instruction for selecting gsm bts antenna models-20021024-a-2.0

Radio Network Planning Department, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Document NumberDocument VersionConfidential grade

Product Name:41 pages in all

Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models

(For internal use only)

Drafted by:Special Researching GroupDate: 2002-01-04

Examined and verified by:Network Rule Specialist GroupDate:2002/02/07

Examined and verified by:Date:yyyy/mm/dd

Approved by:Date:yyyy/mm/dd

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Copyrights Reserved

Table of Contents4Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models

1. Antenna Concept51.1 Antenna Gain51.2Antenna Pattern61.3 Polarization Mode81.4 Downtilt91.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)91.6 Port Separation91.7 Power Capacity101.8Antenna Input Interface101.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM)101.10 Antenna Dimensions and Weights101.11Wind Load111.12 Operating Temperature and Humidity111.13 Lightning Protection111.14 Three-proofings Capabilities112. Property Considerations in the Selection of Antenna122.1 Relations between Antenna Beam Width and Gain122.2 Contrast of Polarization Modes132.3 Selection of Antenna Gains142.4 Contrast of Mechanical Adjusting Downtilt and Electronic Adjusting Downtilt152.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point Stuffing172.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment172.7Beam Width Selection182.8 Landform Matching Beam Selection192.9Forward to Back Ratio Selection192.10Antenna Dimension Selection202.11Antenna Impedance20.3Antenna Model Selection for Different Application Environments203.1the Urban areaUrban area Base Station Antenna Selection213.2Rural Base Station Antenna Selection223.3Suburb Base Station Antenna Selection233.4 Highway Covering Base Station Antenna Selection233.5 Mountain Area Covering Base Station Antenna Selection253.6 Offing Covering Base Station Antenna Selection263.7 Tunnel Covering Base Station Antenna Selection273.8 Indoor Covering Base Station Antenna Selection284. Technical Indicators of Antennas already Authenticated by Our Company295. Other Major Antennas Unauthenticated295.1 Electronic Adjusting Antenna295.2Intelligence Antenna30Appendix 1: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Urban area Application Environment32Appendix 2: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural Application Environment33Appendix 3: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application Environment34Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area Application Environment36Appendix 5: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application Environment38Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel Application Environment40Appendix 7: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment41Appendix 8: Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers42

Amendment NotesDate Revised VersionDescriptions Authors

2002/01/041.00First draft accomplishedTao Maodi, He Qun

Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models

Key Words: base station antenna, model selection, directivity patternSummary: This document introduce, firstly, some major characteristics of the antennas in the view of network planning and considerations in model selection, and then introduced the principles and suggestions of antenna model selecting for various application environments. Finally, list all the major characteristics of antennas authenticated by Huawei.

Abbreviation List:

Reference data list:Reference data list

Names Authors Codes

Release dateConsulting places or channels

Publishers

1. Antenna ConceptIn the radio communication system, antenna is an interface between transceiver and outside transmission medium. For an antenna, it can be used to transmit and receive radio waves: when eradiating, it transforms high frequency current into electromagnetic wave; and when receiving, it transforms electromagnetic wave into high frequency current.

When selecting GSM base station antennas, it is necessary to consider their electric and mechanical characteristics. The electric characteristics mainly include working frequency, gain, polarization mode, lobe width, preset slope angle, downtilt mode, the adjusting range of downtilt, F/B (forward to back ratios), secondary lobe suppression ratios, zero stuffing, return loss, power capacity, impedance and third order intermodulation, etc. The mechanical characteristics mainly include dimensions, weight, input connector type and wind load, etc.

The GSM antenna is divided into omnidirectional antenna and directional antenna by directivity.

If distinguished by polarization mode, there are mainly vertical polarized antenna (single polarized antenna),and cross polarized antenna (dual polarized antenna). The two polarization modes mentioned belong to linear polarization modes. Circular polarized and elliptical polarization antennas are usually not used in GSM.

When distinguished by the appearances, there are collapsible whip antenna, tabulate antenna and cap-shaped antennas, etc.

Before discussing the antenna theory, it is necessary to introduce firstly the Isotropic antenna. Isotropic antenna is a kind of theoretical model, not existing in reality, which presumed the antenna to be a radiating point source, energy radiating around evenly from the center of this point in the form of electromagnetic field, to form a spherical wave.

By the way, the omnidirectional antenna does not mean that it has no directivity, it is omnidirectional in horizontal, but it is directional in vertical direction. It is quite different from isotropic antenna in concept.

Half wave dipole is a basic element of GSM antenna, the strongpoint is high energy transformation efficiency.1.1 Antenna Gain

As a passive device, antenna gain concept is different from that of power amplifiers. A power amplifier works to amplify power, but antenna itself does not increase the signal energy, but only to concentrate the energy to one direction through the combination of antenna dipoles and by way of changing its current feeding system. Gain is one of important index of antenna, which shows the capacity of an antenna to concentrate energy in a certain direction. There are two units usually used to denote antenna gain: dBi and dBd. The relation between them is expressed by: dBi = dBd +2.15dBi is defined to be the relative capacity of an actual directional antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to concentrate energy in relation to isotropic antenna, "i" means Isotropic.

dBd is defined to be the relative capacity of an actual directional antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to concentrate energy in relation to dipole, "d" means Dipole.

See the following illustration for the relation between these two gain units:

Fig. 1 relation between dBi and dBd

Antenna gain is not only connected with the unit number, but also connected with the horizontal half power angle and vertical half power angle.

1.2Antenna Pattern

The pattern of electromagnet field eradiated by antenna distributed with angular coordinate within a fixed distance is called antenna pattern. The one represented by field strength is called field strength pattern, the one represented by power density is called power density pattern, and the one represented by phase is called phase pattern.

Antenna pattern is a spatial solid figure, but it usually expressed by the graphic within two main planes perpendicular to each other, called plane pattern. In most cases, it is called vertical pattern and horizontal pattern. So far as the horizontal pattern concerned, it is divided into omnidirectional antenna and directional antenna. But there are many shapes of horizontal pattern for directional antenna, for example, heart-shaped and 8-shaped, etc.

The antenna directivity is essentially obtained through collocating dipoles and changing the feeding phase of each dipole, in theory, quite similar with the optical interference effect. Therefore, energy may be increased in certain directions and decreased in the other directions, to form a lot of lobes (or wave beams) and zero points. The lobe with the strongest power is called main lobe, the secondary strong lobes at upper and lower sides are called first side lobe and so on. And in directional antenna, there are still back lobes. The follows are horizontal and vertical patterns of a directional antenna.

Fig.2 horizontal and vertical patterns of directional antenna

Beam width is another important indicator of antenna, which includes horizontal half power angle and vertical half power angle. They are defined respectively to be the beam width between two points with power lowered by a half (3dB) in relation to the most radiant direction in horizontal or vertical directions. Horizontal half power angle of antenna usually used in GSM BTS include 360, 210, 120, 90, 65, 60, 45 and 33, etc., and the vertical half power angles include 6.5, 13, 25 and 78etc.

Forward to back ratio mean the ratio of signal radiant intensity in the main lobe and back lobe directions, the difference between the maximum wave packet level and the minor lobe level within 18030 in the backward of antenna, it is represented with a positive value. The forward to back ratio of ordinary antennas are located between 18~45dB. For the densely urban areas, it should be active to use antennas with big forward to back ratio.

Zero stuffing: For a more uniform radiant level in the service area, shaped-beam design is adopted in the vertical plane of base station antennas. The first zero point of the lower secondary lobe need to be stuffed, without any obvious zero depth. For the high gain antennas, it is especially necessary to adopt zero point stuffing technology to effectively improve nearby coverage, because the vertical half power angle of these antennas is narrower. In usual cases, if zero depth more than -26dB in relation to main beam, this means the antenna has zero stuffing; some suppliers use percentage to represent it, for example, the antenna zero stuffing is 10%, the relation between these two expression methods are:

Y dB20log(X%/100%)

e.g.: zero stuffing 10%, that is, X=10;

Represented by dB: Y=20log(10%/100%)=-20dB

Upper secondary lobe suppression ratio: In order to improve frequency reuse efficiency in cellular system and reduce co-channel interference to the neighbor cells, it should try best to diminish the level of secondary lobe point to interference area, while increase D/U value, with the upper secondary lobe level less than -18dB, but this requirement is not required by parentzone system.

1.3 Polarization ModePolarization is a radiation characteristic, used to describe the spatial direction of electromagnetic wave field intensity vector. If not specially pointing out, the spatial direction of electric field is usually used as polarization direction of electromagnetic wave, in relation to the electric field vector in the maximum radiant direction of antenna.

The electromagnetic wave whose spatial direction of electric field vector will remain unchanged all the time is called linear polarization wave, and the wave whose electric field vector direction parallels ground is called horizontal polarization wave, accordingly the electromagnetic wave perpendicularity with ground is called vertical polarization wave. The spatial direction of electric field vector is not fixed sometimes, the locus traced by the endpoint of electric field vector is a circle, called circular polarization wave. If the locus is an ellipse, it is called elliptical polarization wave, and both circular polarized wave and elliptical polarized wave possess handedness.

The electromagnetic waves of different frequency bands are proper to spread in different polarization modes, mobile communication system often adopts vertical polarization mode, while broadcast system adopts horizontal polarization mode, and elliptical polarization is usually used for satellite communications.

The polarization modes of GSM antenna include single polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna, essentially they are all in linear polarization mode. The dual polarization antenna utilizes polarization diversity to reduce the influence of multipath fading to improve the signal quality received by base station in the mobile communication system. Usually, 0/90 and 45/-45are used For GSM frequency band, the propagation effect of horizontal polarization wave is not as good as vertical polarization, so 0/90cross polarization antennas are rarely used at present.

1.4 Downtilt

Antenna downtilt is an important means usually improve the signal level in mainly service cell and reduce the interference to other cells. Antenna downtilt modes include mechanical adjusting downtilt and electronic downtilt. In mechanical mode, downtilt is set through adjusting antenna bracket to change antenna downtilt; but in electronic mode, downtilt is controlled through changing the phase of antenna dipole elements. Of course, the electronic and mechanical adjusting downtilt could be used in a combined manner.

Electronic downtilt antenna usually has a fixed tilt angle, namely, so called preset downtilt. The latest technology is tilt angle-adjustable electronic downtilt antenna, in order to distinguish from the downtilt antenna mentioned above, we usually call this kind of antenna electronic adjustating antenna.

1.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

For GSM antenna, the maximum value of VSWR should be less or equal to 1.5:1. If represents antenna-input impedance, and represents antenna characteristic impedance, then the reflection coefficient should be.

, thereinto, is 50 ohm. It is also possible to use Return Loss to represent port impedance match characteristic, when ,VSWR=1.5:1, R.L.= 13.98dB.

When antenna input impedance and characteristic impedance are not match, backward wave and incident wave will be overlapped on the feeder cable to form standing wave, and the ratio between maximum value and minimum adjacent voltage value is the voltage standing wave ratio. If the voltage standing wave ration is too large, it would reduce communication distance, and reflected power would return to power amplifier of transmitter, which even burn power amplifier triode.

1.6 Port Separation

For the multiport antennas, such as dual polarization antenna and dual- band dual polarization antenna, if an antenna shared by transmitter and receiver in same time, the separation between input and output port should be more than 30dB.

1.7 Power CapacityIt is mean effective power capacity. The power could be borne is limited by Antenna including coupling devices for matching, balancing, phase shifting and others. In consideration of the actual maximum input power of the base station (single carrier power is 20W). if an antenna port is able to input six carrier waves most, the antenna input power is 120W, so a single antenna port power capacity would be more than 200W (when ambient temperature is 65C).

1.8Antenna Input Interface

In order to improve passive intermodulation and reliability of RF connection, the input connector of antenna utilize 7/16DIN-Female, before antennas are used, protection lid should be added to connector to prevent oxide generation or impurity entering.

1.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM)

Passive intermodulation refers the intermodulation effect caused by such passive parts as joints, feeder cable and filters, etc. which are operating under high-power conditions of multiple carrier frequencies because nonlinearity existing in the components themselves. It is usually believed that passive components are linear, but all passive components are nonlinear to varying degrees under the high-power condition, and this non-linearity is mainly caused some factors as follows:different metal materials are contacted; or contact surfaces of the same materials are not smooth; or connector are not tightened; or there are magnetic substances, etc.

Existence of intermodulation offspring would cause interference to communication systems, especially when the intermodulation offspring falling in the receiving band, which would have a strong impact on the receive performance, so in GSM system, The requirements are strict to intermodulating property of such passive components as connector, feeder cable and antenna, etc.. Supplied by manufacturers whom are authenticated by Huawei, The passive intermodulation indices of connector may reach to -150dBc, cables can reach to -170dBc, and antenna can reach to -150dBc.

1.10 Antenna Dimensions and WeightsIn order to facilitate storage, transport, installation and safety of the antennas, the antenna should be made as small and light as possible, so far as the entire electric indices could be satisfied.

Currently, network operators are putting forward more and more requirements on the dimensions, weights and appearance of antennas, so the selection of antennas would not only concern technical performance indices, but also these non-technical factors. In usual cases, base station in urban areas should choose antennas with lighter weights, smaller dimensions and more beautiful appearance, but these are not necessary for antenna in suburb, villages and towns.

1.11Wind LoadThe base station antennas are usually installed on high buildings or towers, especially in coastland where wind speed is high all year round. So antennas are required to operate normally when wind speed is 36m/s, and not to be destroyed when wind speed reaches 55m/s,

Antenna itself is capable to bear strong wind, and it is often damaged in the areas with strong wind because of towers and mount poles and other causes. So in these areas, the antennas with small surface areas should be chosen.

1.12 Operating Temperature and HumidityAntennas should be able to operate normally in the ambient temperature within the range of -40C-+65C and relative ambient humidity within the range of 0-100%.

1.13 Lightning ProtectionAll the RF input ports of antennas are required be directly DC grounded .

1.14 Three-proofings CapabilitiesAntenna must have three-proofings capabilities, namely, damp proof, salt mist proof and mould proof. For the omnidirectional antenna, it must allow antennas to be installed in inversion so far as three-proofings requirements could be satisfied.

2. Characters Considerations in the Selection of Antenna2.1 Relation between Antenna Beam Width and Gain

Antenna is a device for energy concentration, radiation boosting up in certain directions means radiation fading in the other directions. It is possible to boost up the radiant intensity in a certain direction through reducing the horizontal lobe width to improve the antenna gain. When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna horizontal half power angle is inversely proportional to the vertical half power angle, and the relation could be represented by:

Thereinto, Ga is antenna gain, unit: dBi;

is vertical half power angle, unit: degree;

is horizontal half power angle, unit: degree;

By the above formula, If gain and horizontal half power angle of certain antenna are known, the vertical half power angle can be worked out.

For example: one antenna's gain is known to be 11 dBi and the horizontal half power angle be 360, then, its vertical half power angle shall be:

Because of the difference in design and manufacturing process, the vertical half power angle of actual omnidirectional antenna is often smaller than the above result. The smaller difference between them, the better antenna design will be.

The relations between antenna gain, vertical half power angle and horizontal half power angle could be illustrated by the following graphic:

Fig.3 the relation between antenna gain and half power angles

Thereat, when antenna gain become smaller, the antenna vertical half power angle and horizontal half power angle will often become larger; and when antenna gain become higher, the antenna vertical half power and horizontal half power angle would often become smaller.

In addition, the antenna gain depends on the quantity of dipole. More dipoles there would be, higher gain would be obtained, and larger the antenna equivalent aperture (the valid receiving area) would be. For omnidirectional antennas, whenever gain increased by 3dB, the antenna length would be double, usually omnidirectional antenna gain would exceed 11dBi, in this case, the antenna length is about 3 meters.

When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna horizontal half power angle is inversely proportional to the vertical half power angle.

2.2 Contrast of Polarization Modes

The contrast of single polarized antenna and dual polarized antenna: Seeing from the viewpoint of transmission, the vertical single polarized antenna would have better coverage effect than the other non-vertical polarized antenna. Because mobile phone is perpendicular with ground and easier to match the vertical polarized signals, which is more obvious especially in the open mountain areas and plain rural. Experiments have proved that, in the open areas or plain rural, the covering effect of this antenna is better than dual polarized (45) antenna. But in urban areas, buildings are standing in great numbers, the metal substances inside and outside of the buildings is easy to make polarization rotate, so there's no much difference in the covering power between vertical polarized antenna and 45 dual polarized antenna.

Seeing from the viewpoint of reception, the single polarized antennas need more installation room and more maintenance after installation than the dual polarized antenna because single polarized antennas need two antennas for diversity reception, but the dual polarized antenna only need one antenna. As for space diversity and polarized diversity gain, there is no much difference, and the ordinary space diversity gain is about 3.5dB. The dimensions of dual polarized antenna would not be larger than the single polarized antenna because it is possible to ensure a sufficient separation even the dipoles of dual polarized antenna are overlapped.

Contrast of 45 dual polarized antenna and 0/90 dual polarized antenna: All the antenna subsystems in 45mode may be used to transmit signals. But 0/90 dual polarized antenna usually uses vertical polarized dipoles to transmit signals. Experiences show that, the signal transmitted by horizontal polarized antenna is much weaker than that transmitted by vertical polarized antenna. In the ideal free space (the receiving antenna of mobile phone is assumed to be vertically polarized), covering power of vertical polarized dipole would be about 3dB higher than that of 45transmission. In the actual application environment, the above mentioned differences basically disappeared in the receiving points in consideration of multipath effect, and this conclusion is also proved to be correct by various experiences. But on open plains, the above difference possibly still exist, but the detailed situation need to be further proved by experiments, maybe it is 1-2dB. All in all, there's little difference between these two polarization modes in the actual applications, and the 45quadrature polarized antennas are popular.

2.3 Selection of Antenna Gains

The gain range of GSM onmidirectional antenna is usually 2dBi~14dBi. The specifications include 2dBi, 9dBi, 11dBi, 12dBi and 14dBi, etc.

And the gain range of directional antenna is usually 3dBi~22dBi. The specifications include 3dBi, 8.5dBi, 10dBi, 13dBi and 15dBi, 15.5dBi, 17dBi, 18dBi, 21dBi and 22dBi,etc.

Low gain antenna: when antenna gain is low, coverage and interference could be better controlled. It is usually used with micro BTS and microcell mainly for indoor coverage and outdoor spot coverage, such as places at the back of high buildings, new residential area and new special marketing places, etc. The dimensions of this kind of antenna are smaller and easier to install, for example, inside the tunnel gateway, it is possible to use Yagi antenna. By the way,This kind of antenna is cheaper.

Medium gain antenna: medium gain is suitable for use in the urban areas because the dimensions of this antenna is proper on the one hand; and on the other hand, the bigger vertical beam width within shorter covering radium would make signal more even. Signal intensity of medium gain antenna would be more reasonable in the adjacent sector direction than the high gain antenna coverage. At the early phase of construction, if the covering radium is larger (for example, 1-1.5Km), it may use gain (17-18dBi) directional antenna. In suburb, if the covering radium is 1.5-2Km, and traffic is bigger, it should use gain (16-17dBi) directional antenna.

High gain antenna: this antenna is usually used for the purpose of broad coverage. It is proper to cover highway, railway, tunnel and narrow landform. The lobe width of this antenna is narrow, and zero point is deeper, so if the antenna hanging height is higher, it should be used zero point stuffing or preset electronic downtilt technology to prevent the zero depth effect at the near end of coverage. Additionally, the units number of this antenna is large, so the dimension is usually large, should be noticed for installability, for example, this antenna would not be suitable to install at some tunnel gateways. In addition, wind load should be noticed. More attentions must be paid in the windy littoral. The costs of this antenna are relatively higher.

2.4 Contrast of Mechanical Downtilt and Electronic Downtilt

There are usually three methods for antenna beam downtilt: mechanical downtilt, electronic downtilt (also called preset tilt angle) and electronic adjusting antenna (also called adjustable electronic downtilt). When the electronic adjusting antenna is adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself does not move, it is done through adjusting antenna element phases by electronic signal to change the field intensity of various vector components to make antenna radiant energy deviate from the original zero degree direction. The antenna field intensity in each direction would be increased or decreased simultaneously, which would ensure little change to the antenna pattern shape after the downtilt is changed, and the horizontal half power beam width has nothing to do with the size of downtilt. But, When the mechanical downtilt antenna is adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself will move, for it is necessary to adjust the mount position at the back of antenna to change the antenna downtilt. If the downtilt is large, the covering distance in antenna main lobe direction would be changed obviously. but there would be little change to the signal in the direction perpendicular to antenna main lobe direction. So the antenna pattern is seriously distorted, and the horizontal half power angle is increased with the increase of the downtilt. The principle of preset downtilt antenna is basically similar with electronic adjusting antenna, except that its downtilt is fixed and nonadjustable (but it would still be possible to adjust with the mechanical method).

The strong points of electronic adjusting antenna include: the covering distance in antenna main lobe direction would be shortened obviously with little change to the shape of antenna pattern when the downtilt is very large, this would reduce call loss and interference. But the mechanical adjusting downtilt would distort antenna pattern, with the increase of downtilt, distortion would become more and more serious, and more difficult to control interference. Graphics are given as below to show the changes happened to antenna pattern under these two different adjusting methods. This, of course, is connected with the vertical half power angle.

Fig.4 Changes of antenna pattern in horizontal direction with different downtilts

Additionally, the influences of electronic adjusting downtilt and mechanical adjusting downtilt to the back lobe are also different, the electronic adjusting downtilt would make back lobe influence further controlled, and the mechanical adjusting downtilt maybe enlarge back lobe influence. As illustrated in the following graphics Fig. 5 The different influences to back lobe with different downtilt modes

When the mechanical adjusting downtilt is large, the radiant signal of this antenna would be transmitted into the high buildings through back lobe in the backward direction, which would cause unexpected interference.

Besides, when it is necessary to adjust antenna downtilt for network optimization and maintenance, the whole system does not need to be shut down if electronic adjusting antenna is applied. In this way, the test equipment could monitor antenna downtilt adjustment to ensure the downtilt to be the optimum value. The step of electronic adjusting downtilt is 0.1 degree, but the step of mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna is 1 degree, so the electronic adjusting antenna would obtain better precision and effect. After the electronic adjusting antenna is installed, it is not necessary for the maintenance staff to climb tower to adjust downtilt, it is possible to adjust the antenna downtilt on the ground. It is also possible to remote monitoring and adjustment to the BTS located on high mountains and in back countries. But when the mechanical antenna is adjusted, must shut down the cell, can not monitor the adjustment of the antenna downtilt; the downtilt of mechanical antenna is a theoretical value calculated by computer simulation analysis software, which has certain partial difference from the actual optimum downtilt. Furthermore, the mechanical antenna downtilt adjustment is quite troublesome, usually need maintenance staff to climb tower at night; and in some cases, the readjustment after installation is very difficult, such as on mountain tops and special buildings. In addition, the third order intermodulation index of the ordinary electronic adjusting antenna is -150dBc, but that of mechanical antenna is -120dBc. Having a difference of 30dBc. While the third order intermodulation index is a very important factor to eliminate adjacent channel interference and stray interference. Especially in the high traffic areas where the base station distances are short and TRX are very more, in this case, the third order intermodulation index must reach around -150 dBc, otherwise, serious interference would occur.

The disadvantage of electronic adjusting antenna is that the price is relatively higher. In some cities where network frequencies are deficient, advise to use electronic adjusting antenna. The preset downtilt antenna is mature and reliable technically, and the price is also reasonable, so suggest to select preset downtilt antenna in priority in the places needing frequent adjustment and strict coverage control. But preset downtilt antenna must be selected with suitable downtilt according the need of coverage.

2.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point Stuffing

Both preset downtilt and zero point stuffing could be used to solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower" caused by antenna zero point. but there is some difference between them. Adoption of preset downtilt would reduce the coverage of main lobe, but in case of large downtilt, it is able to enlarge the antenna adjustable downtilt range. As a shaping technology, zero point stuffing is capable to obtain a better pattern, in this case, the upper secondary lobe has been suppressed, so this antenna would not produce influence to the other aspects, of course, it would not enlarge the antenna adjustable downtilt range. An antenna may possess these two properties simultaneously or only one of them or none of them. This should be decided according to the concrete coverage required in the model selection of planning period.

In many occasions, the antennas are not very high (not exceed 50 meters), so the antenna zero depth effect is not that obvious without preset dwontilt angle and zero point stuffing technologies. Therefore, these two technologies are mostly utilized in broad coverage, in this case, coverage increase is more important than downtilt adjusting range, so suggest to utilize zero point stuffing antenna. But in urban areas where larger downtilt adjusting range is needed and the antenna zero depth effect is not obvious, it would be better to select the preset downtilt antenna.

2.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment Omnidirectional antenna, could not adjust downtilt, but can use preset tilt angle antenna.

As for directional antenna, the requirement of downtilt adjusting range is different. downtilt adjusting range would be larger in urban areas with a strict coverage control, usually in 0 -18, also could have a certain preset electronic adjusting downtilt, such as 3. In some mechanical adjusting antennas, the maximum antenna downtilt could only be 12, this is adverse to interference control, especially in the occasions of dense reuse.

In the places where interference problem is not a major conflict and very small adjusting range is required, such as for broad coverage, sometimes it does not need to consider downtilt at all.

The maximum gain of the high gain shaping omnidirectional antenna selected by Huawei is 12dBi, and zero point stuffing level of this kind antenna is 25% (that is, the depth of first zero point is -12dB) with 3 degree preset electrical dwontilt. This kind of antenna is ideal to be used for mountain and hill coverage, which would effectively solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower" phenomena caused by excessive antenna height. The shaping antenna could only stuff the first zero point below antenna, so if antenna is too high, zero stuffing technology is no use. So R (radial distance between buildings covered and the antenna) and H (antenna height), should satisfy the following relation:

H16301296*262*116KATHREIN

7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON

730,3686515.513V0-1600251294*258*103870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female- directional-65-15.5dBi-500W- no mount adjustmentKATHREIN

7,217.046515.513X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON

739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no mount adjustmentKATHREIN

739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN

7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON

739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN

CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90Antenna 900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW

739,62465187X 0-16after concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no mount adjustmentKATHREIN

739,63665187X0-16after concatenation60>18>302580*262*116KATHREIN

7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON

1800MPCS-06512-0D6514.1420.5V0-150030740*160*55antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female- directional-65-11.4dBd-250WANDREW

7,289.026514.518X0-1500>14>19596*166*55XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-DALLGON

PCS-06513-0D6515.212.7V0-150033antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-63-13.2dBd-250WANDREW

PCSD18-06513-0D6515.410.9X0-150028antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-13.4dBd-300WANDREW

UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW

739,49465186.5X0-1500>301302*155*491710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-200W-no mountKATHREIN

741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN

PCSD18-06516-0D65186.88X0-150025.5antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-16dBd-300WANDREW

739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN

7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON

Dual band741,320900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

Appendix 2: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural Application Environment

Freq. bandAntenna ModelHorizontal half power angle Gain (dBi)Vertical half power angle Pola. modeMechanical downtilt (degree)Electronic downtilt degreeZero point stuff. Upper lobe suppression

dBF/B dB L*W*D(MM)Descriptions Suppliers

CTS09-09014-0D168.3V0-1500242390*267*127Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-90-14dBd-500WANDREW

7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON

CTS09-09015-0D90175.8V0-1500243020*267*127antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-90-15dBd-500WANDREW


HTD0921013210136.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian

TQJ-900M3609V002200(L)Sanshui Shenglu

4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON

736,347360117V003033*51870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-omnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mountKATHREIN

738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN

4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON

HTQ-09-11(5)3601113V503400*$50Xi'an Haitian

HTQ-09-11(3)3601113V303400*$50Xi'an Haitian

HTQ-09-113601113V003400*$50Xi'an Haitian

M1800738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN

Appendix 3: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application Environment



900M7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON

739,62465187X0-16after concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no adjustmentKATHREIN

7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON

HTSX-09-1470(bothway)146.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian

HTD0921013210136.5V003267*270*70Xi'an Haitian

4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON


738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN

4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON

HTQ-09-11(5)3601113V503400X$50Xi'an Haitian


HTQ-09-113601113V003400X$50Xi'an Haitian

M1800UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW


741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN


7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON

738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN

Dual frequency antenna741,320900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area Application Environment



900M


739,632651515X0-1660>16301296*262*116KATHREIN

7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON

730,3686515.513V0-1600251294*258*103870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-65-15.5dBi-500W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN

7,217.046515.513X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON

739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN

739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN

7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON

739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN

CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW

739,62465187X0-16after concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no adjustmentKATHREIN


7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON


7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON

739,6509016.57.5X0-16after concatenation00>15>252580*262*116KATHREIN




TQJ-900M3609V002200(L)Sanshui Shenglu

4168.11.33.0360116.5V003000(L)*$78O-900-360-11i-0-DALLGON


738,192360117V003237*51KATHREIN

4168.11.33.03360116.5V303033*51O-900-360-11i-3-DALLGON



HTQ-09-113601113V003400X$50Xi'an Haitian

M1800PCS-06513-0D6515.212.7V0-150033antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-63-13.2dBd-250WANDREW


UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW


741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN


739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN

7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON

738,187360117V001568*51KATHREIN


741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

Appendix 5: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application Environment



900M7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON

739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN

CTSD09-06516-0D65186.6X0-1500>332452*291*90antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65-16dBd-500W-dual polarizedANDREW

739,62465187X0-16after concatenation00>302580*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-18dBi-600W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN


7,218.0565186.5X0-1500>17>202580*256*50XU-900-65-18i-0-DALLGON


7,283.029016V0-1520ALLGON

739,6509016.57.5X0-16after concatenation00>15>252580*262*116KATHREIN



M1800UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW


741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN


739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN

7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON


741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel Application Environment



900MMC900S2-8608X00Zhongshan Tongyu

739,632651515X0-1660>16301296*262*116KATHREIN

7,217.03651513X0-1570>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15i-7-DALLGON

7,217.046515.50X0-1500>17>201320*256*50XU-900-65-15.5i-0-DALLGON

739,6226515.515X0-1600301296*262*116806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65-15.5dBi-600W-no mountadjustmentKATHREIN

739,6236516.59.5X0-1500>15301936*262*116KATHREIN

7,255.0465179X0-1500>17>201940*256*50XU-900-65-17i-0-DALLGON

739,63465179.5X0-1560>18>301396*262*116KATHREIN

736,62490765V00205*115*32KATHREIN

739,646901136X0-1600>16>20656*262*116KATHREIN

M1800MC1800S2-8658X00596*160*55Zhongshan Tongyu

7,289.026514.518X0-1500>14>19596*166*55XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-DALLGON


UMWD-06515-0DM6517X001473*168*84ANDREW


741,79465186.7X0-1520>14>301302*155*69KATHREIN


739,49665187X0-15625>14>301302*155*49KATHREIN

7,247.036518.56X0-1520>19>191556*160*55XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-DALLGON

Dual frequency antenna 741,320900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:16.5900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

741,326900:65 1800:60900:15 1800:17900:14 1800:8XX0-1600>301296*262*116KATHREIN

Appendix 7: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment



900M736,62490765V00205*115*32KATHREIN

737,0313602V00115*25KATHREIN

1800M736,93590865V00>18159*94*23KATHREIN

738,451360278V00120*$20KATHREIN

Appendix 8: Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers

Up to now, the web sites of authenticated base station antenna suppliers are given as the follows:Http://www.allgon.com/

Http://www.andrew.com/

Http://[email protected]/en/mca/indicator.htm

Http://www.slantenna.com/profile.htm Sanshui Shenglu

Http://cn.tongyu-com.com/ Zhongshan Tongyu

Http://www.xaht.com/ Xi'an Haitian

EMBED PBrush

EMBED PBrush

EMBED PBrush

EMBED PBrush

dBi

dBd

Directional antenna

Theoretic half wave dipole

Ideal isolated wave source

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instruction for selecting gsm bts antenna models-20021024-a-2.0

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