la nuova internet
TRANSCRIPT
Giuseppe Tetti
La nuova Internet
1969
Per pochi Per tutti Per tutto
2011
Nel mondo il 9 novembre 2010 ore 17:30
http://www.worldometers.info/
http://www.realtimestatistics.org/
Nel mondo il 8 novembre 2011 ore 17:40
http://www.worldometers.info/
2,018,019,101 Over IP 2010 2,201,450,256
Grandi aree geografiche – 2000 numero di persone che si collegavano all’internet
Grandi aree geografiche – 2010 numero di persone che si collegano all’internet
http://gandalf.it/dati/dati5.htm
2010 in confronto al 2000 persone che si collegano all’internet percentuali sulla popolazione
La parte rossa delle barre rappresenta la crescita in dieci anni – dal 2000 al 2010
“Utenti” internet in Italia gennaio 2001 – giugno 2011 Numeri in migliaia
http://gandalf.it/dati/dati3.htm
Number of Hosts advertised in the DNS
http://www.isc.org/solutions/survey
July 2011 849,869,781
Jan 2010 732,740,444
http://www.ripe.net/info/stats/hostcount2/hostcount/stats/all/2010-12/0.html
Situazione fotografata a Dicembre 2010
IPv4
Lo scorso anno: Gli esperti prevedono che gli indirizzi IPv4 si esauriranno nel 2012 (fine 2011). Anche se pare che a gennaio 2010 meno del 10% degli indirizzi IPv4 risultassero disponibili………..
…. una crescente richiesta di indirizzi IPv4 fa presagire che ci sarà un esaurimento precoce. /8 224 Indirizzi /24 28 Indirizzi
9 novembre 2010
Febbraio 2011 gli indirizzi IPv4 sono esauriti !!
Cosa è successo esattamente ?
http://www.ripe.net/internet-coordination/internet-governance/registry-system/about-rir-system
Coordinates the allocation and assignment of : Domain names (forming a system referred
to as "DNS"); Internet protocol ("IP") addresses and
autonomous system ("AS") numbers; and Protocol port and parameter numbers
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
Local Internet Registries (LIRs)
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
Existing Policy Phase
Exhaustion Phase
Post Exhaustion Phase
Global Policy for the Allocation of the Remaining IPv4 Address Space (ratified by ICANN Board on 6 March 2009)
This policy describes the process for the allocation of the remaining IPv4 space from IANA to the RIRs. When a minimum amount of available space is reached, one /8 will be allocated from IANA to each RIR, replacing the current IPv4 allocation policy. In order to fulfill the requirements of this policy, at the time it is adopted, one /8 will be reserved by IANA for each RIR. The reserved allocation units will no longer be part of the available space at the IANA pool. IANA will also reserve one /8 to any new RIR at the time it is recognized. The process for the allocation of the remaining IPv4 space is divided in two consecutive phases: 1. Existing Policy Phase During this phase IANA will continue allocating IPv4 addresses to the RIRs using the existing allocation policy. This phase will continue until a request for IPv4 address space from any RIR to IANA either cannot be fulfilled with the remaining IPv4 space available at the IANA pool or can be fulfilled but leaving the IANA remaining IPv4 pool empty. This will be the last IPv4 address space request that IANA will accept from any RIR. At this point the next phase of the process (Exhaustion Phase) will be initiated. 2. Exhaustion Phase During this phase IANA will automatically allocate the reserved IPv4 allocation units to each RIR (one /8 to each one) and respond to the last request with the remaining available allocation units at the IANA pool (M units). 2.1 Size of the final IPv4 allocations In this phase IANA will automatically allocate one /8 to each RIR from the reserved space as defined in this policy. IANA will also allocate M allocation units to the RIR that submitted the last request for IPv4 addresses. 2.2 Allocation of the remaining IPv4 Address space After the completion of the evaluation of the final request for IPv4 addresses, IANA MUST:
a) Immediately notify the NRO about the activation of the second phase (Exhaustion Phase) of this policy. b) Proceed to allocate M allocation units to the RIR that submitted the last request for IPv4 address space. c) Proceed to allocate one /8 to each RIR from the reserved space.
http://www.icann.org/en/general/allocation-remaining-ipv4-space.htm
[GENNAIO 2011] - The IANA IPv4 registry has been updated to reflect the allocation of two IPv4 /8 blocks to APNIC in January 2011: 39/8 and 106/8. 39/8 * APNIC 2011-01 whois.apnic.net ALLOCATED 106/8 APNIC 2011-01 whois.apnic.net ALLOCATED
Ipv4 Exhaustion Phase !!
* 39/8 --> 39.0.0.0 – 39.255.255.255, equivalente a 16.777.216 indirizzi
On Thursday, 3 February 2011, at 9:30 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST), the Number Resource Organization (NRO), along with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the Internet Society (ISOC) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) will be holding a ceremony and press conference to make a significant announcement and to discuss the global transition to the next generation of Internet addresses.
[3-FEBBRAIO 2011] The IANA allocated last /8 reserved for each RIR:
102/8 AfriNIC 2011-02 whois.afrinic.net ALLOCATED
103/8 APNIC 2011-02 whois.apnic.net ALLOCATED
104/8 ARIN 2011-02 whois.arin.net ALLOCATED
179/8 LACNIC 2011-02 whois.lacnic.net ALLOCATED
185/8 RIPE NCC 2011-02 whois.ripe.net ALLOCATED
Ipv4 Exhaustion Phase
Post Exhaustion Phase
http://www.ripe.net/ripe/policies/proposals/2011-01/
Upon adoption of this IPv4 address policy by the ICANN Board of Directors, the IANA shall establish a Recovered IPv4 Pool to be utilized post RIR IPv4 exhaustion .
The Recovered IPv4 Pool will initially contain any fragments that may be left over in the IANA. It will also hold any space returned to the IANA by any other means.
The Recovered IPv4 Pool will be administered by the IANA. It will contain:
Any fragments left over in the IANA inventory after the last /8s of IPv4 space are delegated to the RIRs
The IANA inventory excludes "Special use IPv4 addresses" as defined in BCP 153 and any addresses allocated by the IANA for experimental use.
Any IPv4 space returned to the IANA by any means. The Recovered IPv4 Pool will stay inactive until the first RIR has less than a total of a /9
in its inventory of IPv4 address space. When one of the RIRs declares it has less than a total of a /9* in its inventory, the
Recovered IPv4 pool will be declared active, and IP addresses from the Recovered IPv4 Pool will be allocated as stated in Section 2.0.
* /9 8.388.608 indirizzi
http://inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index_en.html
The following policies come into effect as soon as RIPE NCC is required to make allocations from the final /8 it receives from the IANA. From then on the distribution of IPv4 address space will only be done as follows: On application for IPv4 resources LIRs will receive IPv4 addresses according to the following: a. LIRs may only receive one allocation from this /8. The size of the allocation will be exactly one /22. b. LIRs receive only one /22, even if their needs justify a larger allocation. http://www.ripe.net/ripe/policies/proposals/2011-03
http://www.ripe.net/internet-coordination/ipv4-exhaustion/ipv4-available-pool-graph
it.garr GARR Italian Research and Academic Network 19930901 192.167/16 ALLOCATED PA 19930901 193.204/16 ALLOCATED PA 19930901 193.205/16 ALLOCATED UNSPECIFIED 19950726 193.206/16 ALLOCATED PA 20020610 212.189.128/17 ALLOCATED PA 20061205 90.147/16 ALLOCATED PA 20011004 2001:0760::/35 20021105 2001:0760:2000::/35 20021105 2001:0760:4000::/34 20021105 2001:0760:8000::/33
65.536 x 5 + 177.680 + 32.678 = 538.038 ipv4
In Italia, la Rete della Ricerca e dell’Istruzione gestita dal Consortium GARR è già interamente compatibile con l’IPv6 ed il nuovo protocollo coesiste con la precedente versione IPv4. (14-07-2008)
02 June 2011 | Cambridge, UK Research networks across Europe have today issued a reminder that they have successfully deployed the IPv6 protocol, the next generation of internet addressing technology. Working with network co-ordination centre Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE), research networks have achieved IPv6 compliance and will be taking a leading part in next week’s World IPv6 Day (8 June 2011), which tests IPv6 compatibility.
On 8 June, 2011, top websites and Internet service providers around the world, including Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Akamai and Limelight Networks joined together with more than 1000 other participating websites in World IPv6 Day for a successful global-scale trial of the new Internet Protocol, IPv6. During World IPv6 Day organized by the Internet Society, nearly 400 participating organizations enabled IPv6 on their main services for 24 hours on 8 June. A key goal of World IPv6 Day was to expose potential issues with real-world IPv6 use under controlled conditions
http://www.worldipv6day.org/
IPv4 (32 bit) 192.0.2.53
IPv6 (128 bit) 2001:0db8:582:ae33::29
7 indirizzi IPv4 ogni milione di metri quadrati.
Per ogni metro quadrato di superficie terrestre, ci sono 666.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 indirizzi IPv6 unici, cioè 666 mila miliardi di miliardi.
http://test-ipv6.com/
• Indirizzi di 128 bit espressi in esadecimale, es.:
ABCD:EF01:2345:6789:ABCD:EF01:2345:6789
• Si possono omettere gli zero iniziali e usare :: al posto di una serie di zeri:
A:B:C:D:E:F:12:3456, ::194:221:3:122
• Non si utilizza la Mask, ma il la lunghezza del Prefisso espressa come /N:
172:16:34::/48 indica il Prefisso 172:0016:0034
http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments.xml
IPv6 Global Unicast Address Assignments
Each column shows the access ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 during each day. A right column shows today's access data. It is updated at 10-minute intervals. The graph display information on 30 days in the maximum. Orange bar means IPv4 access, green bar means IPv6 access by 10%.
http://inetcore.com/project/46meter/index.html.en
Multimedialità
Interattività
Mobilità,
Convergenza
Integrazione
Una NGN è una rete a commutazione di pacchetto all-IP in grado di fornire servizi di telecomunicazioni attraverso molteplici tecnologie di trasporto, caratterizzate da differenti QoS, in cui le funzioni relative ai servizi sono indipendenti dalle sottostanti tecnologie relative al trasporto.
IP
BA
CK
BO
NE
AC
CES
SO
SER
VIZ
I
wired wireless
MEDICI
OPERATORI STUDI PROFESSIONALI
STUDENTI TELEDIDATTICA
PICCOLE MEDIE IMPRESE
TELELAVORO TELEMEDICINA
PICCOLI COMUNI ED ENTI LOCALI
IMS (Control Layer)
INTERNET
IP
BA
CK
BO
NE
SER
VIZ
I
DSLAM
FTTE ADSL2+ 3-20 Mbps NGAN Wired
DSLAM
FTTCab VDSL2 25-50 Mbps
DSLAM
FTTB VDSL2 50-100 Mbps FTTH 0.1-1 Gbps
Verso 100Gbps Lambda
European National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) and DANTE, the organisation that on behalf of Europe’s NRENs has built and operates the GÉANT pan-European network are
working closely together to prepare for the deployment of high speed 100 Gbps connections across their networks.
The need for higher capacity is being driven by a fundamental shift in how researchers work together, with a massive increase in data sharing combining with new projects and the digitisation of research methods across all sectors driving demand. As well as projects in areas such as radio astronomy, high-energy physics and medical research, increasingly disciplines such as the arts rely on technology and networking to collaborate together.
Following deployment of 40 Gbps links, the backbone GÉANT network is currently undergoing a major procurement that will see capacity on key routes upgraded to 100 Gbps in 2012
IP
BA
CK
BO
NE
OLT OLT NGAN
ottiche
P-to-P P-to-M
SER
VIZ
I
APON, Broadband Passive Optical Network 20-40 Mbps
EPON, Ethernet Passive Optical Network 30-60 Mbps
GPON, Gigabit Passive Optical Network 40-80 Mbps
0.1-1Gbps
IP
BA
CK
BO
NE
A GW
A
GW
eNodeB
eNodeB
LTE
ASN GW BS
BS
WiMAX 2
NGMN
SER
VIZ
I
100 Mbps 1 Gbps
