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內容

Low Carbon Economy

and

Energy Security

Huei-Chu Liao & Sih-Ting Jhou

TamKang University

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Contents

Introduction

Energy Types for Low Carbon Economy

Non-dispatchable Energy & Power Reliability

Energy Storages and Its Development

Smart Grid and Flexible Energy

Demand/Supply

Conclusions and Remarks

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Introduction

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Largest Sources of Carbon Emission:

energy related activities

energy related activities accounts for

84% (Relative Share of CO2 emission)

65%(Relative Share of GHG)

(IEA, 2010b, p61)

For the energy sectors in well-

Developed Countries 90% (Relative Share of CO2 emission)

75%(Relative Share of GHG)

(2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG

Inventory, p1.5)

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Low

Carbon

Economy

Energy

Security

•Aim

Supply Sufficiency ,

Stable Price,

Safe Environment

•Strategy

CCS, Renewable,

Nuclear, Efficiency,

Fuel Switching

?

IEA Strategy: EU case

Source :ETP: Energy Technology Perspectives

Source: Clean Energy Progress Report, IEA, p45

Most Strategy Cost a Lot

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•Many

problems in

nuclear power

industry

•JAPAN

0 nuclear

power in this

summer

•CALIFORNIA

Source：Statistical Report of World Energy 2011,BP, p37.

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Source：Deploying Renewable 2011, IEA, p47/p54/p130.

RE Price Change a Lot

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Policies Enhancing RE

Source：Deploying Renewable 2011, IEA, p17.

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Energy Types for Low

Carbon Economy

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy, 2011 12

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Source：EIA, DOE

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Source：EIA, DOE

Source: Clean Energy Progress Report,IEA, p45

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離岸風力

聚光式太陽熱電

海浪發電

水力發電 生質能源

太陽光電

地熱

地下熱泵

氫能 智慧電網

電動車

加電站

陸上風場

遠端電力輸送

Source: Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy(2009), IEA

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Non-dispatchable

Energy & Power

Reliability

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Types Category Installation

FIT Rate

(NT$/kwh)

wind onshore

1KW<&<10K

W 7.3562

>10KW 2.5971

offshore - 5.5626

run of river - - 2.3302

geothermal - - 4.8039

biomass

Non-

anaerobic - 2.3302

anaerobic 2.6995

waste - - 2.8240

other - - 2.3302

FIT Rate in Taiwan (2012)

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Wind Power Grow Fast

Source: ”The Impact of wind power on European Natural Gas Market” IEA working paper，p11

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Wind Power and Wind speed

Source: ”The Impact of wind power on European Natural Gas Market” IEA working paper，p18

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Source: ”The Impact of wind power on European Natural Gas Market” IEA working paper，p18

Wind Power Supply V.S. Demand

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0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1

32

6

65

1

97

6

13

01

1

62

6

19

51

2

27

6

26

01

2

92

6

32

51

3

57

6

39

01

4

22

6

45

51

4

87

6

52

01

5

52

6

58

51

6

17

6

65

01

6

82

6

71

51

7

47

6

78

01

8

12

6

84

51

時 間

Wind Power in Taiwan

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Source: ”Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Cars in a Smart Grid Environment” IEA working paper，p22

Solar PV, Cloudy and Rainy Days

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country types load factor

France

Wind 27%

Wind(offshore) 34%

PV 25%

Biogas 80%

Germany

Wind 23%

Wind(offshore) 43%

PV 11%

US

Wind 41%

Wind(offshore) 43%

PV 24%

Solar thermal 24%

Biogas 90%

Geothermal 87%

Fuel Cell 85%

Load factor

of Current

Popular

Renewable

Energy(Wind/

PV) is

much

smaller

Source: 2010 Green Energy Industry Year Book, ITRI

PS: load factor: the average load divided by the maximum load

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RE is non-dispatchable

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Net Peaking Capacity

Renewable Energy

Only Little Installation can be count on in

the peak hours

Case in Taiwan

Wind Installation capacity*0.06

PV Installation capacity*0.2

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Larger RE Low Net Peaking Capacity

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Energy Storages and

Its Development

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Current Power Storage

Pumped water storage

Advanced battery storage

(using “flow through” technology)

Compressed air storage

(air is compressed using RE electricity and

used to run a turbine generator when

needed)

Hydrogen storage

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內容

Source: Progress in Electrical Energy Storage, DOE, IEA website

http://hopi.iea.org:10000/search/search/C.view=default/results?q=energy+storage

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Pumped

Storage

Hydro-

Electric

Power

Large Batteries for

Wind Integration

Source: Progress in Electrical Energy Storage, DOE, IEA website

http://hopi.iea.org:10000/search/search/C.view=default/results?q=energy+storage

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Smart Grid

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Source: Stig Goethe,”Smart Grid and Net work Issue” Power Circle, 2011, IEA website, p4

Source: Stig Goethe,”Smart Grid and Net work Issue” Power Circle, 2011, IEA website, p5

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Five Smart Grid-Specific Drivers

Source: Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050, 2011, IEA working paper

smart grid maximum 12% cut

Source: Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050, 2011, IEA working paper, p28

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Source: Smart Grid Viewing, IEA website

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Flexible Energy

Demand and Supply

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Roles of Household

Power Demander

Buy power from distributors

Power Suppliers

Tiny Wind/ Solar PV/Hydrogen

/Electronic Car…

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2003 ~ 2010, average annual growth in customer

participation was 56%, 61% ( 2009 ~ 2010

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Concept of Load Shifting

Source: ”Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Cars in a Smart Grid Environment” IEA working paper，p28

Note: V2G(Vehicle to Grid)

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Source: ”Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Cars in a Smart Grid Environment” IEA working paper，p35

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Source: ”Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Cars in a Smart Grid Environment” IEA working paper，p51

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Source: ”Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Cars in a Smart Grid Environment” IEA working

paper，p51

Use EV to

Level the Load

Max/Min

Conclusions

RE is needed in the Low Carbon Economy

The Characteristics of Non-dispatchable

( the Problem of Energy Security

Solution: energy storage, smart grid and

flexible power demand/supply (Demand

Response, DR), High load factor RE(地熱)

Future: RE/DR to meet base load demand

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