i

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KADAR PARTICULATE MATTER-10

(PM10) DENGAN FUNGSI PARU PADA TUKANG BECAK

DI AREA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH

SURAKARTA

Skripsi Ini Disusun Guna Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat

untuk Memperoleh Ijazah S1

Disusun Oleh :

ARIK ANGGRAENI

J410110106

PROGRAM STUDI KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA

2018

ii

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KADAR PARTICULATE MATTER-10

(PM10) DENGAN FUNGSI PARU PADA TUKANG BECAK

DI AREA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH

SURAKARTA

Skripsi ini Disusun Guna Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat

untuk Memperoleh Ijazah S1

Disusun oleh:

ARIK ANGGRAENI

J410110106

PROGRAM STUDI KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA

2018

vi

BIODATA

Nama : Arik Anggraeni

Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : Grobogan, 24 Januari 1992

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Agama : Islam

E-mail : arikanggraeni@yahoo.co.id

Alamat : Desa Banjarbangi RT 03 RW 07

Riwayat Pendidikan : 1. TK Darmawanita 1998

2. SD Negeri 3 Pandanharum lulus 2004

3. SMP Negeri 3 Sulursari lulus 2007

4. Takhasus Assalaam Surakarta lulus 2008

5. SMA Assalaam Surakarta lulus 2011

6. Menempuh Pendidikan di Program Studi

Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan

UMS Sejak Tahun 2011

ix

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICULATE MATTER-10 (PM10)

WITH PULMONARY FUNCTIONS OF PEDICAB DRIVERS

IN MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF

SURAKARTA AREA

ABSTRACT

Air pollution such as dust and toxic gases caused by motor vehicles may cause

some respiratory problems such as bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease and asthma. Pulmonary dysfunction due to exposure to dust particle

contamination may be restriction, obstruction or both. The symptoms include dry

cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, lots of sputum and others. Exposure to

mineral dust is known to cause a distinctive change in respiratory mechanics and

lung volume with restriction patterns. The purpose of this study is to analyze the

relationship of air pollution to respiratory function in pedicab drivers in

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta area. The method of this research is

analytic observational type with cross-sectional approach with the research

population is all becak drivers with total number 25 people. Data collection

methods with editing, tabulating and data entry. While the research instrument

using the Audiometer (Audiological Record) and a tool to measure the air quality

test (LVAS). Data processing technique with univariate analysis is by calculating

frequency distribution, mean, and standard deviation of each variable and

bivariate analysis that is hypothesis test between two variables. Data analysis in

research with Pearson Product Moment correlation test and by using computer

program. Before performing the correlation test, the data normality test with

Kolmogorov-Smirnov as a requirement of the statistical test is performed, if

significance> 0.05, then the data is declared normal. The results showed that the

average of particulate matter of Matter-10 TPS of 4996 g/Nm3 above the

Standard of Quality Standard of 230 g/Nm3 can cause obstruction or restriction

of airway, whereas the average FVC value of lung function of pedicab driver in

University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta area amounted to 78.440. So in

conclusion, there is a relationship between the level of Particulate Matter-10

(PM10) with the lung function of pedicab drivers in Muhammadiyah University of

Surakarta area.

Keywords: particulate matter-10 (PM10), lung function, pedicab driver

x

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN SAMPUL ............................................................................... i

HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................. ii

HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN .................................................................... iii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................... iv

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN ............................................ v

BIODATA .................................................................................................. vi

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................ vii

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. viii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. ix

DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................... x

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... xii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................ xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang ............................................................. 1

B. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................ 4

C. Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................... 4

D. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................ 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

A. Pencemaran Udara ........................................................ 5

B. Klasifikasi Bahan Pencemar Udara .............................. 5

C. Sumber Bahan Pencemar Udara ................................... 7

D. Pengaruh Udara terhadap Kesehatan ............................ 10

E. Polutan Particulate Matter yang Berpengaruh

terhadap Kesehatan ....................................................... 17

F. Tes Fungsi Paru ............................................................ 18

G. Kerangka Teori ............................................................. 24

H. Kerangka Konsep ......................................................... 24

I. Hipotesis ....................................................................... 25

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

A. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................... 26

B. Tempat dan Waktu Peneltiian ...................................... 26

C. Populasi dan Sampel .................................................... 26

D. Definisi Operasional Variabel ...................................... 27

E. Pengumpulan Data ...................................................... 29

F. Langkah-langkah Penelitian ......................................... 30

G. Analisis Data dan Teknik Pengolahan Data ................ 34

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN A. Gambaran Umum Lokasi Penelitian ........................... 36

B. Hasil Penelitian ............................................................ 38

xi

BAB V PEMBAHASAN A. Hubungan Kadar Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) dengan

Fungsi Paru ................................................................... 47

BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN A. Simpulan ...................................................................... 50

B. Saran ............................................................................ 50

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

xii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1 Kategori dan Rentang Indeks Stadar Pencemaran Udara .................. 3

2 Indeks Standar Pencemaran Udara ................................................... 12

3 Lokasi Penelitian .............................................................................. 36

4 Subjek Penelitian .............................................................................. 37

5 Distribusi Frekuensi Karakteristik Responden ................................. 38

6 Deskripsi Data Penelitian ................................................................. 39

7 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pengganggu Pemakaian Masker .......... 39

8 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pengganggu Lama Paparan .................. 40

9 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pengganggu Konsumsi Rokok ............ 40

10 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pengganggu Kondisi Kesehatan .......... 40

11 Distribusi Frekuensi Faktor Pengganggu Riwayat Pekerjaan .......... 41

12 Fungsi Paru Dilihat Dari Pemakaian Masker ................................... 41

13 Fungsi Paru Dilihat Dari Lama Paparan ........................................... 42

14 Fungsi Paru Dilihat Dari Konsumsi Rokok ...................................... 42

15 Fungsi Paru Dilihat Dari Kondisi Kesehatan ................................... 43

16 Fungsi Paru Dilihat Dari Lama Bekerja ........................................... 43

17 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Penelitian ............................................... 44

18 Hasil Uji Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................... 45

xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1 Kerangka Teori ................................................................................ 24

2 Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................ 24

xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran

1. Lembar Permohonan Kesediaan Menjadi Responden

2. Lembar Persetujuan Menjadi Responden

3 Lembar Form Instrumen Penelitian

4 Data Penelitian

5 Hasil Uji Karakteristik Responden Penelitian

6 Hasil Uji Deskripsi Faktor Perancu

7 Hasil Uji Deskripsi Data Penelitian

8 Hasil Uji Normalitas

9 Hasil Uji Korelasi Product Moment

10 Dokumentasi penelitian

xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

APD : Alat Pelindung Diri

CO : Carbone Oxidase

CO2 : Carbone Dioxides

COPD : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

FEV1 : Forced Vital Volume In One Second

FVC : Forced Vital Capacity

Kemenkes : Kementerian Kesehatan

LVAS : Low Volume Air Sample

ml : Milli liter

N2O : Nitrogen Dioxidase

NO : Nitrogen Oxygen

O : Oxygen

PM10 : Particulate Matter 10

PPLH : Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

SO2 : Sulfur Dioxides

SO3 : Sulfur Trioxides

UMS : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

UU : Undang-undang

VOC : Volatile Organic Compound

NH3 : Amoniak