44 G. Farmer's innovative method(s) for management of plant health

problems: Table. 7 46

H. Farmers' Perception, Knowledge and Practices on Garlic Leaf Curling: Table. 8 49

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Acronyms

AAS Agricultural Advisory Society

AC Area Coordinator

AESP Agricultural Extension Service Provider

BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

CABI -

CPD Community Plant Doctor

DAE Department of Agricultural Extension

DTW Deep Tube Well

GC Group Coordinator

GP Going Public

GPC Global Plant Clinic

JSUS Jagoroni Samaj Unnayan Sangstha

KGUK Karbala Gram Unnayan Kendra

MOP Murate of Potassium

MPC Mobile Plant Clinic

NGO Non Government Organization

PC Plant Clinic

PCN Plant Clinic Network

PD Plant Doctor

PHS Plant Health Specialist

PHSi Plant Health Services initiative

PNGO Partner Non Government Organization

PQS Participatory Quality Survey

SAAO Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer

SP Service Provider

Tk Taka

TSP Triple Super Phosphate

UAO Upazila Agriculture Officer

UK United Kingdom

UP Union Parishad

ZIA Zia International Air Port

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Introduction

Plant health clinic is a new approach to providing service on plant health problem to the rural farmers. The approach has been introduced to the farmers in Baraigram upazila of Natore district of Bangladesh by AAS with assistance from CABI, UK since 1 September 2005. In view of the objectives of global plant clinic (GPC), AAS has established a network of model plant health management clinic to ensure better plant health management services to the farmers in Natore district, so that they can enhance their crop production, reduce cost, increase income and remove the risk of crop failure due to pest and disease infestation. Based on the expected success AAS later intends to scale-up the approach in other parts of the country. To achieve the objectives of plant health management clinics network, AAS in collaboration with 15 agricultural extension service providers has made significant progress in Baraigram upazila of Natore districts during 1 September 2005 to 28 February 2007 and the progress brief is given below under the following sections: A. Establishment of plant clinics network Agricultural Extension Service Providers (AESPs):

[Above] Mr. A.Z.M. Arshafuzzaman, ED, KGUK speaks with farmers at weekly fixed plant clinic

From September 2006 to February 2007, AAS established 12-plant clinics network with 15 Agricultural Extension Service Providers (AESPs) in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. During this reporting period Sakil Enterprise was selected at Parkol bazar in replacement of N.S. Enterprise at Agran market place due to several merits of Sakil Enterprise over N.S. Enterprise. Among the 15 AESPs, six are from educational institutes; three are from NGOs and private sector’s agri-input dealers and one each from DAE, Union Parishad (UP) and DTW club. At the early stage of the project cycle DAE had placed 4 SAAOs (Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer) with 4 plant clinics. Currently, the involvement of SAAOs, DAE is found minimal due to several reasons including their expected cash incentive. The primary function of the AESPs is to

play leadership role in operating plant clinic network in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. The project will also test the efficiency and usefulness of the involved AESPs for future operation of the plant clinics network. The best type of service provider(s) will be selected at end of the project cycle for large-scale dissemination of the plant clinic strategy and concept in the country. Information of 15 AESPs is provided in Table 1a. Fixed plant clinic:

[Above] Signboard of weekly fixed plant clinic at Ahamadpur College-2

Fixed plant clinic is a permanent center where plant healthcare is available for farmers within the command area of the established clinic. Farm families from the surrounding communities can receive this service without any charge. It is, however, a pull and top down approach to provide plant healthcare service to the farmers. Only the motivated farmers are expected to receive this service as per the schedules and time fixed for each venue. Group coordinators need to spend more time to motivate the farmers to ensure their participation in the clinics. The method, nonetheless, is convenient, safe, and easily accessible to

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community plant doctors (CPDs) and plant health specialists (PHSs) as the venue fixed. During this reporting period 12-plant clinic established at the permanent centers of 12 AESPs in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. The plant clinic of N. S. Enterprise at Agran market place was shifted to Parkol bazar with Sakil Enterprise due to several merits of newly selected Parkol bazar as the location of the plant clinic. The service provider at Agran provided cooperation during shifting the plant clinic. Thus, the plant clinic was shifted with full understanding with the service provider of the Agran plant clinic. Mr. Abu Baker, owner of the Zia fertilizer at Raynavarot bazar has been taken more responsibility to operate the plant clinic due to less involvement of new assigned SAAO of DAE. Md. Aftab Ali, dealer of Aftab and Brothers has been taking more responsibility than involved NGO (Sopan) to operate the plant clinic at Moukhara Bazar. Presently the plant clinic has been operated both at office room of sopan as well as at dealer shop of Aftab and Brothers. Near future the plant clinic will be shifted at dealer shop of Aftab and Brothers. Usually Mr. Aftab Ali, the owner of Aftab and brothers provides advice to farmers during selling seeds, fertilizers and pesticide. Occasionally, he provides in field advice to his customers (farmers) and agents (innovative farmers) in surrounding more than 30 villages in Baraigram and Gurudaspur upazilas of Natore district. Information of 12 fixed plant clinics is provided in Table1b. Community Plant Doctors: Each fixed plant clinic has two-community plant doctors (CPDs) selected from each involved

service provider. Thus, there are 24 CPDs with 12 fixed plant clinics of the network in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. As the role of the CPDs is very crucial to the plant clinic, they need to be skilled and their capacity needs to be developed in delivering quality plant health service to the farmers. They need to be provided training on overall plant healthcare service. Such training should be on practical and need basis. In this regards, AAS needs financial support. Information of 24 CPDs is provided in Table1c. [Above] Community Plant Doctor and DAE staff

providing prescription on plant health problems to farmer at Ahamadpur College-2

D ay, Time, Venue and Space of Fixed Plant clinics:

Day, time, venue and space of 12 fixed plant clinics of 12 AESPs were finalized at the end of this reporting period. Day and time of the 12 fixed plant clinics were finalized on the basis of matching of the involved AESPs' demand and suggestion. Information about the schedule of 12 fixed plant clinics is provided in Table1d. Technical fact sheets:

The content of technical fact sheet will be details based on an individual plant health problem for the use of the community plant doctor (CPD) and plant health specialist (PHS). Such type of technical fact sheets would be useful for CPD and PHS during the diagnosis of plant health problems and their recommended management practices at the plant clinics. This is a robust task since there are more than 50 important crops/plants and there could be several hundreds important plant health problems. Farmers are very much eager to know the diagnosis and management practices of hundreds of plant health problems. As of today, a total of 102 technical draft fact sheets on nine different crops have been prepared on demand driven basis. Out of [Above] Sample fact sheet of

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer

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102 draft technical fact sheets, 58 are on diseases, 39 are on insects, two are on nematode and three are on other plant health problems (Table 1e). In this regards, AAS also needs financial support for preparation, printout, file-up and distribution among the trained CPDs of the involved service providers. Summary of plant clinics network: A total of 12-plant clinics have been established at 12 suitable locations, one in each location, within the 40 surrounding villages of Baraigram upazila of Natore district. Each clinic has two-community plant doctors (CPDs) selected from each service provider with suitable premises for necessary operations and discussions. Each selected community has two coordinators to facilitate linkage and communication between farmers and the plant clinic. They also play vital role in implementation of other relevant methods and strategies of plant health management services initiative within each involved community. The project staff in collaboration with CPDs has developed awareness among the farmers including group members and coordinators about the purpose of plant clinic establishment at the campus of the selected service providers. Signboards of the plant clinics have been fixed at suitable place in the campus of the involved 12 service providers in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. All the 12 established plant clinics are operating weekly on routine basis.

B. Operation of fixed plant clinics

[Above] Mr. S.M. Quamruzzaman, UAO, DAE, Baraigram advising farmers about Brinjal plant health problem at Ramagari plant clinic in presence of Harun-Ar-Rashid, AAS

[Above] Plant health specialist from DAE, Baraigram providing prescription to farmer on plant health problem at Roynavorot plant clinic in presence of Paula Kelly, CABI

The purpose of the fixed plant clinics operation is to provide quality service on plant health problems and their management to the farmer's of the surrounding villages of the 12 plant clinics established at the permanent centers of 12 AESPs in Baraigram upazila of Natore district. A total of 208 plant clinic events were implemented at 12 fixed plant clinics during the reporting six months period. These plant clinic events were conducted under several unfavorable circumstances including country wide political unrest during October 2006 to January 2007 and educational institutions enjoyed long duration festival holidays during the reporting period. Total of 1865 motivated participants were attended in 208-plant clinic events of 12-fixed plant clinics. Out of 1865 motivated participants, of which 1160 were

farmers and the rest 705 were staff, students, teachers etc. Out of 1865 participants, of whom 1515 were male and only 350 were female. Plant doctors, plant health specialists and community plant doctors investigated 2166 plant health problems of 48 crops. They provided prescription against 1693 plant health problems and there were 473 (22%) unknown plant health problems. The highest number of prescriptions was provided against insect (1142) followed by diseases (497), soil problem & nutrition deficiency (36) and physiological problem (18). The highest number of management practices recommended with pesticide cum cultural practices (1297) followed by pesticide only (219),

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cultural practices only (83), use of balance fertilizer cum cultural practices (37), resistant variety use (33) and balance fertilizer application (24). The achievement of fixed plant clinic operation is provided in Tables 2a-2d.

C. Implementation of mobile plant clinic (Open problems)

[Above] Plant health specialist discussing with farmer and S.S. Hossain, PD providing prescription

b a c d

[Above] Plant health problems: (a) Root rot of Brinjal, (b) Leaf curling of chilli, (c) Anthracnose of country bean and (d) Pod borer of country bean;

Mobile plant clinic with open problems means a movable clinic where all clinical facilities are available for any type of plant health problems. It is cost effective for both farmers and their coordinators, but costly and time consuming for community plant doctors (CPDs) and plant health specialists (PHSs) as they require traveling to the communities. Farmers in this case can receive better service and can have more interaction with PHS/CPD. The involved group coordinators were arranged mobile plant clinics with open plant health problems at their village for large number of farmers (male and female). A total of 41 mobile plant clinics with open plant health problems were conducted at communities of 12 plant clinics. Out of 993 participants, of which 930 and 63 (6.34%) were male and

female respectively. Plant doctor, plant health specialists and community plant doctors investigated 642 plant health problems of 40 types crops at 41 open mobile clinic events during this reporting period. They provided prescription for 474 plant health problems and there were 168 (26.17%) unknown plant health problems. The highest number of prescriptions was provided against insects (268) followed by fungi (153) and rest problems were negligible in number. The highest number of management practices recommended with pesticide cum

cultural practices (314) followed by pesticide only (93), cultural practices (41) and the rest recommended management practices were negligible in number. The details information about implemented 41 mobile plant clinics with open plant health problems is provided in Tables 3a-3e.

D. Implementation of mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) Mobile plant clinic with fixed plant health problem(s) means a mobile clinic where all clinical facilities are available for the fixed plant health problem(s) at each event. Its implementation approach is very similar to going public method. But such mobile plant clinics are conducted at suitable place of the selected venue of the community, whereas going public conducts at public place (market place, hat bazar etc). Likely open mobile plant clinic, the fixed mobile plant clinic is cost-effective for both farmers and

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[Above] Farmers (male and female) at fixed mobile plant clinic

group coordinators, but costly and time consuming for CPDs and PHSs as they require traveling with display materials to the communities. Farmers in this case can receive better service and can have more interaction with PHS/CPD on a specific plant health problem. PHS can provide better in-field advice, since he/she has strong knowledge on the fixed plant health problem through details practical study and preparation before implementation of the fixed mobile clinic. The following plant health problems of Garlic, Onion and Mango crops were demonstrated during 43 fixed mobile plant clinic events:

Crop Disease Insect

Garlic & Onion Purple blotch of Garlic Onion caterpillar

Mango Anthracnose Sooty mold Die back

Mango hopper Mango defoliator

The plant health specialists (PHSs) in collaboration with group coordinators 43 fixed mobile clinics were conducted in selected communities for providing solid advices among the large number of interested farmers. At the beginning of each event, PHSs were provided a short briefing on the demonstrated plant health problem(s). Then, they invited all participated audiences for question and answerer on the diagnosis and management practices of the demonstrated plant health problem(s). Later, plant health specialists provided prescription on the plant health problems to the desired farmers. The discussion and service delivery continued as long as participated farmers were responsive. The plant health specialists were also collected and documented the farmer's innovative knowledge on plant health problem management practices during implementation of the fixed mobile clinic at the community.

e a c d b [Above] Plant health problems of mango: (a) & (b) Mango fruit weevil, (c) Scale insect, (d) Mealy bug, and (e) Leaf-gall midges

e d a c b

(Above] Plant health problems of Mango: (a) Floral malformation, (b) stem malformation, (c) Leaf Anthracnose, (d) Floral Anthracnose and (e) Fruit Anthracnose

A total of 43 fixed mobile plant clinic events were implemented, of which 21 was on Garlic and Onion and 22 with Mango. Total of 1008 farmers/Mango orchard owners were participated in 43

fixed mobile plant clinic events, of which 956 were male and only 52 (5%) were female. Out of 1008 participants, 457 and 551 were participated at the events of Garlic/Onion and Mango fixed mobile clinics respectively. On the other hand, out of 1008 participants, 649 farmers and

orchard owners were willingly collected the prescriptions from the PHSs without any fee. The plant health specialists provided 649 prescriptions, of which 301 and 348 were for Garlic/Onion and Mango respectively. On the other hand pesticide cum cultural practices recommended with

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629 farmers and pesticide cum mechanical practices recommended with 20 farmers. The details information about implemented 43 fixed mobile plant clinic events is provided in the Tables 4a-4h. E. Implementation of Going Public

[Above] Garlic farmers at going public event at Moshinda Bazar, Natore

Going public methods that trains farmers in public places where large gathering is possible. The method can be used to demonstrate fixed plant health problem(s), and follow-up advice can be

provided among the interested audiences. It needs less staff-time and transport costs are less than a trip to a remote village. The confident facilitators, who have expertise in selected plant health problems and have experience in community organizing, can provide better service to the farmers on plant health problems using this method. The method needs prior planning to organize gathering at the market places. The venue for going public should be an ideal place in the market, as it requires decent display of the selected plant health problem(s). It is a cost-effective extension method to train large number of farmers on selected plant health problems. In this method farmers can receive plant healthcare service without further travel other than just

to the market place. The following number of plant health problems was displayed of Guava, Pointed gourd, Country bean, Turmeric, Garlic, Onion and Mango during 19 going public events:

Crop Disease (Nr)1 Insect (Nr.)1

Guava 2 - Pointed gourd 2 2 Country bean 2 2 Turmeric 2 1 Garlic/Onion 1 1 Mango 3 4

Total 12 10 1 Disease and Insect names under each crop are available in the respective tables The plant health specialists (PHSs) in collaboration with CPDs and staff of the involved service providers were conducted 19 going public events during the reporting period in the selected public places (Market, hat, bazar etc) for providing plant health services among the large number of interested farmers. At the beginning of each event of going public was provided a briefing on the demonstrated plant health problem(s). The PHSs invited all participated audiences for question and answer on the diagnosis and management practices of the demonstrated plant health problem. Later, plant health specialists provided prescription to the desired farmers. The discussion and service delivery continued as long as participated farmers were responsive. The plant health specialists were also collected and documented the farmer's innovative knowledge on management practices of the plant health problem(s) during implementation of going public event at public place.

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[Above] Plant health problems: (a) Anthracnose of Pointed gourd, (b) Bunchy top of Banana, (c) Anthracnose of Turmeric and (d) Mealy bag of Guava.

[Above] Prof. Jim Muller collecting Guava infested branch for testing at laboratory

[Above] Plant health problems: (a) Anthracnose of Guava, (b) Scab disease of citrus, (c) Riceyness / Buttoning of Cauliflower, and (d) Boron deficient curd / head of Cauliflower

a b c d

A total of 19 going public events were implemented, of which 1, 2,2,2,5 and 7 were on Guava, Pointed gourd, Country bean, Turmeric, Garlic/Onion and Mango respectively. Twenty-two plant

health problems of six crops were demonstrated during 19 going public events, of which 12 plant health problems were with diseases and 10 with insects. Total of 1356 audiences were actively participated in 19 going public events, of which 39 were only women. The highest number of audiences was participated in Mango (492) going public events followed in order by Garlic/Onion (456), Turmeric (116), pointed gourd (112), Country bean (96) and Guava (84). On

the other hand, out of 1356 participants, 603 participants (44.47%) were received the prescriptions from the plant health specialists (PHSs) without any fee. Out of 603 prescriptions, the highest number of prescriptions was provided the audiences for Mango (247) followed by Garlic/Onion (188), Turmeric (56), Pointed gourd (49), Country bean (39) and Guava (24). On the other hand pesticide cum cultural practices recommended with 603 interested farmers during 19 going public events. The details information about implemented 19 going public events is provided in Tables 5a-5p.

dc b a

F. Solution for unknown plant health problem(s) A large number of samples were found unknown to local plant health specialists including plant doctor during implementation of different approaches of plant clinic network in Natore district. Thus, the project has intention to get solution (diagnosis and prescription) on the unknown plant health problems from plant health specialists of CABI, UK during their visit in Bangladesh. Accordingly Mr. S.S. Hossain, plant doctor brought twenty-one samples of plant health problems to Kaliganj, Satkhira during the visit/training schedule of Prof. Jim Muller and Paula Kelly, CABI. Initially Mr. Hossain was reluctant to carrying those samples to Satkhira due to several reasons including his mentality. Finally he managed to collect and carry those 21 plant health problem samples with the help of Mr. Nurun Nabi, Area Coordinator, AAS and serious pushing from Mr. Harun-Ar-Rashid, Executive Director, AAS cum Project Coordinator, GPC. Mr. Hossain has compiled the findings (diagnosis and prescription)

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from Prof. Muller and Paula Kelly of the unknown samples of the plant health problems due to greater pressure from Mr. Harun-Ar-Rashid. Under the further investigation in UK, we have only received the diagnosis of guava sample from Paula Kelly. During preparation of this report, Mr. S.S. Hossain informed us that all samples were thrown away after diagnosis and prescription of the samples at Shushilan Office, Kaliganj, Satkhira. Mr. Hossain did not mention any specific reason in this regard. The details about 21 samples including identification, diagnosis and prescription are provided in Table 6.

G. Farmer's innovative method Pesticides are often used indiscriminately and at very high rates of application and very frequently without knowing the actual purpose of the pesticide being applied. At present about 30 thousand metric tons of pesticides are used every year in Bangladesh.

In order to protect high value non-rice crops against pest and disease losses, farmers are becoming increasingly dependent on the frequent and inappropriate use of dangerous and highly toxic pesticides. Moreover, pesticide adulteration by wholesalers and retailers is a growing concern of many farmers who are unsure whether insects are becoming more insecticide resistant or insecticides are being adulterated to the point of ineffectiveness. In most cases, farmers use pesticides in their fields based on recommendations and advice from their local pesticide dealers. In general, the dealers, themselves are not professional crop/soil/pest specialists and thus we have a situation of the ‘blind leading the blind” with certain incentives for both farmers and dealers to advocate the use of inappropriate and/or excessive pesticide levels. Excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides in crop protection has been creating hazards in many ways; as a result farmers noticed several consequences such as diminished populations of fishes, frogs, birds etc; as well as suffering deterioration in human health in Bangladesh.

Even the modified sets of “safe and effective” plant health management strategies are not widely understood by Bangladesh’s tradition bound risk-averse farmers. It would be in the best interests’ farmers, scientists, extensionists and private sector participants to work together to find-out the most appropriate, safe and cost-effective combination of plant health management technologies and strategies for Bangladesh at its present stage of development.

We have often observed that some farmers are successfully controlling a variety of major pests with their own, unique and innovative methods; for example, the creative combination of some indigenous methods in combination with lower levels of safe chemical use or no chemical use. Such methods were cheap, effective and readily available and could be used where it is difficult to achieve safe and cost effective control with chemicals

AAS has identified and documented (Partly) 27 farmer's innovative methods of 15 non-rice crops during last three year period under a plant health services initiative sponsored by CABI, presently known as CABI UK. Most of the farmer's innovative methods are relevant to insect pests. Brief description of 27 farmers' innovative methods for health management for 15 crops is provided in Table 7. A short description of two such methods for cutworm and Brinjal shoot and fruit borer control along with an innovative improved management practices for mango orchard follows: (a) Protect young plant of vegetables from cutworm with poly-enclosure:

Cutworms are quite common pest problem. They can have a serious impact on the productive capacity of gourds, cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, chilli, tomato, potato etc; particularly during the young and tender seedling stage. Cutworms are a particularly serious problem for vegetable crops being produced on light soil areas in Bangladesh. The larvae of cutworms cut off the

11

[Above] Small branches enclosure of Papaya Young Plant

young plant bases at night and kill them. During the daytime, cutworms hide themselves under dead foliage and clumps of loose soil in the field. Chemical control of this insect is difficult and expensive. Moreover, the recommended chemical methods are not useful for several reasons. Because farmers cannot afford the more expensive chemical options and frankly are increasingly suspicious about their efficacy; they are eager to adopt those alternative, indigenous methods that have been proven effective at protecting both their pocketbooks and their early stage crops from cutworms. The poly-enclosure method is one such method that has been found suitable and cost-effective for protecting various seedling stage crops. Farmers in Pakundia and Hossainpur upazilas of Kishoreganj district have been using poly-enclosure methods for the last 10 years or more to protect their commercial gourd crops (cucumber, bottle gourd, bitter

gourd and others) in their seedling stages. Before using poly-enclosure, they used to use the small branches of various trees. The poly-enclosure method evolved through the patient application of trial and error methods, which have finally evolved into a highly effective set of practices. Such methods and practices are called farmer innovative methods.

[Above] Poly-enclosure of Chilli

Farmers use a cylindrical poly bag, which is 3-4" in dia and 4-5" long, with its bottom cut off. The poly bag is placed on the soil immediately after seed sowing or during seedling emergence or immediately after emergence of the seedling. One of the open ends of the poly bag is placed on the soil around the emerging seedling and is held in place by three to four small thin bamboo sticks. The base of the poly bag is held in place with 3-4 clods of soil. Since no insecticide is used, the method is seen as being environmentally friendly and free of human health hazards. The poly bag can be re-used for several cropping seasons. Worn and damaged poly bags can be burned to avoid contaminating the rural environment. This particular farmer innovative crop protection method is more cost effective (Tk. 250/acre) than recommended chemical method to deal with the same problem (Tk.1500/acre). (b) Naphthalene application for controlling Brinjal shoot and fruit borer: Brinjal (Egg Plant/Aubergine) is an important vegetable crop in Bangladesh. Brinjal shoot and fruit borer is a major and serious insect pest. It is destructive only in the larval stage and

Larvae of shoot and fruit borer of Brinjal (Left), Naphthalene (middle) and Naphthalene broadcasted under the brinjal tree (right)

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damages the new growth shoots that are responsible for flower and fruit production on the Brinjal plant. There are more than 20 recommended pesticides available in the market to control this insect. To protect the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, farmers must use the pesticides almost every day and in some cases, 150-200 times in a single crop season. Indiscriminate use of both authorized and unauthorized pesticides at very high concentrations and at very frequent intervals was found to be exceedingly common method of controlling the shoot and fruit borer of brinjal. Accordingly, farmers have developed a large number of innovative methods for controlling brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation. Among these innovative methods, most of them are non-pesticide based. Naphthalene application for controlling brinjal shoot and fruit borer is one such method. Farmers have been using this method for the last five years or so in Natore district. Naphthalene has well known insect repellent properties and thus its application in a brinjal field has been found to discourage both the adult and larval stages of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer. For this method, farmers broadcast super granules of Naphthalene all over the brinjal field. In general, farmers apply 3 kg Naphthalene per acre and it emits an effective and discouraging smell for about 3 weeks depending on a crop's canopy and the prevailing weather condition.

Farmers strongly believe that this method is very effective against brinjal shoot and fruit borer. This method is also cost-effective (Tk. 250/acre/application) in comparison with the chemical (Pesticide) methods (Tk. 1500/acre/application). The Naphthalene method is environment friendly and does not have any bad effects on standing crops or on the soil/ecosystem. The method is free of known human health hazards. (c) Farmer's Innovative Improved Management Practices for Mango Orchard:

The mango is delicious and nutrionally superior fruits amongst all fruit of the world. Among various reasons for improvement of mango production the attack of insects/pests and diseases is of particular importance. Insect pests and diseases not only reduce the yield but also sometimes account for a complete crop failure. The absence of soil management, irrigation, and application of fertilizer may result in lessened production or less-than-optimum yield, whereas the attack of even one particular insect, in some cases, may damage a crop from 20 to 100 percent. Therefore, a person owning a mango orchard, or even one or two mango trees, shall have to learn these maladies and how to prevent them and control them through human health hazard free improved management practices to achieve higher yield and quality. A description of the farmer's innovative improved management practices for mango orchard as follows:

At Motabari mondalpara village under the union Parishad of Baraigram upazila in Natore district, Md. Abdus Sattar about 50 years old, son of late Akkas Ali, who is inhabitant of this village and has been involved with various crop production system from his childhood. Presently, Mr. Satter is very much popular as model mango orchard management and it's marketing within and outside of his union parishad. But he was not popular back in 1982.

[Above] Abdus Satter applying water around the Mango tree

In 1982, Mr. Sattar leased in a mango orchard by borrowing money from moneylender. There was profuse flowering on the mango trees of his leased orchard, but almost all flowers were shed (drop down) due to heavy infestation of insects and diseases. Then he was very much up-set about mango cultivation. In the same season, he met a group of mango businessmen (from Chapai Nawabganj) in Dhaka and he

explained to them about his failure in mango cultivation. However, as per advice of the mango businessmen, he purchased a foot pump spray machine and he learnt lot about effective control

13

measures of mango's pests and diseases from them. Following year in 1983, he sprayed various insecticide and fungicides as per suggestion made by the mango businessmen from Chapai Nawabganj before and after blooming of mango trees of his orchard.

He harvested bumper mango yield and earned higher profit in 1983. Based on the success of Mr. Sattar, his many neighbors and villagers were sprayed mango trees with various insecticides and fungicides by foot pump spray machine in their orchard from following year in 1984. Thus the pesticide spray strategy for mango orchard disseminated and followed by scaling-up in Natore district, Mr. Satter strongly claimed. Following years they introduced fertilization, irrigation and cleaning the trees and thus, they evolved an improved package or management practices for mango orchard in Natore district. Description of the innovative improved management practices for mango orchard as "Sattar" model as follows: Insect and disease management:

First Spray: Any one insecticide from Relothrin, Basathrin, Ripcord, Cymbush etc. of cypermethrin group with recommended dose should be sprayed on the mango trees before 20-35 days of blooming on the trees. The first spray should be done after cleaning the trees.

2nd spray: should be administered with same insecticide of the 1st spray along with a fungicide from Indofil, Knowin, Bavistin etc after flower emergence and before opening of the flowers with recommended dose for both of the insecticide and fungicide.

Third spray: should be administered with only the same fungicide of the second spray after fruit set (pea size) with recommended dose. 4th spray: should be administered with 20 ml lebacide 50 EC mixing in 10 L water at

[Above] Mr. S. Costa spraying with foot Pump spray machineMango harvesting:

The mangoes are harvested at their right maturity stage or when mangos' skin changes into light yellow with jute rope net basket (pocket) at the end of the thin bamboo. After collecting, the fruits are to be kept on the rice straw for the drying the latex of the harvested fruits. After drying, fruits are placed one by one

or recommended dose of sevin powder in 10 L water to protect

ing and following day of spray, then spray must be repeated.

on straw in the bamboo made basket (Tukri) and mangoes are

st

soil need to be done. After application of fertilizers, adequate watering needs to be done.

marble size of the fruit for preventing mango weevil. 5th spray: should be administered during April-May (Joistha) at the early maturity stage of the mango with 10 gmmangoes from fruit fly.

The spray should be done by foot pump spray machine

Mr. Satter suggested for at least five sprays on each tree during a mango cropping. But number of spray depends on the occurrence of rainfall. If there is any rainfall dur

marketed with those basket. Po harvest management practices:

After one month of mango fruit harvest a ring round the base of the surface soil of each mango tree should be prepared by spading the soil with suggested depth. Well decomposed cow dung 20-25 Kg, 2-3 Kg TSP, 1.5-2 Kg Urea and 1.5-2 Kg MOP per tree should be applied in the ring followed by mixing with

14

If dead branches and parasite plants are found on the mango trees, those need be cut and this practice needs to be administered through out the year. Clean mango orchard is one of the pre-requisite for successful and quality mango production. Mr. Satter believes wider spacing (45-60 ft) is favorable for healthy mango trees of the orchard with higher yield and quality mango production.

H. Garlic leaf curling: An unsolved plant health problem Garlic is one of the bulb crops grown and used as spice or a condiment in Bangladesh. The flavor of the cloves is more powerful than that of the other bulb crops. It's pungency stronger than onion. It has a higher nutritive value than other bulb crops and it is used as medicinal crops as well. Garlic is used in most of the curries in Bangladesh. Presently Garlic is grown in about 60,000 hectares of land and which produces more than 4,00,000 MT (2007) in the country. Natore is an important garlic-growing district in country. Recently zero tillage garlic cultivation method has been introduced in chalan beel area from Moshinda village in Gurudaspur upazila of Natore district. There was about 15000 hectare land under zero tillage garlic cultivation in chalan beel areas covering five districts (Natore, Pabna, Sirajganj, Rajshahi and Noagoan) during 2006-7 cropping season and zero tillage garlic cultivation is found more profitable than most of the winter crops including boro rice.

Garlic has several plant health problems relating to diseases and insect pests. In 2005-2006 garlic cropping season there was an outbreak of garlic leaf curling health problem in chalan beel area. It was a big concern among the extensionists, scientists and farmers in 2005-2006

cropping season. Farmers applied several types of fungicides and insecticides as per advice provided by the extensionists, specialists, experts, dealers and scientists. Finally it was concluded that plant health problem was Garlic leaf curling virus disease. Thus, the plant health problem was known as Garlic virus disease, especially in Rajshahi region. It was also big concern among the CPDs and PHSs of plant clinic network of Natore district. In the meantime Paula Nash, Coordinator, GPC, CABI, UK send a email about her visit in Bangladesh along with a plant virologists prof. Phil Jones during 2nd-4th week of March 2006. Accordingly, we prepared a visit schedule for prof. Phil Jones, plant virologist and Paula Nash in the highly infected garlic leaf curling area in

Roynavorat, Baraigram, Natore district. After receiving Prof. Phil Jones at ZIA, Dhaka, we (my self, Paula Nash and Prof. Phil Jones) were stopped at Raynavarot on the way to RDA, Bogra. We spent more than an hour with large number of garlic farmers. After long conversation with farmers and physical investigation, Prof. Phil Jones was concluded in such a way that the plant health problem may be virus, but he was not sure. Any way Paula Nash collected samples from the highly affected field (100% plants were infected) for further investigation in pathology laboratories in UK. A finding of the ELISA test was negative for potyvirus. Similarly sap inoculation and EM found negative finding. But huge populations of Thrips observed in between leaves of garlic. Paula Nash collected another virus suspected Garlic sample (leaves and bulbs) from Ahmedpur college-2 during plant health camp for further investigation. The finding of the ELISA test was positive for Potyvirus of the garlic sample from Ahmedpur collage-2. Then, it was confusion among the CPDs and PHSs about the Garlic leaf curling plant health problem in 2006.

[Above] Prof. Phil Jones, Virologist, PPI Division, Rothamsted Research, UK and Paula Nash, CABI, UK with garlic farmers during their visit in Chalanbeel of Gurudaspur, Natore

15

[Above] Leaf curling of Garlic

Following season in 2006-7, AAS was under taken specially initiative to find-out the real cause of Garlic leaf curling from starting of cloves planting. However, during 2006-2007 garlic cropping season, there was very little Garlic leaf curling plant health problem in chalan beel areas. Even then, AAS sent the samples of infested leaf curled garlic plants to plant pathology laboratories at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh and Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur. The findings of the diagnosis were not useful from both the reputed Laboratories. It was not possible for Dr. T.K. Dey, plant pathologist, BARI to diagnosis the problem without virological test in 2005-6 cropping season. Mr. Zulfiquar Haider Prodhan, Entomologist made a field visit in Garlic growing area in Gurudaspur and Baraigram upazilas during March 2007 along with AAS plant health specialists on his personal interest. During his daylong visit he examined the infested Garlic plants and discussed with large number of farmers in garlic fields at Mokimpur and Tirail village. Finally Mr. Z.H. Prodhan demonstrated and concluded the Garlic plant health problem is due to infestation of mites (red and white). He recommended for spraying the available most effective miteticides along with several cultural practices. On the other hand, AAS was undertaken a novel initiative to unearth the farmers perception about the cause of Garlic leaf curling plant health problem and how they manage the Garlic leaf curling plant health problem. In this regards, AAS conducted participatory qualitative survey (PQS) with highly skilled garlic growers at four villages in Baraigram upazila (Agran and Tirail villages) and Gurudaspur upazila (Mokimpur and Moshinda villages) of Natore district. Most of the land of the selected four villages was under Garlic cultivation. A semi-structure questionnaire was developed under the leadership of Md. Harun-Ar-Rashid, Executive Director, AAS and Project Coordinator of PCN of GPC for conducting the PQS. Mr. S.S. Hossain, Plant Doctor (PD) and Mr. Nurun Nabi, AC, AAS were conducted PQS using with semi-structure questionnaire during 15 March-15 April 2007 in Gurudaspur and Baraigram upazilas of Natore district under the overall supervision of Mr. Harun-Ar-Rashid, AAS. The project staff in collaboration of AAS PNGOs and Agri-inputs supply dealers was selected five innovative and highly experienced Garlic growers in each of four selected villages in Natore district using pre-decided farmers' selection criteria for conducting PQS on Garlic leaf curling health problem. Accordingly, PQS on the Garlic leaf curling health problem was conducted with five selected Garlic farmers at each selected survey village. The plant doctor compiled and summarized the collected data/information of PQS and presented in Table 8. The innovative Garlic growing farmers' knowledge and perception on Garlic leaf curling health problem were found more solid than the scientists and extensionists. They were also conducting some sort of applied research on Garlic leaf curling management in their fields. It was noticed that they were much confident on their own findings and practices on Garlic leaf curling health problem management practices. It was also noticed that some farmers usually reluctant to share their findings and management practices with neighbors. It was found that the competition among the innovative farmers about to develop new and useful innovative practices on various crop management practices including Garlic leaf curling health problem management practices.

16

A. Establishment of plant clinics Network (12 plant clinics at fixed venues of 12

Agricultural Extension Service Providers-AESPs)

Table. 1a - 1e

17

Table. 1a: List of agricultural extension service providers (AESPs) of the plant clinics network in

Baraigram upazila of Natore district

SL # Name of Service Provider Chief Executive (Name, Designation and Mobile)

Name of plant clinic

SAAOs, DAE

1 DAE, Baraigram S.M. Quamruzzaman, UAO, Baraigram Mob: 01711313964

Involved with 4 plant clinics

4 SAAOs, DAE

2 Ahamadpur College- 2 A.Z.M. Asad-uz-Zaman, Principal Mob: 01712743742

3 KGUK (NGO) A.Z.M. Asarif-uz-zaman, Executive Director Mob: 01715956587

Ahamadpur -

4 Ramaigari High School Khandokar Abdul Mannan, Head Master Mob: 01714569345

Ramaigari

-

5 Zia fertilizer Md. Abu Bakar, Dealer Mob: 01724427038

Rayna Varot

SAAO, DAE

6 Merigachhi High School Md. Bashir Uddin, Head Master Mob: 01714928634

Merigachhi

SAAO, DAE

7 Perbagdob Dakhil Madrasa Md. Nizam Uddin, Superintendent Mob: 01724104724

Parbagdob

-

8 Sopan (NGO) Mrs. Tasmiara, Executive Director Mob: 01719734782

9 Aftab and Brothers Md. Aftab Ali, Dealer Mob: 01711412759

Moukhara

- -

10 Tirail DTW Samabay Samity Abu Bakkar Siddique, President Mob: 01713702480

Tirail -

11 Chandai High School Md. Motin Sorkar, Head Master Mob: 01718409105

Chandai SAAO, DAE

12 Chandai UP Mr. Zinna Hossain, Chairman Mob: 01718409105

Rajandropur -

13 Jagoroni Samaj Unnayan Sangstha (NGO)

Md. Ali Siddeque, President Mob: 01715545253

Jonail SAAO, DAE

14 Sakil Enterprise Sidur Rahman. Dealer Mob: 01720264601

Parkol -

15 Kachua High School Md. Oias Kuruni, Head Master Mob: 01711443816

Kachua

-

18

Table.1b: Plant clinics name, venue, plant clinic space, service providers and CPDs

name

PC # Plant clinic Name

Venue Plant clinic space

Service Providers CPD name

1 Ahamadpur College-2 Teachers Common room

1) Ahamadpur College- 2 2) KGUK

i) Md. Nuruzzaman ii) Md. Sabanoor Rahaman

2 Ramaigari High School Teachers Common room

Ramaigari High School

i) Dijendronath ii) Md. Enamul Haque

3 Rayna Varot Dealer Shop: Fertilizer & Pesticide

Zia fertilizer shop

Zia fertilizer shop & DAE

i) Md. Mohammad Ali ii) Abu Bakkar

4 Merigachhi High School Teachers Common room

Merigachhi High School & DAE

i) Md. Aksad Ali ii) Md. Rafiqur Rahman

5 Perbagdob Madrasa Teachers Common room

Perbagdob Dakhil Madrasa

i) Md. Mahabub Hasan ii) Md. Mosarrf Hossain

6 Moukhara Sopan office & Aftab & brothers fertilizer shop

Office room & Aftab and brothers fertilizer shop

Sopan (NGO) & Aftab and brothers fertilizer shop

i) Md. A.H. Kafi ii) Md. Aftab Ali

7 Tirail Tigon office Office room Tigon office

i) Md. Shahjahan Kabiraj ii) Md. Anowar Hossain

8 Chandai High School Teachers Common room

Chandai High School and DAE

i) Md. Samsul Islam ii) Md. M. Hossain

9 Rajandropur UP office Conference room

Chandai UP i) Md. Rofiqul Islam ii) Hadisur Rahman

10 Jonail Jagoroni office

Office room Jagoroni Samaj Unnayan Sangsta (NGO) and DAE

i) Asraful Islam (Babul) ii) Didarul Alom (Ripon)

11 Parkol Mrs. sakil Enterprise

Mrs. Sakil Enterprise fertilizer Shop

Mrs. Sakil Enterprise i) Sidur Rahman ii) Md. Nasiruddin (Salim)

12 Kachua High School Teachers Common room

Kachua High school i) S.M. Sohidul Islam ii) Md. Kofil Uddin

19

Table.1c: Community plant doctors (CPDs) their involved plant clinic, Designation, Organization, Address

and mobile

PC#

PC name Name of CPD Designation and Organization (CPD)

Address Mobile #

1 Ahamadpur i) Md. Nuruzzaman ii) Md. Sabanoor Rahaman

Lecturer (Agri), Lecturer (Chem), Ahamadpur College -2

Ahamadpur College -2 UP: Johari

01712743742

2 Ramaigari i) Dijendronath ii) Md. Enamul Haque

Asst. Teacher (Comp), Asst. Teacher, Ramaigari High School

Ramaigari High School UP: Johari

01712092229

3 Rayna Varot i) Md. Mohammad Ali ii) Abu Bakkar

Fertilizer dealer, Zia fertilizer shop

Zia fertilizer shop UP: Baraigram

01724427038

4 Merigachhi i) Md. Aksad Ali ii) Md. Rafiqur Rahman

Asst. Teacher (Sci), Asst. Teacher (Agri), Merigachhi High School

Merigachhi High School UP: Nogor

01715841479 01714864526

5 Perbagdob i) Md. Mahabub Hasan ii) Md. Mosarraf Hossain

Asst. Teachers, Perbagdob Dhakhil Madrasa

Perbagdob Dhakhil Madrasa UP: Baraigram

01724791304 01724104724

6 Moukhara i) Md. A.H. Kafi ii) Md. Aftab Ali

Coordinator, SOPAN & dealer, Aftab and Brothers

Sopan office & Aftab & Brothers UP: Baraigram

01719734782 01711412759

7 Tirail i) Md. Shahjahan Kabiraj ii) Md. Anower Hossain

Casher & Member Tigon office

Tigon office, Tirail bazar UP: Mazgram

01713702480

8 Chandai i) Md. Samsul Islam ii) Md. M. Hossain

Asst. Teacher, Asst. Head Teacher, Chandai High School

Chandai High School UP: Chandai

01720989491

9 Rajandropur i) Md. Rofiqul Islam ii) Hadisur Rahman

UP Member, Chandai UP & Asst. Teacher, Rajandropur Non govt. Primary School

Rajandropur UP office UP: Chandai

01713707387

10 Jonail i) Asraful Islam (Babul) ii) Didarul Alom (Ripon)

Asst. Director, Field officer Jagoroni Samaj Unnayan Sangsta (JSUS)

Jagoroni Somaj Unnion Sogosta (JSUS) Jonail Bazar, Baraigram

01718684103 01715545253

11 Parkol i) Sidur Rahman ii) Md. Nasiruddin (Salim)

Dealer and Asst. dealer, Mrs. Sakil Enterprise

Mrs. Sakil Enterprise UP: Mazgram

01720264601 01721664605

12 Kachua i) S.M. Sohidul Islam ii) Md. Kofil Uddin

Asst. Teachers, Kachua High School

Kachua High School UP: Gopalpur

01711443816

20

Table.1d: Clinic day, time, space and venue of 12 plant clinics

Time PC. #

Name of plant clinic

Venue Space Day Start End

1 Ahamadpur Ahamadpur College-2

Teachers Common room

Thursday 10:00 am 12:00 am

2 Ramaigari Ramaigari High School

Teachers Common room

Thursday 1:30 pm 5:00 pm

3 Rayna Varot Zia fertilizer shop

Zia fertilizer shop

Sunday 2:00pm 5:00 pm

4 Merigachhi Merigachhi High School

Teachers Common room

Wednesday 1:00 pm 4:00 pm

5 Perbagdob Perbagdob Dakhil Madrasa

Teachers Common room

Tuesday 2:00 am 4:00 pm

6 Moukhara Sopan office & Aftab and Brothers

Office room & Fertilizer shop

Monday 2:00 pm 5:00 pm

7 Tirail Tigon Office Office room Monday 08:00 am 12:00 pm

8 Chandai Chandai High School

Teachers Common room

Saturday 01:00 pm 4:00 pm

9 Rajandropur UP office Conference room

Saturday 09:00 am 12:00 pm

10 Jonail Jagoroni office

Office room Tuesday 09:00 pm 1:00 pm

11 Parkol Mrs. Sakil Enterprise

Fertilizer Shop Sunday 10:00 am 12:00 pm

12 Kachua Kachua High School

Teachers Common room

Wednesday 10:00 am 12:00 pm

Table. 1e: Status of draft scientific fact sheets preparation on plant health problems

Sl # Crop Name Disease

(Nr.) Insect (Nr.)

Nematode (Nr.)

Nutrient deficiency

(Nr.)

Others (Nr.)

Total Problems

(Nr.) 1 Banana 7 3 1 - - 11 2 Brinjal 6 1 - - - 7 3 Jute 4 4 - - - 8 4 Mango 10 9 - - 1 20 5 Pointed gourd 1 - 1 - - 2 6 Sugarcane 16 16 - - 1 33 7 Country bean 4 3 - - 1 8 8 Ber / Jujube 3 3 - - - 6 9 Tomato 7 - - - - 7

Total 58 39 2 - 3 102

21

B. Operation of plant clinics (12 plant clinics at fixed venue)

Table. 2a - 2d

22

Table. 2a: Fixed plant clinic wise number of events, participants, CPDs, crops, problems,

prescriptions and unknown problems of 12 fixed plant clinics during September 2006 to February 2007 of 208 fixed plant clinic events

Participants (Nr.) PC name & (Nr.) PC (Nr.) event Farmers Other* Total M F

CPDs (Nr.)

Crops (Nr.)

Problems (Nr.)

Prescriptions Provided

(Nr.)

Unknown problems

(Nr.) Ahamadpur

(1) 20 98 107 205 182 23 27 34 243 155 88

Ramaigari (2)

22 113 142 255 197 58 30 31 301 273 28

Rayna Varot (3)

16 70 2 72 5 67 17 22 115 96 19

Merigachhi (4)

13 42 71 113 86 27 15 18 125 97 28

Perbagdob (5)

18 76 71 147 113 34 31 30 178 157 21

Moukhara (6)

15 51 63 114 91 23 15 16 161 102 59

Tirail (7)

20 171 20 191 174 17 36 33 228 188 40

Chandai (8)

19 91 102 193 164 29 33 29 201

146 55

Rajandropur (9)

19 70 3 73 71 2 10 13 88 74 14

Jonail (10)

21 168 20 188 181 7 32 32 213 173 40

Parkol (11)

7 49 2 51 50 1 11 13 62 48 14

Kachua (12)

18 161 102 263 201 62 34 30 251 184 67

Total 208 1160 705 1865 1515 350 291 301 2166 1693 473 * Others-Students, teachers, doctors, businessman, government and non-government employees

23

Table. 2b: Type of plant health problems diagnosed and recommended management practices

of 12 fixed plant clinics during September 2006 to February 2007 at 208 fixed plant clinic events

SL # Problems/Management Total Average/fixed PC (Nr.)

A: Plant health problems

1. Insect 1142 95

2 Disease

(a) Fungi 341 28

(b) Bacteria 45 4

(c) Virus 58 5

(d) Nematode 31 3

(e) Mycoplasma 22 2

3 Soil Problem 16 1

4 Nutrition deficiency 20 2

5 Physiological Problem 18 1

6 Unknown Cases 473 39

Total: 2166 180

B. Management Practices

1 Pesticide only 219 18

2 Cultural practices only 83 7

3 Pesticide cum cultural practices 1297 108

4 Balance fertilizer application 24 2

5 Balance fertilizer cum cultural practices 37 3

6 Resistant variety use 33 3

7 No advice 473 39

Total: 2166 180

24

Table. 2c: Plant clinic-wise involved crops/plants of 12 fixed plant clinics during September

2006 to February 2007 at 208 fixed plant clinic events

PC name & (Nr.)

Crops/plants name Total

Ahamadpur (1) Mango, Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Radish, Country bean, Tomato, Taro, Onion, Garlic, Litchi, Coconut, Rice, Sugarcane, Chilli, Ber, Okra, Lentil, Pointed gourd, Sapota, Turmeric, Guava, Papaya, Bamboo, Jackfruit, Banana, Bale, Data, sweet gourd, Brinjal, Lemon, Knolkhol, wheat, Carrot

34

Ramaigari (2) Mango, Mustard, Banana, Bottle gourd, Brinjal, Onion Garlic, Lentil, Wheat, Lemon, Coconut, Betel nut, Bamboo, Cauliflower, Papaya, Guava, Turmeric, Ber, Tomato, Potato, Rice, country bean, Okra, Pointed gourd, Sugarcane, Bitter gourd, Indian Spinach, Sweet gourd, Lemon

31

Rayna Varot (3) Onion, Garlic, Mango, Coconut, Jackfruit, Papaya, Turmeric, Betel vine, Brinjal, Tomato, Potato, Banana, cucumber, Wood apple, Pomegranate, Lentil, Guava, Rice, Country bean, Ber, Okra, Sweet gourd

22

Merigachhi (4) Mango, Jackfruit, Garlic, Tomato, Lentil, Banana, Pointed gourd, Ber, Okra, Mustard, Litchi, Betel leaf, Bottle gourd, Rice, Coriander, Country bean, Carrot, Taro

18

Perbagdob (5) Rose, Pointed gourd, Brinjal, Onion, Garlic, Mango, Jackfruit, Lentil, Betel leaf, Chili, Bale, Taro, Mustard, Grass, Pea, Rice, Sapota, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Coriander, Pomegranate, data, Lal shake, Tomato, Spinach, Papaya, Guava, Pointed gourd, Bamboo, Ber

30

Moukhara (6) Country Bean, Litchi, Onion, Garlic, Mango, Bottle Gourd, Rice Wheat, Banana, Jaclfruit, Bamboo, Mahogany, Betel leaf, Betel nut, Tomato, Lemon

16

Tirail (7) Papaya, Guava, Turmeric, Sopata, Mango, Country bean, Banana, betel nut, Rice, White, bamboo, Lentil, Onion, Garlic, Ber, Litchi, Okra, Coconut, Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower, betel nut, Lemon, grass pea, Coriander, Mahogany, Tomato, data, Black berry, Okra, Knol khol, Radish, Brinjal

33

Chandai (8) Sweet gourd, Ber, Okra, Country bean, Rice, Guava, Lentil, Pomegranate, Wood apple, Banana, Cucumber, Tomato, Potato, Brinjal, Lemon, Onion, Garlic, Mango, Litchi, Turmeric, Jackfruit, Sapota, Sweet gourd, spinach, Wheat, Taro, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd

29

Rajandropur (9) Taro, Mango, Onion, Garlic, Rice, Okra, Tomato, Bottle gourd, Litchi, Ber, banana, Jackfruit, sweet gourd

13

Jonail (10) Carrot, wheat, Lemon, Brinjal, sweet gourd Data, Bale, Banana, Jackfruit, Papaya, Bamboo, Guava, Turmeric, Betel leaf, Coconut, betel nut, Mango, mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Radish, Country bean, Tomato, Taro, Potato, Onion, Garlic, spinach, Rice, litchi, Knolkhol, Ber

32

Parkol (11) Mango, Onion Garlic, Turmeric, Brinjal, Knolkhol, Potato, Tomato, Bamboo, Pomegranate, Betel vine, Papaya, Lentil.

13

Kachua (12) Garlic, Onion, Brinjal, Rice, Wheat, Turmeric, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Pointed gourd, Bitter gourd, Mango, Country bean, Okra, Bottle gourd, Litchi, Data, Coconut, Jackfruit, Ber, Sugarcane, Tomato, Bamboo, Papaya, Grass pea, Coriander, Betel vine, Betel nut, Banana, Guava, Grass pea

30

Total 301

25

Table.2d: List of crops/plants investigated and their frequency for their health problems

diagnosis of 12 fixed plant clinics during September 2006 to February 2007 at 208 fixed plant clinic events

SL # Crop/Plant Frequency SL # Crop/Plant Frequency

1 Mango 12 25 Jackfruit 9

2 Mustard 7 26 Banana 9

3 Cauliflower 5 27 Bael 3

4 Cabbage 5 28 Data (Amaranth) 5

5 Radish 4 29 Sweet gourd 8

6 Country bean 8 30 Brinjal 11

7 Tomato 11 31 Lemon 7

8 Taro 6 32 Knolkhol 4

9 Onion 12 33 Wheat 10

10 Garlic 12 34 Carrot 4

11 Litchi 7 35 Betel-nut 5

12 Coconut 6 36 Potato 3

13 Rice 11 37 Indian Spinach 4

14 Sugarcane 5 38 Bitter gourd 6

15 Chilli 2 39 Spinach 4

16 Ber 9 40 Betel vine 5

17 Okra 7 41 Wood apple 2

18 Lentil 9 42 Pomegranate 5

19 Pointed gourd 5 43 Coriander (Dhonia) 3

20 Sapota 4 44 Rose 1

21 Turmeric 9 45 Grass pea 9

22 Guava 6 46 Lalshak (Amaranth) 3

23 Papaya 7 47 Mahogany 4

24 Bamboo 5 48 Black berry 3

26

C. Implementation of mobile plant clinic with open plant

health problems at communities

Table. 3a - 3c

27

Table. 3a: Plant clinic wise number of open MPCs, participants, GCs, CPDs, crops, problems,

prescriptions and unknown problems of 41 open mobile plant clinic events

Participants (Nr.) PC name & (Nr.) MPC (Nr.) M F Total

GCs (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

Crops (Nr.)

Problems (Nr.)

Prescription Provided (Nr.)

Unknown problems

(Nr.) Ahamadpur (1) 4 88 4 92 6 2 21 56 37 19

Ramaigari (2) 4 71 3 74 6 2 20 52 38 14

Rayna Varot (3) 4 85 6 91 7 4 25 62 47 15

Merigachhi (4) 4 52 8 60 5 2 16 51 37 14

Perbagdob (5) 3 68 5 73 5 4 15 46 35 11

Moukhara (6) 3 49 8 57 4 3 12 35 28 7

Tirail (7) 4 97 6 103 7 4 22 61 44 17

Chandai (8) 2 56 4 60 4 1 11 35 27 8

Rajandropur (9) 3 69 3 72 4 2 15 49 34 15

Jonail (10) 4 123 6 129 6 6 23 75 58 17

Parkol (11) 3 69 3 72 5 3 16 56 44 12

Kachua (12) 3 103 7 110 5 4 20 64 45 19

Total 41 930 63 993 64 37 216 642 474 168

Table. 3b: List of crops/plants investigated for health problems at 41 open mobile plant clinic

events

SL # Crop/Plant Frequency SL # Crop/Plant Frequency1 Mango 12 21 Turmeric 9 2 Onion 12 22 Potato 2 3 Garlic 12 23 Rice 6 4 Cauliflower 2 24 Wheat 5 5 Mustard 6 25 Sweet gourd 4 6 Coconut 9 26 Lentil 10 7 Lemon 4 27 Grass pea 3 8 Bitter gourd 2 28 Papaya 7 9 Bottle gourd 7 29 Jackfruit 8

10 Litchi 6 30 Knolkhol 2 11 Brinjal 8 31 Betel vine 5 12 Betel nut 4 32 Okra 7 13 Tomato 7 33 Wood apple 1 14 Country bean 8 34 Cucumber 3 15 Radish 1 35 Data Shak (Amaranth) 2 16 Sugarcane 4 36 Sapota 3 17 Ber (Plum) 10 37 Pointed gourd 3 18 Banana 6 38 Pomegranate 1 19 Bamboo 2 39 Wood apple 1 20 Guava 8 40 Chilli 3

28

Table. 3c: Type of plant health problems diagnosed and recommended management practices

of 41 open mobile plant clinic events

SL # Problems/Management Total Average/PC (Nr.)

A: Plant health problems

1. Insect 268 7

2 Disease 4

(a) Fungi 153 -

(b) Bacteria 2 -

(c) Virus 11 -

(d) Nematode 10 -

(e) Phytoplasma/ Mycoplasma 3 -

3 Nutrition deficiency 13 -

4 Soil Problem 3 -

Physiological Problem 11 -

5 Unknown Cases 168 4

Total: 642 15

B. Management Practices

1 Pesticide only 93 2

2 Cultural practices only 41 1

3 Pesticide cum cultural practices 314 8

4 Balance fertilizer application 13 -

5 Balance fertilizer cum cultural practices 3 -

6 Resistant variety use 10 -

7 No advice 168 4

Total: 642 15

29

Table.3d: Date wise plant clinic, venue, number of crops, problems, prescription, unknown

problems, GCs and CPDs of 41 open mobile plant clinic events

Date PC name (Nr.) MPC venue (Village) Crops (Nr.)

Problems (Nr.)

Prescription Provided

(Nr.)

Unknown problems

(Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

4.9.06 Ahamadpur (1) Kamardha 3 8 5 3 1 1 10.10.06 " Kumrul 5 12 9 3 2 - 2.11.06 " Balia 6 17 12 5 2 - 28.12.06 " Kachua Kora 7 19 11 8 1 1 7.9.06 Ramaigari (2) Atghoria 4 12 8 4 2 1 28.09.06 " Vobanipur 5 17 12 5 2 1 12.11.06 " Ramagaria 8 13 10 3 1 - 1.11.06 " Chondrokhair 3 10 8 2 1 - 4.9.06 Rayna Varot (3) Manikpur 12 21 16 5 2 1 20.9.06 " Rayna 5 16 12 4 2 1 13.10.06 " Varot 3 12 9 3 1 2 11.11.06 " Chakpara 5 13 10 3 2 - 16.9.06 Merigachhi (4) Merigachhi 6 17 13 4 2 1 21.10.06 " Kujail uttar para 3 13 10 3 2 1 12.11.06 " Kujail 4 10 8 2 1 - 12.12.06 " Mesinoda 2 11 6 5 0 - 12.9.06 Perbagdob (5) Perbagdob 5 13 10 3 2 1 19.10.06 " Penguin 6 15 13 2 1 2 13.11.06 " Talsho 4 18 12 6 2 1 13.9.06 Moukhara (6) Moukhara 7 15 13 2 2 1 16.10.06 " Chapila 3 12 9 3 1 1 18.11.06 " Nouapara 2 8 6 2 1 1 18.9.06 Tirail (7) Kalla 7 23 16 7 2 2 16.10.06 " Tirail 5 13 10 3 2 1 18.11.06 " Notabaria 4 10 7 3 1 1 20.12.06 " Mondolpara 6 15 11 4 2 - 7.9.06 Chandai (8) Chandai Uttar Para 7 22 18 4 2 1 12.10.06 " Chandai Sordar Para 4 13 9 4 2 - 13.10.06 Rajandropur (9) Rajandropur (Pub

Para) 5 16 11 5 2 1

24.11.06 " (Rajandropur Uttar Para)

7 20 13 7 1 1

27.12.06 " Rajandropur Modho Para)

3 13 10 3 1 -

14.9.06 Jonail (10) Borni 7 23 16 7 2 2 16.10.06 " Moinor 8 28 20 8 1 1 29.10.06 " Chamta 5 13 11 2 1 1 15.11.06 " Jonail 3 11 11 0 2 2 17.9.06 Parkol (11) Parkol Khapara 4 16 13 3 2 1 20.11.06 " Agran 7 19 14 5 2 1 13.12.06 " Agran Postim Para 5 21 17 4 1 1 15.9.06 Kachua (12) Aurjunpur 7 23 18 5 2 2 17.10.06 Kasampur 7 22 13 9 1 1 20.11.06 Kachua 6 19 14 5 2 1

Total 215 642 474 168 64 37

30

Table. 3e: Plant clinic-wise involved crops/plants of 41 open mobile plant clinic events with12

fixed plant clinic

PC name & (Nr)

Crops/plants name Total

Ahamadpur (1)

Mango, Onion, Garlic, Cauliflower, Mustard, Coconut, Lemon, Bitter gourd, Bottle gourd, Litchi, Brinjal, Betel nut, Tomato, Country bean, Radish, Sugarcane, Ber, Banana, Bamboo, Guava, Turmeric

21

Ramaigari (2) Banana, Wheat, Mango, Onion, Garlic, Sapota, Guava, Ber, Mustard, Grass Pea, Chilli, Sugarcane, Coconut, Betel nut, Sweet gourd, Turmeric, Bottle gourd, Papaya, Lentil, Brinjal

20

Rayna Varot (3)

Onion, Garlic, Mustard, wheat, Rice, Lentil, Grass pea, Mango, Turmeric, Tomato, Brinjal, Pomegranate, Ber, Okra, Jackfruit, Sapota, Bottle gourd, Sweet gourd, Country bean, Jackfruit, Taro, Papaya, Litchi, Betel vine, Cucumber

25

Merigachhi (4)

Lemon, Tomato, Betel Leaf, Betel Nut, Ber, Bamboo, Jackfruit, Mango, Banana, Rice, Wheat, Bottle gourd, Onion, Garlic, Litchi, Country bean

16

Perbagdob (5)

Pointed gourd, Ber, Mango, Jackfruit, Litchi, Chilli, Garlic, Lentil, Betel vine, Papaya, Cauliflower, Tomato, Turmeric, Coconut, Data

15

Moukhara (6) Onion, Garlic, Mango, Coconut, Biter gourd, Ber, Brinjal, Lemon, Jackfruit, Banana, Guava, Mustard

12

Tirail (7) Mango, Onion, Garlic, Bamboo, Papaya, Guava, Turmeric, Sapota, Country bean, Lentil, Ber, Sweet gourd, Rice, Wheat, Coconut, Litchi, Betel nut, Banana, Brinjal, Pointed gourd, Jackfruit

22

Chandai (8) Mango, Coconut, Onion, Garlic, Jackfruit, Rice, Wheat, Country bean, Okra, Lentil, Grass pea

11

Rajandropur (9)

Okra, Mango, Onion, Garlic, Country Bean, Rice, Wheat, Country bean, Lentil, grass pea, Jackfruit, Papaya, Coconut, Brinjal, sweet gourd

15

Jonail (10) Ber, Knolkhol, Litchi, Rice, Spinach, Onion, Garlic, Potato, Tomato, Garlic, Mango, Guava, Lemon, Country bean, Bale, Data, Wood apple, Papaya, Turmeric, Betel, Vine, Coconut, Okra

22

Parkol (11) Lentil, Papaya, Betel Vine, Brinjal, Onion, Garlic, Tomato, Potato, Mango, Coconut, Turmeric, Country bean, Brinjal, Cucumber, Sugarcane, Ber

16

Kachua (12) Rice, Brinjal, Onion, Garlic, Okra, Bitter gourd, Cauliflower, Mango, Country bean, Betel nut, Coconut, Guava, Bamboo, Ber, Tomato, Sugarcane, Banana, Lentil, Bottle gourd, Bitter gourd, Jackfruit

20

Total 215

31

D. Implementation of mobile plant clinic with fixed plant health problem(s) at communities

Table. 4a - 4h

32

Table. 4a: List of plant health problems of 43 fixed mobile plant clinic events of Garlic, Onion and Mango

SL # Crop Disease Insects

1 Garlic and Onion Purple blotch of Garlic Onion caterpillar

2 Mango Anthracnose Sooty mold Die back

Mango hopper Mango defoliator

Table. 4b: Crop wise summary table at 43 fixed mobile plant clinic events of Garlic, Onion and Mango

Problem demonstrated (Nr.)

Participants (Nr.) SL # Crop MPC (fixed problem)

(Nr.) Disease (Nr.)

Insect (Nr.)

Total M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr)

Remarks

1 Garlic and Onion

21 21 1 22 430 27 457 301 23 29

2 Mango 22 66 44 110 526 25 551 348 22 31 Total 43 87 45 132 956 52 1008 649 45 60

Table. 4c: Summary table on 7 plant health problems demonstrated and recommended management

practices at 43 MPC (fixed problem) events

SL # Problems/Management Total (Nr.) Average/MPC (fixed problem) Nr.

A. Plant health problem 1 Disease

(a) Fungi (4) 87 2 2 Insect (3) 45 1

Total 132 3 B. Management Practices (Prescription) 1 Pesticide cum cultural

practices 629 15

2 Pesticide cum mechanical practices

20 1

Total 649 16 Table. 4d: Crop wise plant health problems and recommended management practices of 43 fixed mobile

plant clinic events of Onion, Garlic and Mango

Plant health problems (Nr.) SL # Crop Disease Fungi Total Insect Total

1 Garlic and Onion 21 21 1 12 Mango 66 66 44 44

Total 87 45 Management practices SL # Crop

Pesticide cum cultural practices

Pesticide cum mechanical practices

Total Remarks

1 Garlic and Onion 281 20 301 2 Mango 348 - 348

Total 629 20 649

33

Table.4e: Date, PC name/others, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs

and GCs of 21 mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) events of garlic and onion

Participants (Nr.) SL #

Date PC name (Nr.)/others

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

1 23.1.07 Rayna Varot (3)

Manikpur Onion &

Garlic

1 21 - 21 16 2 2

2 24.1.07 '' Royna pop para

'' 1 20 1 21 12 1 1

3 25.1.07 '' Chokpara pob para

'' 1 24 1 25 14 1 2

4 26.1.07 '' Maria '' 1 18 - 18 13 1 2

5 27.1.07 '' Jalanda '' 1 15 1 16 10 1 2

6 28.1.07 '' Romkantopur '' 1 13 3 16 12 1 1

7 29.1.07 '' Lakshmipur '' 1 25 1 26 17 2 1

8 30.1.07 '' Rayna uttar para

'' 1 13 1 14 8 1 1

9 31.1.07 '' Vorot pob para '' 1 28 3 31 21 1 2

10 1.2.07 '' Chokpara dhokin para

'' 1 16 1 17 9 1 1

11 3.2.07 Parkol (11) Parkol bazar '' 1 20 2 22 13 1 1 12 4.2.07 '' Agran poschim

para '' 1 18 1 19 15 1 2

13 5.2.07 '' Parkol khapara '' 1 19 2 21 13 1 1 14 6.2.07 '' Agran uttar

para '' 1 25 1 26 20 2 1

15 8.2.07 '' Parkol modho para

'' 1 28 1 29 21 1 2

16 9.2.07 Perbagdob (5)

Perbagdob madrasa

'' 1 21 1 22 12 2 1

17 10.2.07 '' Panguin '' 1 15 1 16 11 1 1

18 13.2.07 '' Talshoa '' 1 25 2 27 18 1 1

19 14.2.07 Tirail Tirail bottola '' 1 20 1 21 14 - 2

20 16.2.07 '' Notabaria mondol para

'' 1 18 2 20 12 1 1

21 20.2.07 Lalpur Nadara '' 2 28 1 29 20 - 1

Total 22 130 27 457 301 23 29

Other = Outside of PC area

34

Table. 4f: Date wise 21 events of mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) of Onion and Garlic

Plant health problems demonstrated

Date PC name (Nr.) / Others Venue

Disease Insect 23.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Manikpur Purple blotch

of garlic -

24.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Royna pop para '' -

25.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Chokpara pob para '' -

26.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Maria '' -

27.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Jalanda '' -

28.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Ramkantopur '' -

29.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Lakshmipur '' -

30.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Rayna uttar para '' -

31.01.2007 Royna vorot (3) Vorot pob para '' -

01.02.2007 Royna vorot (3) Chokpara dhokin para

'' -

03.02.2007 Par cole (11) Parkol bazar '' -

04.02.2007 Par cole (11) Agran poschim para '' -

05.02.2007 Par cole (11) Parkol khapara '' -

06.02.2007 Par cole (11) Agran uttor para '' -

08.02.2007 Par cole (11) Parkol modho para '' -

09.02.2007 Perbagdob (5) Perbagdob madrasa '' -

10.02.2007 Perbagdob (5) Panguin '' -

13.02.2007 Perbagdob (5) Talshoa '' -

14.02.2007 Tirail (7) Tirail bottola '' -

16.02.2007 Tirail (7) Notabaria mondol para

'' -

20.02.2007 Nadra, Lalpur Nadara bazar '' Onion Caterpillar

35

Table. 4g: Date, PC name/others, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs

and GCs at 22 mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) events of Mango

Participants (Nr.) SL #

Date PC name (Nr.) / others

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

1 26.12.07 Chapila Chapila bazar

Mango 5 24 2 26 15 1 -

2 27.12.07 Ramagari Vobanipur Christan para

Mango 5 18 1 19 11 1 2

3 28.12.07 Ramagari Atghoria Mango 5 21 - 21 14 - 2

4 30.12.07 Ramagari Ramagari bazar

Mango 5 23 1 24 16 - 1

5 03.01.07 Jonail (10) Borni Mango 5 28 3 31 20 2 1

6 04.01.07 Jonail (10)

Chamta Mango 5 23 1 24 17 1 2

7 05.01.07 Jonail (10)

Moinop Mango 5 32 3 35 23 1 2

8 06.01.07 Kachua (12)

Aurjunpur Mango 5 27 1 28 19 1 2

9 09.01.07 Moukhara (6)

Novapara Mango 5 18 2 20 12 1 1

10 10.01.07 Moukhara (6)

Alipur Mango 5 20 1 21 14 2 1

11 12.01.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Kumrul Mango 5 23 - 23 16 1 2

12 14.01.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Kachuakara Mango 5 28 1 29 13 - 1

13 14.01.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Balia Mango 5 21 2 23 15 - 1

14 15.01.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Kamardha Mango 5 20 - 20 9 1 1

15 17.01.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Karbala Mango 5 25 1 26 18 1 1

16 17.01.07 Tirail (7)

Tirail Mango 5 29 2 31 22 2 2

17 18.01.07 Tirail (7)

Joari Mango 5 18 - 18 10 1 1

18 18.01.07 Tirail (7)

Notabaria Mango 5 21 - 21 14 2 2

19 19.01.07 Tirail (7)

Mondolpara Mango 5 28 1 29 17 1 1

20 20.01.07 Parkol (11)

Agran Mango 5 31 - 31 20 1 2

21 22.01.07 Parkol (11)

Parkol Kha para

Mango 5 29 1 30 19 1 2

22 22.01.07 Parkol (11)

Agran Dhoken para

Mango 5 19 2 21 14 1 1

Total 110 526 25 551 348 22 31

36

Table. 4h: Date wise mobile plant clinic (fixed problems) at 22 events of Mango

Date PC name (Nr.) / others

Venue Plant health problems demonstrated

26.12.2006 Chapila Chapila bazar 1. Anthracnose 2. Sooty mold 3. Die back

1. Mango hopper 2. Mango defoliator

17.12.2006 Ramagaria Vobanipur Christan para

'' ''

28.12.2006 Ramagaria Atghoria '' ''

30.12.2006 Ramagaria Ramagari bazar '' ''

03.01.2007 Jonail (10) Borni '' ''

04.01.2007 Jonail (10) Chamta '' ''

05.01.2007 Jonail (10) Moinop '' ''

06.01.2007 Kachua (12) Aurjunpur '' ''

09.01.2007 Moukhara (6) Novapara '' ''

10.01.2007 Moukhara (6) Alipur '' ''

12.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Kumrul '' ''

14.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Kachuakara '' ''

14.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Balia '' ''

15.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Kamardha '' ''

17.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Karbala '' ''

17.01.2007 Tirail (7) Tirail '' ''

18.01.2007 Tirail (7) Joari '' ''

18.01.2007 Tirail (7) Notabaria '' ''

19.01.2007 Tirail (7) Mondolpara '' ''

20.01.2007 Parkol (11) Agran '' ''

22.01.2007 Parkol (11) Parkol Kha para '' ''

22.01.2007 Parkol (11) Agran Dhoken para

'' ''

37

E. Implementation of going public with fixed plant health problem(s) at public places

Table. 5a - 5p

38

Table. 5a: A Going public event on two diseases of Guava

Plant health problems demonstrated

Date PC name (Nr.) / Others Venue

Disease Insect 07.09.2006 Ahamadpur (1) Joari 1. Wilt

2. Dieback -

Table. 5b: Date, PC name, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs, GCs and

specialists of a going public event of Guava

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.)

Venue Crop name

Problems (Nr.) M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

7.9.06 Ahamadpur (1)

Joari Guava 2 58 26 84 24 1 2 5

Total 2 58 26 84 24 1 2 5

Table. 5c: Two events of going public on four plant health problems of pointed gourd

Plant health problems demonstrated

Date PC name (Nr.) Venue

Disease Insect 07.09.2006 Ahamadpur (1) Joari 1. Root knot

2. Anthracnose 1. Scale insect

29.09.2006 Perbagdob (5) Perbagdob bazar

1. Root knot 2. Anthracnose

1. Epilachna beetle

Table.5d: Date, PC name, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, GCs, CPDs and

specialists of 2 going public events of Pointed gourd

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.)

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

7.9.06 Ahamadpur (1)

Joari Pointed gourd

3 25 3 28 18 1 2 3

29.9.06 Perbagdob (5)

Perbagdob bazar

Pointed gourd

3 81 3 84 31 2 3 1

Total 6 106 6 112 49 3 5 4

39

Table. 5e: Two events of going public on four plant health problems of Country bean

Plant health problems demonstrated Date PC name (Nr.) Venue Disease Insect

03.10.2006 Tirail (7) Tirail bazar 1. Leaf mosaic 2. Leaf spot

1. Aphid 2. Bean pod borer

05.11.2006 Rajandropur (9) Dasgram bazar

1. Leaf mosaic 2. Leaf spot

1. Aphid 2. Bean pod borer

Table. 5f: Date, PC name, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs, GCs and

specialists of 2 going public events of Country bean

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.)

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescriptions (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

3.10.06 Tirail (7) Tirail bazar

Country bean

4 52 1 53 21 2 4 1

5.11.06 Rajandropur (9)

Dasgram bazar

Country bean

4 43 - 43 18 1 3 1

Total 8 95 1 96 39 3 7 2

Table. 5g: Two events of going public on three plant health problems of Turmeric

Plant health problems demonstrated Date PC name (Nr.) Venue Disease Insect

11.10.2006 Ahamadpur (1) Kumrul bazar 1. Leaf spot 2. Anthracnose

1. Rhizome borer

07.12.2006 Parkol (11) Agran bazar 1. Leaf spot 1. Rhizome borer

Table. 5h: Date, PC name, venue health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs, GCs and

specialists of 2 going public events of Turmeric

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.) / others

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescriptions (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

11.10.06 Ahamadpur (1)

Kumrul bazar

Turmeric

3 78 - 78 31 1 3 1

7.12.06 Parkol (11)

Agran bazar

Turmeric 2 38 - 38 25 2 4 1

Total 5 116 - 116 56 3 7 2

40

Table. 5i: Five events of going public on two plant health problems of Garlic and Onion

Plant health problems demonstrated

Date PC name (Nr.)/Others

Venue

Disease Insect 07.01.2007 Parkol (11) Parkol bazar 1 Purpule blotch -

16.02.2007 Moshinda Moshinda bazar 1 Purpule blotch -

18.02.2007 Rayna Vorot (3) Rayna Vorot bazar 1 Purpule blotch -

20.02.2007 Mokimpur Mokimpur bazar 1 Purpule blotch 1 White mite

24.02.2007 Perbagdob (5) Perbagdob bazar 1 Purpule blotch

Table. 5j: Date, PC name, venue health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs, GCs and

specialists at 5 going public events of Garlic and Onion

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.)/others

Venue Crop name Problems (Nr.) M F Total

Prescriptions (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

7.1.07 Parkol (11) Parkol bazar

Garlic & Onion

1 80 2 82 27 2 3 2

16.2.07 Moshinda Moshinda bazar

Garlic & Onion

1 120 - 120 49 - 2 3

18.2.07 Rayna Vorot (3)

Rayna Vorot bazar

Garlic & Onion

1 93 - 93 46 2 3 2

20.2.07 Mokimpur Mokimpur bazar

Garlic & Onion

2 62 - 62 23 - 3 3

24.2.07 Perbagdob (5)

Perbagdob bazar

Garlic & Onion

1 98 1 99 43 1 4 1

Total 6 453 3 456 188 5 15 11

Table. 5k: Seven events of going public on seven plant health problems of Mango

Plant health problems demonstrated Date PC name (Nr.) / Others

Venue Disease Insect

30.01.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Joari bazar 1. Sooty mould 2. Anthracnose

1. Mango leaf hopper

03.02.2007 Ramagari (2) Ramagari bazar 1. Die back 1. Mango stem borer

09.02.2007 Ahamadpur (1) Ahamadpur bazar 1. Die back 1. Mango leaf gall midge

11.02.2007 Parkole (11) Parkole bazar 1. Sooty mould 2. Anthracnose

1. Mango leaf hopper

13.02.2007 Jonail (10) Jonail bazar 1. Anthracnose 1. Hairy caterpillar 19.02.2007 Tirail (7) Tirail bazar 1. Sooty mould 1. Mango leaf

hopper 23.02.2007 Moukhara (6) Moukhara bazar 1. Sooty mould 1. Mango leaf

hopper

41

Table. 5l: Date, PC name, venue, health problems, participants, prescriptions, GCs, CPDs

and specialists of 7 going public events of Mango

Participants (Nr.) Date PC name (Nr.)/others

Venue Crop name

Problems

(Nr.) M F Total

Prescription (Nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialists (Nr.)

30.1.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Joari bazar Mango 3 63 - 63 25 - 2 3

3.2.07 Ramagari (2)

Ramagari bazar

Mango 2 80 2 82 32 1 4 2

9.2.07 Ahamadpur (1)

Ahamadpur bazar

Mango 2 48 - 48 27 1 4 2

11.2.07 Parkol (11) Parkol bazar Mango 3 60 1 61 32 1 3 2

13.2.07 Jonail (10) Jonail bazar Mango 2 81 - 81 38 2 4 2

19.2.07 Tirail (7) Tirail bazar Mango 2 72 - 72 41 2 3 2

23.2.07 Moukhara (6)

Moukhara bazar

Mango 2 85 - 85 52 1 4 2

Total 16 489 3 492 247 8 24 15

Table. 5m: Crop wise plant health problems of 19 going public events

Plant health problem (Nr.) Diseases

SL # Crop

Fungi Virus Nematode Total Insect 1 Guava 2 - - 2 - 2 Pointed gourd 1 - 1 2 2 3 Country bean 1 1 - 2 2 4 Turmeric 2 - - 2 1 5 Garlic and Onion 1 - - 1 1 6 Mango 3 - - 3 4

Total 10 1 1 12 10 Table. 5n: Crop wise recommended management practices at 19 going public events

Management Practices SL # Crop Pesticide cum cultural practices

1 Guava 24 2 Pointed gourd 49 3 Country bean 39 4 Turmeric 56 5 Garlic and Onion 188 6 Mango 247

Total 603

42

Table. 5o: Crops, GP events, plant health problems, participants, prescriptions, CPDs, GCs and

specialists of 19 going public events

Problems demonstrated (Nr.) Participants SL #

Crop GP events

(Nr.) Disease Insect Total M F Total Prescrip

tions (nr.)

CPDs (Nr.)

GCs (Nr.)

Specialist

(Nr.) 1 Guava 1 2 - 2 58 26 84 24 1 2 5

2 Pointed gourd

2 2 2 4 106 6 112 49 3 5 4

3 Country bean

2 2 2 4 95 1 96 39 3 7 2

4 Turmeric 2 2 1 3 116 - 116 56 3 7 2

5 Garlic & Onion

5 1 1 2 453 3 456 188 5 15 11

6 Mango 7 3 4 7 489 3 492 247 8 24 2

Total 19 12 10 22 1317 39 1356 603 23 60 26

Table. 5p: Summary table on 22 plant health problems demonstrated and recommended

management practices of 19 going public (GP) events SL # Problems / Management Total (Nr.) Average / GP (Nr.)

A. Plant health problem

1 Disease

(a) Fungi 10 -

(b) Virus 1 -

(C) Nematode 1 -

2 Insect 10 1

Total 22 1

B. Management practices (Prescription)

1 Pesticide cum cultural practices 603 32

Total 603 32

43

F. Solution for unknown plant health problems

Table. 6

44

Table.6: Plant health problem samples identified by CABI specialists1

PHS, CABI, UK Further investigation SL # Crop Plant

parts (Sample)

Problem identified by

PD2 Diagnosis Prescription Diagnosis Prescription 1 Ber (Jujube) Leaf Unknown Vain clearing Remove the leaf - -

2 Betel leaf Leaf Insect damage

Insect damage (Black fly)

Spraying insecticide

- -

3 Turmeric Leaf Anthracnose Firstly Nutritional deficiency & secondly fungus infection

Balanced fertilizer management

- -

4 Pointed gourd

Twig with leaf

Fungal disease

Physiological problem

Balanced fertilizer management

- -

5 Litchi Leaf Fungal disease

Insect borer Insecticide spraying

- -

6 Country bean

Leaf Mosaic virus Mosaic virus Eradicate the leaf & spraying insecticide

- -

7 Litchi Leaf Unknown Fe deficiency Fe. Contain fertilizer application

- -

8 Mango Twig with leaf

Die back disease

Die back disease

Spraying Fungicide

- -

9 Brinjal Stem with root

Unknown Collar rot (May be)

Spraying copper fungicide

- -

10 Sopata Stem Unknown Fascination (Genetical)

Remove the stem

- -

11 Guava Root & stem

Unknown Root lesion (May be)

- - -

12 Lemon Leaf & stem

Unknown Die back Spraying copper fungicide

- -

13 Cabbage Seedling May be viral disease

Nutritional deficiency

Balanced fertilizer management

- -

14 Coconut Green Coconut (Dub)

Unknown Boron deficiency

Boron fertilizer application

- -

15 Matee Alu Leaf Viral infection Insect damage Insecticide Spraying

- -

16 Bottle gourd Leaf Unknown Cercospora Leaf spot

Spraying copper fungicide

- -

17 Betel leaf Leaf Anthracnose Leaf rot Spraying copper fungicide

- -

18 Litchi Leaf Unknown Tip burn of Litchi

Fertilizer management

- -

19 Papaya Leaf & fruit

Viral infection Papaya mosaic virus

Eradicate whole plant

- -

20 Litchi Leaf Viral infection Nutritional deficiency

Balanced fertilizer application

- -

21 Lentil Seedling Root rot Damping off Seed treatment with vitavax-200

- -

1 Prof. Jim Mullar & Paula Kelly, Coordinator, GPC, UK 2 S.S. Hossain, Plant Doctor (PD), AAS

45

G. Farmer's innovative method(s) for management

of plant health problems

Table. 7

46

Table. 7: List of farmer's innovative methods and their brief description

Sl #

Farmer's name

Name (Father/ Husband)

Address (Village, UP, UZ, district &

Mobile #)

Crop Problem Name of Farmer's Innovative method

1 Joynal Aabadin Late Ashak Pramanik

Vill: Kalla Noadajoar UP: Baraigram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Maize Cut worm: Cut off the young seedlings of Maize

Kerosene mixed water for controlling cut worm

2 Abdul Mannan Sarkar

Md. Chayen Uddin Sorkar

Vill: Kumrul UP: Joari UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Bottle gourd

Leaf feeding Red pumpkin beetle

Ash use on the leaves of bottle gourd

3 Md. Amir Hossain

Md. Amzad Miradha

Vill: Kumrul UP: Joari UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Radish Seed feeding by Birds and ants

Pre-sowing seed treatment with used engine oil

4 Md. Abu Sayeed

Shajahan Ali Vill: Kumrul (Bopomatopara) UP: Joari UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Pointed gourd

Stem and leaves rot disease

Stem and leaf disease of pointed gourd with traditional materials

5 Md. Ripon Hossain

Md. Abdus Sattar

Vill: Parbagdob UP: Jonail UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Onion and garlic

Purple blotch disease of onion and garlic

Fungicide mixed with thiovit for controlling purple blotch disease

6 Md. Zahar Ali Late. Samad Ali

Vill: Tirail UP: Mazgram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Brinjal Brinjal shoot and fruit borer damage

Tobacco leaves powder and extract to control brinjal shoot and fruit borer

7 Md. Borat Ali Md. Mohir Uddin

Vill: Vicompur UP: Madhi Nogor UZ: Tarash Dist: Sirajganj

Brinjal Birds feed seed in seed bed

Bird scaring device with waste tape in crop field

8 Md. Dobir Ali Md. Abu Bashar

Vill: Joy Nogar UP: Joy Nogar UZ: Ishordi Dist: Pabna

Cauliflower and cabbage

Cutworms cut off the young seedling of Cabbage and Cauliflower

Kerosene mixed water for controlling of cut worm

9 Md. Aftab Ali Md. Sabar Ali Vill: Moukhara UP: Baraigram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore Mobi: 01711412759

Radish Ant and several insects feed the radish seed in seedbed

Turned out ants and insect in seed bed with traditional materials

10 Md. Rajaul Islam

Md. Muzhar Mollah

Vill: Chandai UP: Chandai UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Chilli Several insects Raw cow dung and ash application on Chilli plants

11 Md. Abul Kalam

Late. Ajim Uddin

Vill: Goalfa UP: Baraigram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore Mob: 01721665471

Maize Both cut worm and pink borer cut the young seedlings of maize

Insect control through irrigation during early stage of maize

12 Athar Ali Mondol

Late. Kashem Ali

Vill: Chandro Khoir UP: Gopalpur UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore Mob: 01711412819

Country bean

Aphid infestation of country bean

Neem leaves extract for controlling aphid of country bean

47

Sl #

Farmer's name

Name (Father/ Husband)

Address (Village, UP, UZ, district &

Mobile #)

Crop Problem Name of Farmer's Innovative method

13 Md. Khoibor Ali Mojbor Rahman

Vill: Kalla UP: Joari UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Country bean

Top-dressing Urea (dibbling) in the pit of country bean

Dibbling urea in country bean pit

14 Mrs. Rabaka Rofikul Islam Vill: Srirampur UP: Moladholi UZ: Isurdi Dist: Pabna

Okra Okra pod borer Removal of flowers petals of okra

15 Moize Uddin Late. Nobir Uddin

Vill: Khamarpathoria UP: Chapala UZ: Guruashpur Dist: Natore

Brinjal Foot rot and collar rot disease of brinjal

Lime use on the base of the brinjal

16 Mrs. Kadvani Md.Sakad Ali Vill: Vicompur UP: Madhinagor UZ: Tarash Dist: Sirajganj

Country bean

Several insects and pest

Raw cow dung and ash application on the leaves of country bean

17 Md. Saiful Islam

Md. Ali Akbor Vill: Agran UP: Mazgram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Papaya Cutworm: Cut the young seedling of papaya

Protect young papaya seedling from cutworms with branch of trees

18 Md. Abu Bakkar Siddique

Nurul Huda Mondol

Vill: Rayna UP: Baraigram UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Brinjal Phomopsis blight disease of brinjal

Application of fungicide with glue

19 Lal Mohammad Auo Munna Vill: Atghoria UP: Joari UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Bitter gourd

Thrips infestation in bitter gourd field

Application of ginger rhizome extract on the green leaf area

20 Md. Mukti Hossain

Abu Hossain Vill: Rajandropur UP: Chandai UZ: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Country bean

Bean pod borer insect: Bore the pod of bean

Removal of flower's petals of country bean

21 Ibrahim Hossain

Fasal Hossain Vill: Kandail UP: Baraigram Uz: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Rice Rat damage of rice in field

Anti rat flag fixation

22 Salma Khatun Husband: Shrfiqual Islam

Vill: Rathuria, Up: Gurudaspur, Uz: Gurudaspur, Dist: Natore

Rice Seed discoloration of rice

Seed drying sofa with rice straw on mat

23 Dula Mia Aftab Ali Vill: Krishnanagar Up: Mokimpur Uz: Gurudaspur, Dist: Natore

Rice Seed preservation of rice

Locally available bottle using as seed container

24 Mausda Begum

Lalon Ali Vill: Krishnanagar, Uz:Madhabpur, Dist: Habiganj

Rice Rice seed preservation

Plastic bottle

25 Shahanaz Begum

Mohasin Ali Vill: Sadhupara, Uz: Gurudaspur, Dist: Natore

Rice Rice seed preservation

Giant jar

26 Ms. Kendribala Bishal pahan Vill: Sultanpur Uz: Gurudaspur, Dist: Natore

Rice Aman seed preservation

Muchuri (Straw basket)

27 Ms. Shorupa Begum

Md. Sohrab Hossain

Vill: Mohishbhanga Up: Bonpara Uz: Baraigram Dist: Natore

Rice Moisture migration in earthen container

Natural paint

48

H. Farmers' Perception, Knowledge and Practices

on Garlic Leaf Curling

Table. 8

49

Table.8: Summary of farmers' perception, knowledge and practices on Garlic leaf curling plant health problem and its management practices

Subject Farmers' perception, knowledge and practices

1. Local name of the problem Leaf folding or Leaf Curling or virus disease

The symptom can be found at seedling (young) stage and infected leaves are curled

At the early stage of the infection, garlic leaf turns into yellow color and then gradually turns into brown color

Each leaf becomes taller than the normal length

Sometimes the leaves color turns into pale white

Garlic bulb size reduced of the infected garlic plant

2. Symptom of the problem

Cloves of the infected garlic plant burst from the garlic bulb and sometimes they germinate on the bulb in the field

Reasons: Excess urea application Garlic cloves planting on excess moisture content of the soil (moist/wet/soft soil)

Application of too much irrigation water in garlic field

Application of irrigation on moist & soft soil of the garlic field

Foggy weather with heavy dewfall

Late planting of garlic cloves

Continuous (3-4 years) cultivation of garlic on the same field

Nutrient deficiency in the soil

Garlic leaf curling occurs more on highland than the low land

3. Reason of the garlic leaf curling

Due to virus infection 4. Percent crop damage Garlic crop damaged between 30 - 70% due to garlic leaf curling

plant health problem Management practices:

Urea should be applied immediately after emergence or crop establishment as top-dress. After crop establishment and during crop growing stages, urea application must be avoided

Only mixed fertilizer and DAP should be applied in Garlic crop field Urea should be applied during final ploughing followed by laddering and no urea is to be applied during growth and development stages

Urea application must be avoided on moist soil of the garlic field Suitable crops should be cultivated after 3 years of Garlic cultivation on the same field

Garlic planting should be administered at early and optimum time of planting

Only TSP and MP should be apply in cultivation of garlic

5. Farmer's management practices

Application of Thiovit in garlic crop 6. At first when it was notice? Between 2000-2003 garlic leaf curling was first noticed among the

garlic farmers Reason(s) of high infestation in 2005-6: 7. Reason of high infestation of

garlic leaf curling in 2005-2006 Garlic leaf curling infection was very high in 2005-6 due to foggy

weather with heavy dewfall and late planting

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