Grammar

直接引语和间接引语

Direct and Indirect Speech

• (1)John said ：“ I like reading novels.”

• (2)John said that he liked reading novels.

• 直接引语 :• 间接引语 :

直接引述别人的话 .

用自己的话转述别人的话 .它构成宾语从句 .

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech (1)

1. 转述他人的陈述→陈述句

→ She asked me what I was doing.

1) He said , “I’m going to Beijing.”

→ He said that he was going to Beijing.

2) He asked, “Are you a teacher?”

→ He asked me if /whether I was a teacher.

3) She said , “What are you doing?”

2. 转述他人的疑问→一般疑问句3. 转述他人的问题→特殊疑问句

直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化

• He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” • He said to us that he had been to the Great Wa

ll. • He said, “I'll give you an examination next M

onday. ” He told us that he would give us an examination

the next Monday.

陈述句用连词 that 引导， that 在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替 , 注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that ，不可直接说 told that

陈述句解题步骤 :

“I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends.

Sarah said to her friendsthat ( I don’t like computers.)

didn’tshe

Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers.

一般疑问句

• He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”

• He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

• He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”

• He asked whether I was interested in English.

•间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中谓语动词 said 要改为 asked(me/him/us 等 ) ，语序是陈述句的语序

一般疑问句解题步骤 :

Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil?

( They asked him )

They asked him if

It is easy to improve the condition of the soil.

(it is easy to improve the condition of the soil.)

asked is was

They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.

特殊疑问句

• He said to me ，“ What's your name?” • He asked me what my name was. • He asked us, “How many car factories

have been built in your country?” • He asked us how many car factories ha

d been built in our country.

•原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用 ask(sb. ) 来表达，语序改为陈述句语序

3. 特殊疑问句解题步骤：When do you harvest the wheat ?

( They asked him )

They asked him When

you harvest the wheat

(you harvest the wheat.)

heharvested

They asked him when he harvested the wheat.

选择疑问句

• He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”

• He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

•用 whether…or… 表达，而不用 if…or… ，也不用 either…or…

在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化

1. 注意时态的变化

2. 注意人称变化

7. 注意语序的变化

3. 注意指示代词的变化4. 注意时间的变化5. 注意地点的变化6. 注意个别趋向动词的变化

直接引语direct speech

间接引语indirect speech

一般现在时 一般过去时

现在进行时 过去进行时

现在完成时 过去完成时

一般过去时 过去完成时

一般将来时 过去将来时

过去完成时 过去完成时

He said he…plays football

is playing

has played

played

will play

had played

played football

was playing

had played

had played

would play

had played

attention:

There are some cases in which we don’t need to c

hange the tense in indirect speech.

When direct speech is about: a) a truth 真理 b) a timetable 时间表c) a saying/proverb/quotation 格言d) An adverbial indicating the past 过去的时间状语

Try to change direct speech into indirect speech :

He said that the earth goes around the sun.

He said that the train leaves at 7:30p.m.

He said that Rome isn’t built in a day.

Tom said he was born in July, 1978.

1.He said, “the earth goes around the sun.”

2. He said, “The train leaves at 7:30p.m.”

3. He said, “Rome isn’t built in a day.”

4. Tom said, “I was born in July, 1978.”

直接引语 间接引语指示代词

时

间

状

语

地点状语 方向性动词

this, that, these those

now, then, today that day

this week that week

yesterday the day before

last week the week before

four days ago four days before

the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next day

next month the next month

here there

come, go,Bring, take, borrow lend

直接引语中的助动词 间接引语中的助动词shall should

should Should （不变）will would

would Would （不变）may might

might Might （不变）can could

could Could （不变）must Must/had to

Exercises:1. He said , “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.”

2.He said , “I haven’t heard from him since May.”

3.Tom said “I will see you next week.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.

He said that he hadn’t heard from him since May.

Tom said that he would see me the next week.

4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me.

5. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me.

6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian.

The teacher asked me why I was late again.

His friends asked him, “Will you go to Dalian?”

My classmate asked me if I had been to Paris.

Try to do SB P.5 Ex.2 Change the sentences either into direct speech

or indirect speech:

1. Anne said that she didn’t know the address of her new home.

2. Anne told her father that she had got tired of looking at nature through dirty curtains and dusty windows.

3. The girl said that she needed to pack up her things in the suitcase very quickly.

4. Her father asked her why she had chosen her diary and old letters.

5. “Are you very hot with so many clothes on?” Mother asked/said to her.

6. “What else have you hidden under your overcoat?” Margot asked her.

7. “ When shall we go back home?” Anne asked her father.

8. “ Why did you talk so much to that boy?” Father asked Anne.

1. Jack said to me, “You look worried toda

y.”

Jack told me that ___ worried ___.

A. he looks…today

B. you look…today

C. we looked…that day

D. I looked…that d

ay

2. We said to her, “They’re walking thr

ough the street now.”

We told her that ___ through the stre

et ___.

A. we were walking…then

B. you are walking…n

ow C .they were walki

ng…then D. they wal

king…now

3. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long

way this week.”

Mr Black said that __ a long way __.

A. I had walked…last week

B. he had walked…that week

C. I walked…last week

D. he has walked…this

week

4. The man thought, “I shall take it back t

omorrow.”

The man thought that __ take it back __

__.

A. I shall…tomorrow

B. I shall…the next day

C. he should…tomorrow

D. he would …the next day

5. They said to us, “Are you afraid to le

ave this house ?”

They asked us ____ afraid to leave __

___ house.

A. that were we…this

B. that we were…that

C. if were we …this

D. if we were…tha

t

6. Jane said, “What did he hear about a wee

k ago?”

Jane asked ____ about _____.

A. that he heard…a week ago

B. what he had heard…the week be

fore C. what he had herd… a week ago

D. if he heard…the week ago

7. She asked, “Whose house will he brea

k into next time ?”

She asked whose house ____ break in

to _____.

A. will he…next time

B. would he

…the next time C. he

would…the next time

D. he will…next time

8. Jack said to her, “Where do you spend y

our holidays?”

Jack asked her where ____ holidays.

A. she spent her B. you spend your

C. she spend her D. you spent your

9. Black asked me, “ Why haven’t you l

eft here yet?”

Black asked me why ____ yet.

A. I hadn’t left there

B. I haven’t left here

C. hadn’t I left ther

e D. haven’t I l

eft here

10. The teacher asked her, “Does the sun r

ise in the east ?”

The teacher asked her ___ the sun ___

in the east.

A. if…rise

B. if…rises

C. wh

ether…rose D.

whether did …rise

1. Readers can ________ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.

A. get over B. get in

C. get along D. get through

高考链接

C

解析：答案 C 。本题主要考查具体语境中 get 短语的用法。全句意为：尽管读者不知道每个单词的确切含义，但他们能够很好得读懂，即读书进展得顺利，故用 get along 。

2. It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.

A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen

C. should fall D. were to fall

高考链接

B

解析：答案 B 。本题考查了 fall in love 在虚拟语气中的应用，从标志性时间状语 at the age of seven 看，宾语从句内容意指过去。在虚拟语气结构中，若指过去，从句中动词形式用过去完成时，主句中谓语动词形式用 would/should/might/ could/have done 。

3. Father went to his doctor for _______ about his heart trouble.

A. an advice B. advice

C. advices D. the advices

高考链接

B

解析：答案 B 。 Advice 若作“忠告，劝告，建议”讲，无论什么情况下都不可数，故 A 、C 、 D 各项均属错误。 Advice 前不能用不定冠词，但可被 some ， much ， a lot of/lots of ， a piece of ， a bit of ， a word of 等修饰。

4. I wonder how he ____ that to the teacher.

A. dare to say B. dare saying

C. not dare say D. dared say

高考链接D

解析：答案 D 。本题主要考查了 dare 作为情态动词和实义动词的基本用法。作为实义动词， dare 有人称、数和时态的变化，故 dare to say 与主语 he 相悖； dare doing 结构本身错误； dare的否定形式应为 dare not do( 情态动词 ) 或 don’t/doesn’t/didn’t dare ( 实义动词 ) to do 。

Goodbye!