gom_chu_dau

Hi tho: Gm ng Nai & cc vng ph cn, gi tr truyn thng & vn pht trin

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GM CHU U VITNAM

Ths Hs : NGUYN ANH TUN

Hi vin Hi M thut Tp HCM

Ging vin i hc Quc t Hng Bng

nht S Giang Ty nht Gm Chu u

Cu truyn tng trn ca cc hc gi - nh nghin cu, cc Nh su tp, cc Bo tng Ngh thut ... trn th gii minh chng v mt dng Gm Vit ni ting trn ton th gii hin nay.

Mi dng gm u c lch s pht trin ring. Gm Chu u cng c hnh thnh, pht trin, thng trm theo dng chy ca lch s nc Vit. Chu u, theo ngha Hn l bn thuyn . Vo th k XV, Chu u l mt x nh thuc huyn Thanh Lm, chu Nam Sch, trn Hi Dng, nm lin k vi t ngn sng Thi Bnh, mt nhnh ca sng Lc u, c th v Thng Long, ra bin, rt thun li trong giao thng, bun bn. Gm Chu u l dng gm m ngh cao cp, c nin i vo khong th k XIII- XIV, pht trin rc r vo th k XV-XVI. Sang th k XVII, gm Chu u b tht truyn ti qu hng ca n, nguyn nhn gy ra tht truyn cho gm Chu u l cuc chin tranh ginh quyn lc gia hai tp on phong kin Trnh- Mc ti vng chu Nam Sch, k trc tip bc t gm Chu u l Trnh Tng- k dnh thng li trong cuc chin tranh phi ngha y . Th nhng, cc sn phm gm Chu u lu lc khp ni trn th gii trong cc Vin Bo tng, trong cc b su tp c nhn v c bit trn xc cc con tu m ngoi bin vn m thm bo v chn gi tr ca mt thng hiu gm Vit. V, trong mt s tnh c ca lch s, cc bc mn b mt c vn, lm nh ln ho quang rc r ca gm Chu u ni ting mt thi.


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I- S PHT HIN LY K V MT DNG GM VIT TNG THT TRUYN V V N S T NGH GM CHU U

Ngi ph n Vit no l tc gi chic bnh c bo him c triu USD ang c trng by trang trng Bo tng Hong gia Th Nh K ? Ngi ph n Vit no l s t ca mt dng Gm m ni nh b Dessagodard - Gim c ngnh Ngh thut chu ca Tp on u gi Befterfields ti San Francisco M rng: "Vic pht hin dng gm Chu u, ang tr li cho Vit Nam mt chng quan trng trong di sn ngh thut m ngi ta tng ngh hon ton bin mt"?

Ngy 10/6/1980, mt l th t cn b ngoi giao ngi Nht gi cho ng Ng Duy ng - B th Tnh y Hi Hng (Hi Dng v Hng Yn hin ti) vi ni dung:

"Knh gi: ng Ng Duy ng - B th Tnh y Hi Hng. Tha ng, tn ti l: Makoto Anabuki, hi trc l B th th 2 ca i s qun Nht Bn, nay l cn b ngoi giao Nht Bn ti Tokyo.

Hm nay ti xin nh s gip ca ng v vic sau y:

T trc n nay ti nghin cu v vn ha Vit Nam ni chung, gm c Vit Nam ni ring. Gn y, ti mi bit l Vin Bo tng Th Nh K vn bo tn 1 l hoa lam Vit Nam c sn xut t Vit Nam hi th k XV, th k XVI.

L y mang ch Hn nh sau: Thi ha bt nin nam sch chu tng nhn Bi Th H bt. Mi ba ch Hn ni trn c ngha l: Nm 1450, mt ngi th tn l b (c) Bi Th H Nam Sch chu v hoa vn trn l. Theo ti bit th thi Vit Nam thuc nh Minh chia nc Vit Nam thnh 17 ph (t chc hnh chnh), trong c Lng Giang ph. Lng Giang ph c 3 chu l Lng Giang chu, Thng Hng chu v Nam Sch chu. Trong Nam Sch chu c 3 huyn l Thanh Lm huyn, Ch Linh huyn v Bnh H huyn.


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C ngha l phm vi ca Nam Sch chu hi l trung phn v bc phn ca tnh Hi Dng.

Di thi Vua L Li (L Thi T) th chia Vit Nam thnh 5 o (ng, Bc, Ty, Nam, Hi Ty). Di thi L Nhn Tng th t chc hnh chnh nh th no, chng ti khng c t liu iu tra. C l khng thay i t chc hnh chnh ca hi L Thi T, v lc Vua L Nhn Tng tc v mi c 2 tui.

Di thi L Thnh Tng th t 12 o, trong c Nam Sch o v sau nm 1490, vua ci bin t chc hnh chnh v Nam Sch o tr thnh Hi Dng x.

Vy ti mun bit thi L Nhn Tng c Nam Sch chu khng? u? B (hay l c) Bi Th H l ngi nh th no? Hc k thut v trn gm u? Hi sn xut gm (l gm) t u? iu ny rt quan trng trong lch s Vit Nam ni chung, lch s th cng nghip v vai tr ca n b ni ring.

Xin ng ch th cho nhng chuyn gia nghin cu 13 ch Hn ni trn v nu c kt qu th xin cho ti bit qua i s qun Nht Bn ti H Ni (hp th s 49 H Ni). Hn na nu c th xin gii thiu cho ti nhng chuyn gia kho c hc v m thut, ngh thut tnh Hi Hng trao i kin vi nhau. Xin cm n ng!

Nay knh

M.ANABUKI

Cn b B Ngoi giao.

Chic bnh cc k qu gi ny c lu gi Bo tng Hong gia Topkapi, nguyn l mt cung in cc k nguy nga lng ly ca Th Nh K c xy dng vo nm 1465 - 1487, mt biu tng k nguyn vng nm trong thnh ph Istanbul c knh nguy nga v trng l ca cc hong Ottoman.


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Chic bnh gm hoa lam qu gi ny c mua bo him vi gi 1 triu USD chng t n khng ch l bo vt ca Th Nh K m cn l ca c ngnh Gm th gii.

Chic bnh triu USD bo tng Th Nh K.

Lc ng Anabuki tham quan, n vn c ch thch hn nhin l gm ca Trung Quc . S hn nhin cng c lgc ch Trung Quc l ci ni ca gm s th gii v nhng ch in trn bnh l ch Hn. Tuy nhin, ng Anabuki ng ng khi c 13 ch Hn kia v quyt tm tm ra ngn ngun ca Nam Sch chu l u? Bi Th H l ai? Cui cng, sau khi tra nt s sch, ng mi bit Nam Sch chu Vit Nam. Vn l mt ngi c cm tnh vi x s


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hnh ch S, ngay t hi bao cp phong ta gt gao nht, ng vn vit th cho B th Ng Duy ng vi mt hy vng lp l cui ng hm.

Thng tin t ngi Nht nh mt tia sng mnh t phng xa di v khin ng B th ni ting mt thi Ng Duy ng, ngi ni ting l thn dn v c t duy ci cch nng nghip nh B th Kim Ngc ca Vnh Ph khng th ngi yn.

Nm 1983, di s ch o ca Tnh y Hi Hng, n nghin cu ngh c truyn gm s m c bit l gm Chu u c tin hnh. Qua s nghin cu, in d, su tm v nhiu ln khai qut ca Bo tng Hi Dng cng cc c quan chc nng trong nc cng nh nc ngoi lm pht l di lng t ca mt ngi lng thun nng ho lnh hin ti , mt trung tm Gm

m ngh cao cp vi hng ngn mu m gm nh bt, a, bnh l , cc con ging , tng trang tr ,...cng nhng dng c sn xut nh bao nung, con k, l t... Thn Chu u l mt trong 14 a im c kho st, khai qut, nghin cu vi su trung bnh 2m .


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Cuc khai qut ln ny l o chnh ngay mnh t m bo tng tnh trc y mua li ca mt h gia nh trong lng, c din tch 360m. Tuy ch mi o hai h khong 100m2, nhng kt qu thu c rt quan trng. l vic pht hin ti y cc nn mng l nung gm. Ti tng vn ha 4, pht hin nhiu loi

hnh di vt gm mnh bao nung, gm men, con k, x than

Ba loi gm men ngc, gm hoa lam v men trng, nhng ch o vn l loi men ngc, c sn xut vi trnh tinh xo khng km g gm Long Tuyn bn Chit Giang, Trung Quc. iu tuyt vi l sn phm men ngc c nung n chic, mi sn phm ring mt bao nung, cho ra i sn phm hng ha c cht lng cao. Th v hn l qua cc di vt tm c, c th khng nh nhng loi hnh gm Chu u c s dng trong Hong cung Thng Long t th k XV

Vic pht hin l bu nung gm hai ngn cho bit cng ngh sn xut v quy m sn xut mt n v gm s xa Mt khng gian sn xut gm s

bao gm l nung v xng sn xut. Cuc khai qut cui nm 2014 l cuc ln nht trong by ln thc hin...

Ti hi ngh cng b kt qu khai qut ln th 7 ngy 17/1/2015 va ri, cc nh khoa hc xut cn c k hoch u t nghin cu, khai qut kho c hc lm sng t hn na gi tr ca di tch lch s lng ngh gm Chu u. Cn c chin lc quy hoch bo tn, pht huy gi tr lng gm c Chu u, phc v tham quan, du lch.

Ta nh nng cng cha ng trong rng c nh thc, nhng g tinh ty nht ca my trm nm trc t trong lng t Chu u bng bng tnh dy . S kin ny lm kinh ngc cc nh s hc, kho c hc, hc gi trong v ngoi nc v cng lm sng st ngay c vi ngi dn lng Chu u.

Tuy nhin, gii m 13 ch Hn trn bnh gm hoa lam ti bo tng Th nh k ni trn, phi mt ng ng ngt 30 nm...


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Mi ba ch Hn trn chic bnh hoa lam c nh mt mt m kh hiu, nh gii khoa hc d ngay trong l th ny, ng Anabuki dch rng, y l mt ph n, tn l Bi Th H to tc. ng ngh cc nh kho c hc v nghin cu ngh thut cho bit tiu s ca b Bi Th H, ngi hc ngh lm gm u m sng to nn tc phm xut sc nh vy. ng cng khng qun nhc rng y l vn quan trng v th cng nghip v thng nghip ca Vit Nam th k XV, c bit l vai tr ca ngi ph n.

Theo ng Tng B Honh, Ch tch Hi S hc Hi Dng, trc khi nhn c l th ca ng Anabuki, cc nh s hc trong tnh su tm c nhiu gm hoa lam v men a mu lu kho bo tng tnh t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX. Hin vt tng t cng c mt s bo tng trong nc, trong khng t tc phm ca ng Huyn Thng, ghi r qu qun, ngy thng nm sn xut, ni t hng, ngi t hng, hu ht tp trung vo i Mc Mu Hp (1563 - 1593) nhng trong nhiu nm vn cha tm ra ni sn xut.

Nam Sch chu do nh Minh t liu cn tn ti n nin hiu Thi Ha (1443 - 1453), khi m sau khng chin chng Minh, L Li i hai ph Lng Giang v Tn An, nguyn l L Hng v Nam Sch thi Trn thnh ng o? i Nam nht thng ch cho bit, n i Din Ninh (1454-1459) mi i thnh Nam Sch Thng H L. Vy thi Thi Ha vn tn ti Nam Sch chu. Nh vy 9 ch u c gii m v khng nh tc gi vit ng nin hiu v a danh ng thi. c bit hc ba l 4 ch cui: "Bi Th H bt", nhiu hc gi hiu rt khc nhau. qu thc l mt ci by. Ngn ng vn nhiu ngha trong nhng ng cnh khc nhau, nht l ch Hn : phn ln hc gi H Ni, dch "Bi Th H bt" l: ng h Bi, v chi.


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Nhng c vt lin quan n b Bi Th H

Li c nhiu hc gi lp lun cng rt thun tai rng thi phong kin nht l th k XV nn trng nam khinh n v cng khc nghit nn ph n khng c tn tc m ch c tn hiu, cng chng ai l ph n m dm "k tn" lu danh mnh trn nhng sn phm bun bn c.

Ngc li, cc nh s hc a phng m tiu biu l ng Tng B Honh, Ch tch Hi S hc Hi Dng hiu khc. Cch hiu kh tng ng vi ng cn b ngoi giao Nht, dch l: Bi Th H v. C s ca n theo ng Honh trong lch s d him, vn tm c khng t ph n c ghi tn trn gm, vi t cch l tc gi.

Khi ng Tng B Honh nhn c 7 trang gia ph ca gia tc n ti Bi Th H, trang Quang nh, huyn Gia Phc, nay l thn Quang Tin, x Hng Quang, huyn Gia Lc (Hi Dng) do ng Bi Xun Nhn v Bi c Li l hu du cung cp. Di y l bn dch: Thng ging, u xun, nm Bo i Nhm Thn (1932), hu du 13 i ca h L trng Bi c Nhun, sao y nh bn c, thy t l Bi nh Ngha, nguyn n t Minh Ngc, Nam Xang, Bnh Lc, H Nam, sinh nm inh Mo, thi Trn Hin i Vng, nin


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hiu Xng Ph 11 (1387). ng l con tng qun Bi Quc Hng, ngi ph t L Thi T bnh gic Ng (Minh), nguyn qun lng Cng Kh, tng Bt Xuyn, huyn Chng c, tnh Sn Ty, nhp c lng Quang nh nm inh Hi, thi Trn Gin nh Vng, nin hiu Hng Khnh th nht (1407).

ng b sinh 2 ngi con ti Quang nh: Con th nht l Bi Th H, khng c con ni, b l ngi th c ti lm bnh gm. Con th hai l Bi nh Khi, sinh nm Qu Mo, thi Bnh nh Vng, nm th 1423. Thy t Bi nh Ngha l ngi c ch ln, dng cm, c ti phi nga, ni ting mu tr. Khi t nc c bin, t phng s t quc, tng qun, khi lm trn th i u o qun, khi v trn thnh ng Quang, ngi chin u oanh lit, hy sinh lm lit, v sau khng tm c m tng. Thy t c cng ln trong chin trn, sau c L Thi Tng im cng danh, ban lc quan in 55 mu Thuyt tch h Bi, trang Quang nh c ngh c lm snh s lu i, khi ngh l n ti Bi Th H. B l ngi c ti vn chng, ch p, k ti v ha. B ci trang lm nam gii, thi ti tam trng, phm quy, b quan trng ui. Sau b ly chng huyn Thanh Lm, chu Nam Sch nhng khng c con.

Ngi ph n ti nng c nhiu con ng tin thn, b c ngh cng vi chng l ng ng S, mt ch ln v trang Quang nh vo nm Thi Ha thp nin (1452) cng em trai l Bi Khi chiu tp ngi lm thu, dng l, bc trang, ni y thun ng thy, gn sng nh o, giao thng vi chu Nam Sch, ch tc nhng sn phm c bit, cng hong triu, xut cho nhiu thng nhn nc ngoi nh: Trung Quc, Nht Bn, phng Ty, trao i gm vc, g rng, c, go, vng bc. T y, ngh thnh t, nm ny qua nm khc ti lc tng nhiu, gia nh h hng giu mnh, cng nhau khi dng trang. n thi t nc lon lc, bn hung tc trit ph, con chu xiu tn, khng th tc nghip, ngh vinh suy vong, ngh ht.

Gia ph vit gn, sc tch, chnh xc v nm thng. T gia ph trn m bit c l lch ca ngi ph n c bit ny t gia cnh, lch s, c bit l hc


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vn, ngh nghip gm s, tnh hnh giao thng vt bin th k XV. Ngi lp gia ph cc k trn trng khi gi Bi Th H l n ti. Gia ph vit nm Bo i Nhm Thn (1932), do c Bi c Nhun, chu 13 i, trng chi 3, sao t mt gia ph c. Vy gia ph c liu c cn?

Ngy 27/6, gia nh h Bi li em n cho Hi S hc c vi trang ca gia ph c, vit nm Minh Mnh 13 (1832) tc trc bn sao mt th k, vit trn la. y l t liu rt qu, xc nh cho s chnh xc ca bn sao. Gia ph th hai ny cho bit nm sinh (1420) ca n ti Bi Th H v cho bit nhng t liu ny sao t mt gia ph xa v t tm bia c. Vy mt tm bia c ny nay liu cn? Cuc truy tm c th m din tin. ng Hong nh li: T nhng d liu ny, chng ti suy ra mt s vn . B Bi Th H thi n tam trng, phi chng y l k thi tin s? Vy k thi tin s y vo nm no? T nm 1442 n 1450, khi b l ngh nhn lm gm ch c hai khoa thi: Nhm Tut (1442) v Mu Thn (1448). Ngi ph n thi phong kin 29 tui yn b gia tht t lu. Vy b ch c th d k thi tin s u tin ca triu L s (1442). K thi ny Nguyn Tri lm c quyn. Mt ngi c tri thc v bit ti lm gm nh b th khng th ch c mt mnh vn (ch vit) trn gm, c th c nhiu m nay cha bit.

Ngy 12/8/2006, nhn ngy gi th 507 ca b, Hi S hc Hi Dng, kt hp vi UBND huyn Gia Lc v x ng Quang t chc hi tho v n ti Bi Th H qua di vt nc ngoi v 2 cun gia ph ca h Bi nhm bc u khng nh vai tr ca b v nhng ch nhn gm Chu u, ng thi thc y vic tip tc su tm nhng di vt c lin quan. Cc nh khoa hc nhc nh hu du ca b v Bo tng tnh phi c bit quan tm n nhng di vt c ch Hn cn lu trong gia nh v a phng, nht l gm, g, bia k v sch v xa.

Cng vic ny c anh Bi c Li l hu du i th 15 c bit quan tm v nhit tnh su tm. S tha thit vi t tin ca bc chu cht y gp


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nhng may mn him thy. Sau mt nm ch i, ngy 16/5/2007 anh Li tm c con ngh l gm c, ni m gia ph ni l do ng S xy dng nm Thi Ha thp nin (1452), cao 22cm, di 27cm, rng 6,5cm, pha ui c ch vit, mang cho cc nh s hc nghin cu. Hnh dng cng nh cht liu ca con ngh ny khng c g l v c mt s hin tng tng t nhng h khai qut ti Chu u v lng Cy, iu quan trng l 2 dng ch: Quang Thun nht nin, Quang nh trang, Bi Th H to, c ngha: hin vt do Bi Th H, trang Quang nh, to vo nm Quang Thun th 1460.

y l di vt v cng quan trng xc nh vai tr ca n ti Bi Th H, d l cc i nho cng khng th dch l ng Bi no to chi c! Nhng vn may khng dng li . Ngy 10/7/2007, anh Li li mang cho cc nh khoa hc chic a cn sng men, vn l mt ph phm c ngi xa loi b ngay chn l ch khng a vo bun bn. a c ng knh trn 14cm, chn cao 0,7cm, to dng mt bng hoa 12 cnh, hoa vn khc chm theo truyn thng L Trn. Gia y c bng hoa 9 cnh, trong ng trn ng knh 9cm. Trn sn khc hoa cc lin hon, rt tinh t, ta k tng gn l. Xng gm vng nht, hi th, men cha chn nn th rp, cha phn quang. Pha ngoi

trn. Trn qut sn nu nht. a ny nu nung chn s c mu xanh nht, d nhm vi gm L Trn. Hin vt tng t c l Thanh Khi (Trng Khnh, Gia Lc) Chu u. c bit, di trn ca hin vt ny vit theo ng trn st a 18 ch Hn nt mnh. (Din Ninh nht nin, Gia Phc huyn, Quanh nh trang, t Bi Th H, Bi Khi to). C ngha l: vo nm Din Ninh th nht (1454), ti trang Quang nh huyn Gia Phc, ch l Bi Th H, em l Bi Khi to (chic a ny). Cc hin vt ny chng ta c th bit c kh nng m thut ca ca n ti trn 3 loi hnh: v (hoa lam trn bnh Th Nh K), iu khc (con ngh-1460 v sau l con rng ln ng ba sng nh o), v khc chm (trn a-1454).


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Tip , anh Li li l m mang cho cc nh s hc chic mm ng han g, ng knh 48cm, chy mt phn pha ngoi. Chic mm vn l gia bo, do b anh Li ct gi, thi chy gic Php, ngi nh xa ca gia nh b t ph, chic mm ng b mt mng tng ln, pha ngoi la lim chy nham nh nhng bn trong ch cn nguyn vn. Sau khi c ra v xt phn, Hi S m c 18 dng, gm 379 ch, trong c mt s ch nm. y l mt bn sao bia m ch, c nhng thng tin v cng qu.

Vic khc vn bia m ch vo mm ng khng phi c ngun gc Vit Nam m t thi Thng Chu Trung Quc (th k IX trc CN) ngi ta ghi tiu s nh vua th nm ca nh Chu vo mt mm ng, chn trong huyt m, ngi Trung Quc gi l bn s (s vit trn mm). Cc nh s hc khi phc ton b vn bn nh bn gc v bn phin dch.

Bn dch mt trc bia : M ngi v k ti h Bi, tn hy l H. Hai dng bn phi bia ghi: Ngy 10 thng 10 nm Cnh Thng Nhm Tut (1502), phu qun (chng) l ng Phc lp bia. Phu nhn, sinh nm Canh T (1420), thi Bnh nh Vng L Li. Dng bn tri bia ghi: Sau ng S (chng trc) cng nhng ngi lm thu gp nn, cht bin ng. Phu nhn ti gi ly i gia ng Phc, ngi trang Chu (u). Phu nhn l mt trang n ti v, thng vn, lm ch thng on (i) Nht Bn, Trung Quc, phng Ty, n nc ngoi bun bn c phm (gm s).

Tht bun thay, phu nhn k ti lm bnh gm m li khng con. Sau v trang Quang nh, hng cng lm cha, nh lng, lm th ch xy dng nh th h; hng cng bc cu n Th, Lm Kiu ( bn huyn). n m 12, thng 8 nm K Mi (1499), tri t cung phong, ma gi, sm chp. L thay, phu nhn nm trong bnh phong m pht ra nh sng hng nh con rng bay ln. on phu nhn ha. Sau rt thing, ai c tm cu cng, tt hin ng. Ch dn: Khi thi th thay i, bia c huyt t c gi t thing, cm ch mi vi phm.


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Gia ph ch cho bit b ly i gia ng S, cn sau th no khng r. Bia cho bit, ng ng S mt ln ch huy on tu vt bin bun bn, gp nn, cht bin ng cng vi thy th on. Sau b ti gi ly ng ng Phc, mt ng ch l gm Chu u. B thnh ch thng on, vt bin bun bn vi nhiu chuyn i Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Ty phng bn gm. Chi tit ny v cng quan trng v ngoi thng ca Vit Nam th k XV. Cc nh nghin cu kinh ngc ch, trc h ngh hng hi Vit Nam xa km pht trin, ch c nhng thuyn thng, thuyn mng hay thuyn g nh loanh quanh

gn b gn vng ch t dm ngh n thng thuyn ln vi b su bum, cho khng l c kh nng vt bin ng n cc quc gia khc. Khi quan st nhng sn phm gm Chu u c v cc chi tit tu vt bin, h thng inh ninh l nhng hnh nh do thy th nc ngoi k li cnh mnh hay gp trn bin cho th gm Vit Nam nghe, sau cc ngh nhn ta tng tng ri v li.

Qua t liu ny, c th ni, l hnh nh trc quan ca thy th v thng nhn Vit Nam trn ng vt bin, bun bn vi nc ngoi, trong c ngh nhn Bi Th H k v nhng sng gi, vt v khi bn ba cng nhng con sng bc u, nhng trn cung phong thnh n ca bin c hay nhng qui th, qui ng ca ngn khi. in hnh l mt a hoa lam ng knh 36cm, hin lu gi trong mt b su tp Adilaide, Nam c. Lng a v tch kh c bit, 2 thuyn ln, trn ng vt bin, gp gi ln, bum h xung, trn mt sng x d di, c 3 thy th ri xung nc, trong c 1 ngi ang b mt con c khng l nut n tht lng. Cnh tng xm xt mt mu bi ai.

II S KIN PHT HIN V KHAI QUT CC C VT TRN CC CON TU M NGOI KHI BIN NAM VIT NAM .

Ngay t nhng nm 1980 , gm c Chu u xut hin khi ng dn Qung Nam ko li vt ln c nhng mn gm c men trng xanh lam


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mu sc rt chm cng nt v trau chut v em by bn ri rc trn cc va h th c Hi An .

c bit , vo nhng nm 1995-1995 cc ng dn Vit nam khi i nh c tnh c pht hin c mt s xc cc con tu c b m ngoi khi C Lao Chm - Nng v chnh ph Vit nam vi 18 nc hp tc tin hnh trong 2 nm (1998 - 2000) trc vt c t trong con tu m ny hn 40 vn c vt gm s Chu u c nin i c gim nh t th k XV tr thnh mt s kin truyn thng ni ting th gii . Trong hn 40 vn c vt c 27 vn c

vt cn lnh, ngoi phn lu li cho Vit Nam 10% th 24 vn c vt m tp on trc vt c mang v San Francisco v Los Angeles M bn u gi. Theo s liu thng k ca nh bn u gi M, c vt gi thp nht cng khng di 1.000 USD, c chic bnh gm t b c Chu u cao 24cm c cc nh su tm kin quyt tranh mua, y gi ln ti 512.000USD.

Mt chic nm ru hnh rng trong con tu m c lao Chm chng hn ton th sn phm l mt s hi ha gia hnh khi v nt v. Nhng th khng c v nh cc bp c cun cun ca con rng cng tot ln hnh khi m ta khng cm nhn c r rng n tot ra t u. Mt con rng tht sng ng,

oai phong nhng cng tht d thng v gn gi. c bit mn s hnh rng ny l c bn, ch c mt chic duy nht trong hn 240.000 mn c trong con tu m c lao Chm. Hnh con rng ny c lm biu tng ca trang web www.Hoianhoard.com , ni gii thiu v bn u gi cc mn c vt ny. Chic nm ru hnh con rng y c bn vi gi 200.000 USD ! N xng ng l mt bo vt quc gia .

V chic a v hnh con ngan (vt xim) c bn vi gi 70.000 USD cng vy, trong th bc i, lao ti nh tn cng mt cu b no , i mt nhu li hn ln mt s da nt, trng n tht oai phong lm lit nhng cng tht bun ci v d thng! Nhng nt v sinh ng v phng khong nh vy ta c th nhn thy bt c mn no ca Chu u. Ti y cng lu gi mt l


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hng gm mu xm ca ngh nhn ng Huyn Thng lm t nm Hng Tr th 2 (1589).

C th ni nhng con tu m ny l nhng kho bu, qung b cho tinh hoa vn ha x ng ni ring v vn ha Vit Nam ni chung ra ton th gii. Ni

nh b Dessa Godard - Gim c ngnh ngh thut chu ca Tp on u gi Befterfields ti San Francisco rng: "Vic pht hin dng gm Chu u, ang tr li cho Vit Nam mt chng qu gi nht trong di sn ngh thut m ngi ta tng ngh hon ton bin mt".

Th ra gm Chu u theo chn nhng thng thuyn ca ngi Vit c lu lc n 32 quc gia trn th gii - n nay cn nhiu vn c vt qu gi ang c lu gi khp cc chu lc, c mt 46 bo tng danh ting trn th gii t chu sang chu u. Hng lot s kin tip theo ca dng gm ny lm bng hong c gii su tm, nghin cu gm s ton cu. Gm c Chu u c trc vt t nhng con tu m di y bin Vit Nam (C Lao Chm, Hn Dm, Hn Cau, Bnh Thun v C Mau).

Kh nng i bin ca cc thng on Vit qua nhng li ph bnh ca ngi Ty phng c dn li trong sch ca Jean Chesneaux, cun "Contribution l'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne", bn dch Anh ng: "The Vietnamese Nation - Contribution to a History . Nh hng hi George Windsor Earl vit trong s nht k ca ng trn ng dn l mt chic thng thuyn n Singapore vo u th k th 17 nh sau: "... Bo tp tht d di ngoi bin khi, thiu cht na th thng thuyn ca chng ti b gy c ct bum. Thi tit tip tc xu nh th trong nhiu ngy. Vy m khi ang thn trng dn tu vo eo bin, chng ti cht nhn ra 6 chic thuyn nh ca ngi Vit ang ging ht mi cnh bum tin thng ti trc. Ti ngh (li Thuyn trng George Windsor Earl): My ngi Vit ang lo li nhng con thuyn b nh m cch thc vn chuyn vt sng ln gi tht l ti tnh. Ti ba ca h khng thua km bt c mt thy th on hng nht no ca ton khu


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vc u Chu. on thuyn b t teo khng c mt chic no vt qu 50 tn, vy m nhng ngi i bin ny c th bp c sng gi Bin ng vo gia ma bo t , rt t thng thuyn no ca cng ty chng ti dm th hi hnh trong gia ma bin ng nh vy.

My chc nm qua , vi nhng bng chng sng ng v nhng c vt gm Chu u hin din cc Bo tng danh ting trn th gii v t xc nhng con tu m c coi l chn ng, lm o ln mi suy ngh , nhn thc v gi tr ca cc dng gm s th gii, buc nhiu nh nghin cu gm s nht lot phi chp tay tht ln rng: "Nht s Giang Ty (TQ), nht gm Chu u". Nht - y l hng u, l nh cao ca th gii. Mt s so snh qu thc trc k c nhng ngi bo gan nht ca ngnh gm s Vit Nam cng chng bao gi dm m gia ban ngy.

a gm Chu u v 9 con rng, biu tng 9 i vua nh L


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Nm ru hnh rng gm Chu u

Hi tho: Gm ng Nai & cc v

Bnh chim Phng gm Chu

Bnh gm Chu u chm th

ng Nai & cc vng ph cn, gi tr truyn thng & vn

m Chu u

m thng trang tr men tam thi .

n pht trin

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Mt l hng mi c vt ln t cuc khai qut tu m

III- QUY TRNH K THUT LM GM C TRUYN VIT NAM


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Sn phm gm c to nn trong qu trnh lao ng, sng to vi quy trnh k thut cht ch, chun xc. Quy trnh sn xut gm c gm nhiu cng on, tng kt li gm 5 khu chnh : Lm t, to hnh sn phm, trang tr hoa vn, trng men v nung t. l quy trnh chung ca mi lng ngh, tuy nhin tng cng on c thc hin khc nhau tu theo trnh ca lng ngh .

M hnh sn xut gm truyn thng

1 - Khu lm t (thu t) : Trc ht, phi chn t st v t cao lanh loi tt. Sau , t c tinh luyn qua nhiu cng on ly c t tt nht s dng vo lm gm . t khi khai thc nguyn tng, thng rn nn phi ti nc cho no ri dng mai thi mng, loi b tp cht, dng chn nho k ri p thnh tng ng ln, thi i thi li nhiu ln to nn t c mn, do . Cng on ny gi l luyn t hay thu t .

2 - To hnh sn phm (chut gm) C 3 phng php chnh : To hnh trn bn xoay, to hnh bng khun v nn p bng tay. C sn phm c to bi s kt hp ca c 3 phng php trn.


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- To hnh trn bn xoay: t luyn k , kt hp v t bng tay cho thot kh , va do, nn thnh dy di to, ngi th chut ngt tng on, khoanh trn gia bn xoay (nu lm sn phm ln) , nguyn khi t (nu lm sn phm nh ) chn phi p bn, hai tay chut. Mi sn phm to, nh, dy, mng u do hai bn tay iu khin, khng c khun mu nht nh, kch thc tng c do mc mt, c sai lch nhng khng ng k .

- To hnh bng khun: Qua khai qut tm thy mt s khun gm ti di tch Chu u (Nam Sch), Hp L (Bnh Giang) l bng chng chc chn ca k thut ny. Phng php to hnh bng khun thng dng sn xut cc loi sn phm c khi lng ln nh: Bt, a, chn...

- To hnh bng phng php p nn bng tay: y l k thut ra i sm nht, th s nht cc di tch gm s c . K thut nn bng tay c th hin r cc con k, inh gm, bao nung, lon, vi, cc loi con ging, tng...

3 - Trang tr hoa vn: Sn phm gm c trang tr hoa vn bng nhiu phng php nh:

- V trn gm (v trn men v v di men): Sn phm gm sau khi trng men ri trang tr hoa vn c gi l v trn men; Trang tr hoa vn trc ri trng

men sau gi l v di men.

- Ct gt v khc vch: Sn phm gm sau khi chut xong c phi nng, khi no t se cng th tin hnh sa, gt, co nhn...theo ng mun. Cc chi tit khc nh: Quai, tai hoc trang tr cc hnh ng vt ni, hoa l... cng c thc hin giai on ny. Khc vch l phng php trang tr hoa vn ch yu ca gm thi tin s. Ngi th gm v hoc khc vch trc tip ln xng gm sau

em nung.

- In hoa vn bng khun: Mt s sn phm gm c hoa vn khc chm vo xng gm c thc hin bng phng php in khun. K thut ny c p dng nhiu trong phng php lm gm thi L - Trn, in hnh l cc sn phm gm men ngc v gm men hoa nu.


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4 - Trng men: C nhiu cch trng men khc nhau nh: Phun men, di men ln b mt sn phm gm c kch thc ln. Nhng men, qut men i vi loi sn phm gm c kch thc nh. Nhng thng dng nht vn l phng php km c: Tc l trng men bn trong sn phm trc, trng men bn ngoi sau. Dng go da mc men rt vo bn trong sn phm, lc sao cho u, trng men bn ngoi th cm sn phm nhng vo thng ng men cho men lng kn b mt sn phm. Ngoi ra cn s dng phng php "quay men" hoc "c men". Quay men l hnh thc trng men bn trong v bn ngoi sn phm cng mt lc, tc l cm sn phm cn trng men mt tay mt tay quay vo thng men gi l quay men. c men, tc l ch trng men bn trong lng sn phm. Cch trng men thin bin vn ho tu thuc vo kch thc ca sn phm, c sn phm s dng cng mt lc nhiu cch trng men.

5 - Nung t: y l cng on quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng hay tht bi ca mt m gm. C nhiu loi l c s dng nhng ph bin l l cc v l bu.

- Phng php nung gm bng l cc: y l kiu l gm c nht c s dng mt cch ph bin. L p bng t qua la nh gch non (chim 80%), p nh, nho vi t tht, p cao dn ln theo hnh bu dc, chiu di gp 3 chiu rng, kch thc trung bnh l 5m x 1,7m, cao khong 1,5m. Pha u l c mt ca trung bnh 70cm x 70cm. Khi nung phi np tht kn ca trnh b mt nhit nh hng n sn phm. Cui l c hai ng khi, cao trn 3m. Nhin liu nung gm

bng l cc ch yu l ci g v mt phn than . Nhit trong l ln ti trn 1.000oC.

- Phng php nung gm bng l bu: L xy bng gch chu la, kch thc trung bnh 5m x 2m, cao 1,8m, nc cun hnh vm nh mui b. Mt l thng c 9 - 10 bu k tip nhau tit kim nhin liu. Dng l bu khng cn bao nung, xp sn phm cho mt m nung xong th ca l phi xy kn li. La c nhm t ca l ti bu thp nht qua bu th hai bng ci theo rnh ca


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bu. Bu th hai nhit th lp ca li tip nhit cho bu th ba. Thc hin ln lt nh vy cho n bu cui cng. Nhin liu dng cho l bu ch yu l ci g v mt phn nh than , nhit trong l t ti 1300oC.

IV- CC C IM NI BT CA GM CHU U mi thi k, nhng hoa vn, cht liu v k thut to hnh chnh l c

im gm Vit t k cu chuyn v thi i ca chng .

Theo ph PGS. Ts. Nguyn nh Chin - nguyn Ph Gim c Bo tng Lch s Quc gia : c 2 c im ni bt khng nh tnh thun Vit v chn gi tr ca dng gm Chu u : l k thut to hnh gm v cch trang tr hon ton c tnh c lp v khc bit vi cc dng gm khc v tinh xo

t n trnh rt cao.

Theo ng Tng B Honh nguyn Gim c Bo tng Lch s Hi Dng

: Gm c Chu u c sn xut ch yu l cc sn phm cao cp dng cung tin cho triu nh v theo n t hng ca khch nc ngoi ch khng c cc mt hng dn dng .

Gm Chu u c kiu dng c to hnh t nhin , cht men sng, hoa vn ha tit trang tr c ti dung d nhng th hin rt tinh t , khong t . Cc loi men ni ting mt thi ca Chu u c bit n nhiu l men trng trong, hoa lam, men ngc, xanh lc, xanh ru, vng nht, vng m, men tam thi (ba mu men l xanh lc, v vng) th hin m bn sc dn tc Vit Nam mang mt phong cch gm thun cht Vit, vi nhng nt bt ti hoa phn nh trung thc nn vn minh ca chu th sng Hng .

Gm Chu u c s k tha ca gm Vn yn (Kip Bc) th k XIII, gm L-Trn v lp men ngc v to khc hoa vn chm ni, kiu dng thanh thot. Bi vy gm Chu u thi t c 4 tiu chun l tng cho sn phm gm , l : Mng nh giy, trong nh ngc, trng nh ng, ku nh chung . Phng php ch to v k thut to hnh ca gm c Chu u t trnh cao : chut , to dng trn bn xoay, ngt sn phm thnh nhiu on ri lp


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ghp li, gia cng bng cch p ni, v, khc, vch, nn, c ... Xng gm phn ln c mu xm nht, cng rn, c loi trng c, trng trong. Phng php trang tr rt a dng, phng khong, tr tnh, hi ha, tinh xo nh v, khc, ha, p

y bt gm Chu u c qut mt lp son nu

Cc bt a i L thng cn du con k r rng; gm Chu u kho hn, du con k khng cn na. y cc chn a thi L thng tr t mc, y ca gm Chu u thng c qut mt lp son nu, mu m, thng khi vn cn nguyn du bt. Lp son nu ny khng phi l men, m ch l mt lp son pha mu nu rt mng bo v y chn a. y cng l nhng c im phn bit gm ta v gm Trung quc . Gm Trung quc khng bao gi tr t mc, hay qut son nu, cng khng c du con k. Con k l mt k thut hon ton Vit Nam. K thut ny d lm cho mn km i cht phm cht, nhng li l mt pht kin ring ca ngi th Vit Nam, nhm trnh cho chn a khng b dnh vo nhau khi nung m li tit kim c din tch l .


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Gm Chu u cn c coi l gm o v hoa vn tinh xo ca nhng sn phm ny u mang m nhng gi tr nhn vn ca Pht gio v Nho gio . Chnh nhng hoa vn c o khin cho gm Chu u khng th ln vi cc loi gm khc. Sn phm gm Chu u k tha s thanh thot, uyn chuyn

ca gm thi L, vc dng khe khon ca gm thi nh Trn. Thin nhin v cuc sng ca c dn sng Hng c phn nh thng qua cc hnh v ngh thut trn bnh gm rt phong ph .

K thut v trang tr trn sn phm gm Chu u thng s dng cc loi bt lng mm ( loi bt thng dng ca cc nh Nho ) a mu men ln b mt sn phm gm mc ( nu l v di men ) v trn b mt men trng ( nu l k thut v trn men ) , nt v p dng theo phng php Phng bt , to nt v phng khong , tung ty th hin s iu luyn , thun thc ca ngi v ,

hay li v Cng bt t m , chi tit ty theo tng ti , cm hng ngi v . Hoa vn trang tr trn gm c Chu u phn nhiu l sen, cc, c cch iu di nhiu dng thc khc nhau v hng chc loi hoa vn cch iu khc . Ngi th gm xa thi hn dn tc vo nhng nt hoa vn phong ph, phn nh sinh ng thin nhin vo cuc sng dn d : hnh ngi i nn, o di, mc ng chn tru, chim u trn cnh hoa o, n chim ngi, chim cu bay trn cnh ng...


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m Kendy nh thi- gm Chu u

Cc ngh nhn Chu u khai sinh mt dng gm qu vi nc men sng v v p tinh t, khng ch k tha xut sc gm L-Trn v men ngc v hoa vn vi kiu dng thanh thot, m cn vt tri cc di tch v cht lng gm hoa lam .

m Kendy hoa lam v Ln h cu- gm Chu u

Bt chn cao Chu u v cc dy hoa lam


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Men gm Chu u rt phong ph: nh men ngc (celadon), men nu, men trng, men lc. Tuy nhin tiu biu nht l men trng trong vi hoa vn mu xanh (men trng chm) v men trng trong vi hoa vn ba mu vng, nu v xanh lc (men tam thi). Men ngc, men trng, men nu v men nu en thng b ln vi gm i L Trn, tuy nhin, hoa vn trn men L nhiu nh hng Pht gio, hoa vn Chu u phn nh i sng nng thn Vit Nam, hoa vn trn men L thng c v bng cch khc chm hay khc ni, hoa vn Chu u c v bng men mu.

Mt a gm Chu u v men tam thi

Men trng chm v men tam thi ni danh v c a chung hn c. Men trng chm (nn men trng, hoa vn mu xanh bic) chim s lng cao nht. Cc mn vt c ngoi khi Nng Hi An cng u l men trng


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chm. Do , khi ni v gm Chu u, ngi ta ch thng bit v loi ny m t n cc loi men khc. Loi gm Chu u hng nht ny nhiu mn p tuyt vi, bt xa nh Minh, v p khng km g gm men lam ca nh Thanh bn Trung quc .

Tuyt vi nht l hoa vn trn men trng mu chm (lam) v men tam thi, hnh nh thun ty Vit Nam. Ngi th gm v tu l chui, nhnh rong, chim s, chim chch che, tm, c bng, cc, ra, cng rau mung, bng hoa cc, hoa sen. Cng nh cc bnh m Vit Nam i trc, thng hoc lm ta mi thy mt vi bnh, m thi Chu u c quai cm, cn ngoi ra, ni quai cm ch l mt vt trang tr nh con ra, con c, bng sen nh gm Vit Nam cc thi trc.

Hnh dng gm Chu u tht phong ph: Bt chn cao, bt chn thp, t, a, chn, tc, bnh, m, u, chu, lu, h, bt hng, bt trm, chn n, hp, l, bnh vi, nghin mc, c c nghin mc hnh con tru, con cua, ri li cn chi ca tr em nh cc hnh tng con g, con cc, con ln, ngi ci nga, t cc mn dng trong nh ngi dn, trong nh cha, trong nh gii trng gi, cho n xut cng

Hai sn phm tiu biu c sc nht ca gm Chu u c l loi bnh c cao hoa lam (trong dn gian c gi l bnh c ti ) v bnh hoa lam T b cn c gi l bnh cha, m tng trng cho m dng - tri t - v chng . Bnh T b mang dng hnh cy n t b tng trng cho phi m, t, m hin thn cho ph n Vit Nam. Ha tit lng chim Lc Vit chy quanh ming

bnh th hin truyn thng ca con Rng chu Lc. Vai bnh v ha tit ng hnh gm kim, thy, mc, ha, th. Thn bnh th hin bng ha tit tng, cc, trc, mai vi sng nc. Phn chn bnh c to vin bi nhng ha tit cnh hoa sen th hin o gio ngi Vit.


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Bnh T b Chu u v trang tr Hoa iu

Ngoi cc cuc khai qut cc l gm c lng Chu u, loi bnh t b ny thng c tm thy t cc tu bun m ngoi khi Hi An Nng. Nh tn gi, bnh t b c hnh dng ging cy n t b dng ng. Mnh thun trn, c nh, ming loe, thn trn phnh to, thng c bn tng hoa vn, trong lng ming bnh cng c hnh v hoa l. Tng th nht chung quanh c bnh hoc v nhng tu l chui hay hnh cy la; tng th hai khi hnh hoa cc, hoa mu n, khi th nhng chui hnh xon c ng; tng th ba ln nht l hnh chim chch cho, chim s hay l nhng v t sng bin, bn cnh nhng v hnh hoa l; tng di cng l cc vi nhng vng trn hnh bu dc chng ln nhau.


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Bt ung nc, bnh t b, hp ng trang sc, ly ung ru

Theo khi nim trit hc phng ng, bnh c ti mang tnh dng th hin ngi chng, ngi cha l tr ct, nn tng l ch da vng chc v xa hn na l tri t v tr, hoa vn c trang tr bng hoa cc i a, bnh hoa lam th hin cho ngi chnh nhn qun t.

Tc (hay bi) l ly ung ru chn cao. Ngoi nhng tc men ngc, mu xanh trong, cn c nhng sng kin k diu nh tc thn kim quy. n trong chn tc ny l mt qu ni l hnh ra thn kim quy ngi di y, khi ru c rt vo, th hnh thn kim quy t t ni ln theo mc ru trong lng

tc.

a Chu u rt p, men trng trong vi hoa vn mu chm. C nhng a tam thi rt ln, ng knh n khong 50cm, nhng thng thng th vo khong hn 25cm ng knh. Hoa vn trong lng a thng gm hai phn. Vnh a rng 5cm, v cnh rau, nhnh l, tm a v nhiu hnh rt p: Hnh con cng, con vc, con ngh, c chp vt v mn, hu chy trn ng c, bn khm trc, b la, i chch che, n vt bi trn h sen, trn thy chin, cnh mai, a cc, a mu n ng knh 15cm. Vnh ngoi thnh a cng


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v nhng hnh hoa l rt chi tit, hoa vn mu xanh chm, a ln thng l men ba mu (Tam Thi). Cng vi bnh t b v bt Chu u, a Chu u l nhng mn p v ni ting, c rt nhiu vin bo tng v nh su tp quc t a chung.

a gm Chu u, trang tr ti hoa iu, th k 15, hin vt ca Bo tng thnh ph Machida.


a gm Chu u tam thi, Bo tng thnh ph Machida

a gm Chu u tam thi , ca Bo tng M thut Fukuoka.

ng Nai & cc vng ph cn, gi tr truyn thng & vn

u tam thi, v trang tr ti hoa iu, th k 15, hi Machida

u tam thi , v trang tr ti song iu, th k 15 t Fukuoka.

n pht trin

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15, hin vt ca

15 - 16, hin vt


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Ang ra bt con vt v Ang ra bt v linh th gm Chu u

a gm Chu u v hoa lam


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L T B nh thi gm Chu u

m t b c tay cm v hoa dy gm Chu u

Gm Chu u - m t b 2 lp, lp ngoi chm ni v trang tr vn - phng


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Gm Chu u Cc loi bnh t b


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ng Nai & cc vng ph cn, gi tr truyn thng & vn n pht trin

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39


ng Nai & cc vng ph cn, gi tr truyn thng & vn n pht trin

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41


42


43


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Hnh nh mt s a gm Chu u c kch thc ln rt c gi tr t th k 15 (hin vt tu c C Lao Chm-Hi An, Qung Nam ).

Bt chn cao tam thi v hoa lam gm Chu u th k 15 (hin vt tu c C Lao Chm-Hi An, Qung Nam ).


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Hp hnh voi, gm hoa lam- Chu u, th k 15 (hin vt tu c C Lao Chm-Hi An, Qung Nam ).

Bt Chu u cng thng l men trng chm, ng knh ming bt t 14 n 16cm, cao t 8 n 10cm, nhiu loi hoa vn khc nhau:khi th chim s u trn cnh mai, khi th a cc, a mu n, khi th li l khm phong lan trong lng bt. Vnh trong ca bt cng v nhng vng trn hoa l. Hoa vn mt ngoi bt thng gm hai tng, pha trn l mt vnh hoa mai, hoa cc cao khong hn 3cm, tng di, khong 4cm, l nhng c hnh cc vng xon c tiu biu ca gm Chu u. Trn vnh ngoi ming bt cng c nhng vng ng tm.

y hp phn iu khc rt tinh xo


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m ng ru Chim phng

m voi gm Chu u


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Hp phn v con ging gm Chu u

Mt s t , bt gm Chu u trc vt c t tu m


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Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu h ru hoa vn trng chm v hoa vn tam thi. Li c cc h ru hnh chim vt hnh con g, cc chn ung tr c quai cm l chim vt. L hng v chn n thi Chu u ln v p v cng. C nhng

chn n cao 70, 80cm, l hng cao 35, 40cm. Mt s ln c k tn ngi lm v r nm thng, nh v chng ng Huyn Thng Nguyn Th nh, v chng Xun Vi L Th Ngc, v chng Bi Du L Th Cn, ng Hu, ng Tnh Khng

V. SAU BA TH K THT TRUYN, DNG GM CHU DU HI SINH MNH M .

Mt s kin mang tnh lch s i vi lng gm c truyn Chu u. Nm 2000, ng Nguyn Hu Thng, gim c Cng ty Sn xut, Dch v v Xut nhp khu H Ni (HAPRO), ngi qu Nam Sch v Chu u thc hin


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mt d n u t sn xut mt hng gm xut khu theo phng php phc ch gm c v to mu sn phm mi theo phong cch gm c Chu u, nhm khi phc thng hiu ni ting ca qu hng mnh.

Nm 2001, nhn thy vai tr quan trng trong vic khi phc lng ngh

gm c Chu u kt hp vi du lch lng ngh, Tng cng ty Thng Mi H Ni u t giai on 1 l 24 t ng xy dng nh xng, c s vt cht, trang thit b hin i khi phc li dng gm c tht truyn. Nm 2003, gm Chu u xut cng hng u tin sang Ty Ban Nha. Nm 2004, gm

Chu u khnh thnh gian trng by vi 1000m2 trng by gii thiu cc sn phm phc ch cc mu m c.

T n nay, XN Gm Chu u khng ch phc hi c hng nghn mu m gm c m cn y mnh tm kim m rng th trng xut khu. Nhm qung b thng hiu v gi tr vn ha dn tc, m rng c s sn xut, nm 2009, XN Gm Chu u c Hapro u t hn 7 t ng xy dng giai on 2.

Hnh nh trong mt xng sn xut gm Chu u mi


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Nh y mnh u t c s vt cht, tng cng xc tin thng mi nn thng hiu ca dng sn phm gm Chu u trn th trng quc t c m rng. Hin sn phm gm Chu u c mt ti nhiu nc trn th gii nh:

Nht, c, Ty Ban Nha, M, Nga. Sn phm c tiu th mnh nn sn xut ca n v tng trng bnh qun 25%/nm.

Bn cnh vic m rng sn xut, tng cng xut khu, vi li th lng ngh li gn cc im di tch vn ha lch s, XN ch trng y mnh hot ng xc tin du lch tng cng lin kt vi cc doanh nghip du lch. Trong nhng nm gn y, XN gm Chu u tr thnh im n ca nhiu on khch quc t trong v ngoi nc tr thnh a danh trong bn du lch ca tnh Hi Dng.

Theo chin lc pht trin t nm 2013 n nm 2020, XN Gm Chu u s xy dng khu sn xut lng ngh tp trung vi din tch 10ha cho cc h sn xut kinh doanh trn a bn sn xut tp trung. Chu u tr thnh mt trung tm du lch lng ngh ti pha Bc, XN s xy dng khu du lch lng ngh sinh thi, trong nhn mnh cc m hnh sn xut gm t thi sn xut th s

n hin i.

sn phm gm Chu u ngy mt tinh xo p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca th trng xut khu, trong thi gian ti bn cnh vic tng cng nghin cu a ra nhng sn phm mi mang m nt vn ha, ngh thut Vit

Nam, doanh nghip cn y mnh u t c s vt cht, o to tay ngh cho i ng cng nhn.

Vi nhng n lc ca mnh, gm Chu u c nguyn i tng Tng t lnh V Nguyn Gip khi Ngi v thm lng Gm tng cho 9 ch vng :"Gm Chu u tinh hoa vn ho Vit Nam".

Chnh v nhng sn phm c o mang m bn sc vn ha truyn thng, lng gm Chu u c tnh Hi Dng la chn l im n v l ni t chc


51

s kin vn ha ln th hai ca Hi Dng - Hng ng Nm Du lch quc gia ng bng Sng Hng 2013 .

Chng trnh du lch lng gm c Chu u gm 5 hot ng chnh: Trng by b su tp gm c v gm ng i, dng bn gm Vit gii thiu v tr ni bt gm Chu u; vinh danh th gii tay ngh cao v lm gm; tham quan Cng ty C phn Gm Chu u (n v gp phn a thng hiu gm Chu u n vi du khch trong v ngoi nc) vi cc hot ng nh: thp hng cho ngh nhn Bi Th H (ngi c bit n nh t ca gm Chu u), xem b su tp gm c v quy trnh sn xut, ch to cc sn phm gm hin i; du lch lng gm c Chu u, tham quan di ch kho c hc, phong cnh lng qu Chu u, ni lu gi di sn gm Chu u di lng t; thi tm hiu lch s gm Chu u.

Ht

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