mechanical design ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/chonnam/... · 2013-07-19 ·...

22
Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Engineering Chonnam National University Mechanical Design I 3. Failure (III) (Chap 2.12) School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I Fatigue Failure 피로 파손(fatigue failure or fracture) 최대 응력이 항복강도 이하인 반복응력에 의하여 점진적으로 파손되는 현상 한 점에서 미세한 균열이 발생 → 응력 집중 → 균열 전 파 → 파손 소성변형 없이 갑자기 파손됨

Upload: others

Post on 28-Feb-2020

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

Bong-Kee Lee School of Mechanical Engineering

Chonnam National University

Mechanical Design I

3. Failure (III)

(Chap 2.12)

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손(fatigue failure or fracture)

– 최대 응력이 항복강도 이하인 반복응력에 의하여 점진적으로 파손되는 현상

• 한 점에서 미세한 균열이 발생 → 응력 집중 → 균열 전파 → 파손

• 소성변형 없이 갑자기 파손됨

Page 2: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손의 예

– fatigue failure of a bolt (repeated unidirectional bending)

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손의 예

– fatigue fracture of a drive shaft

Page 3: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손의 예

– fatigue fracture surface of a pin

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손의 예

– fatigue fracture surface of a forged connecting rod

Page 4: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fatigue Failure

피로 파손의 예

– fatigue fracture surface due to a pure tension

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Variable Loading

반복응력의 종류

2,

2

stresssteady or static

stress of range

component midrange

component amplitude

stress maximum

stress minimum

minmaxminmax

max

min

am

s

r

m

a일반반복

편진

양진

평균응력 응력진폭 (교번응력)

Page 5: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress-Life Method

피로 시험(fatigue test)

– 일정한 응력 진폭 → 시편의 파손이 일어날 때까지의 응력 반복 회수를 구함

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress-Life Method

S-N 곡선(S-N Diagram)

– 응력 및 파손이 일어난 반복 회수의 관계

– 양진 반복응력

Page 6: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress-Life Method

피로 한도(fatigue limit)

– 내구 한도(endurance limit), 피로 강도(fatigue strength), 내구 강도(endurance strength)

– 어느 한계 값 이하의 반복 응력에서는 많은 반복을 하여도 피로 파괴가 일어나지 않는, 재료에서의 한계응력 값

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress-Life Method

피로 한도(fatigue limit)

– 철강 등 ~ N=106

– 비철금속 ~ N=5·108

Page 7: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress-Life Method

피로 한도(fatigue limit)

– ref. Table 2-10 in the textbook

[MPa] 1400[MPa] 700

[MPa] 14005.00

ut

utut

e

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

수정 계수(modifying factor)

– 피로 한도(강도)에 영향을 미치는 인자를 고려하여 피로 한도의 값을 수정

– 표면효과, 치수효과, 하중의 종류, 사용온도, 신뢰도, 사용환경 등

0

0

etotale

emsrtfle

C

CCCCCC

Page 8: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

표면 효과(surface finish)

– 표면 조도(surface roughness) 등에 의한 변화

– 연마된 면은 피로 한도가 증가

)( b

uta

b

utf

aSk

aC

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

치수 효과(size)

– 형상은 같더라도 치수가 커지면 결함이 존재할 확률이 높기 때문에, 이를 보정해 주기 위한 계수

1 9.0~7.0

loading) (axial

[mm] 2545151.1

[mm] 5179.262.7/

[mm] 2505085.1

[mm] 50106.7/

[mm] 100.1

)or torsion bending section;-crosscircular h (shaft wit

157.0

107.0

19.0

068.0

bs

b

s

s

s

korC

DD

DDk

or

DDC

DDC

DC

Page 9: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

치수 효과(size)

– 부품이 회전하지 않거나 원형이 아닌 경우

• 등가 지름 ~ effective dimension

2

95.0

2/1

0766.0

rodr rectangula :808.0

rodcircular gnonrotatin :360.0

shapes) structural ng(nonrotati

e

e

e

dA

or

hbd

dd

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

하중의 종류(loading)

– 일반적으로 피로 강도의 경우 원형 봉의 반복굽힘에 대한 강도: 회전굽힘에 의한 피로강도

– 다른 하중의 경우에 대한 보정이 요구됨

(torsion)59.0

(axial)85.0

(bending)1

1(torsion)

[MPa] 15201

[MPa] 1520923.0(axial)

1(bending)

c

l

el

el

l

k

or

C

C

C

C

Page 10: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

사용온도(temperature)

C][ 54037

10246.6105621.0

103414.0106507.09877.0

C][ 5504504500058.01

C][ 4501

41238

253

T

TT

TTS

Sk

or

TTC

TC

RT

Td

t

t

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

신뢰도(reliability)

– 8% 표준 편차(standard deviation)

Page 11: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

기타 사용 환경

– 제조 과정

– 잔류응력

– 코팅

– 부식 피로

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity

노치(notch) 효과

– 반복 하중으로 인하여 노치부분에 응력이 집중되어 크랙(crack)이 발생하여 피로한도가 작아지는 현상

– 피로 응력 집중 계수(fatigue stress concentration factor) or 노치 계수(notch factor)

0

max

0

max

specimen free-notchin stress

specimen notchedin stress maximum

fs

f

K

K

Page 12: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity

노치(notch) 효과

– 노치 감도 계수(notch sensitivity factor): 노치가 재료의 피로 파괴에 미치는 민감도

• geometry → Kc → material → q → Kf

11or 11

ysensitivitnotch full has material the1

allat notches y tosensitivit no has material the0

1

1or

1

1

csshearfscf

cs

fs

shear

c

f

KqKKqK

q

q

K

Kq

K

Kq

응력집중계수 피로응력집중계수

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity

노치(notch) 효과

Page 13: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity

노치(notch) 효과

equationHardrath -Kuhn :

1

1

constantNeuber , : /1

11

equation)(Neuber

1

1

) y,sensitivit(notch

r

aq

ara

KK

K

Kq

q

cf

c

f

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (I) completely reversing simple loads

– (II) fluctuating simple loads

– (III) combinations of loading modes

Page 14: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (I) completely reversing simple loads

→ 양진응력: S-N 곡선

2,0 minmax

am

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (I) completely reversing simple loads

310, Nf

e

utNff

310,

MPa 490 MPa 1400

Page 15: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (I) completely reversing simple loads

b

a

b

f

e

ut

e

ut

ef

utf

b

f

aaN

fb

fa

N

fN

aN

/1/1

2

6

3

log3

1

10at

10at

relation, sBasquin' from

cNb

cNb

cN

cNN

a

a

b

a

b

a

b

f

logloglog

logloglog

loglog

constant

textbookin the or,

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (I) completely reversing simple loads

• Example 2-21

fracture fatigue no30for

237186842.237185~,60for

24508614.24507~,80for

4214710.4213~,100for

45939.2,12674.0

10log50log:10

10log120log:10

loglog

MPa30,60,80,100

MPa5010;MPa12010

66

33

63

a

a

a

a

a

a

ek

N

N

N

ba

baN

baN

bNa

NN

Page 16: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (II) fluctuating simple loads (일반 반복응력)

• 평균응력(σm)과 교번응력(응력진폭, σa)의 합 – 평균응력: 정하중, 항복강도/극한강도 → x-축

– 교번응력: 동하중, 피로한도 → y-축

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (II) fluctuating simple loads

: various criteria of failure

Yma

Y

m

e

a

u

m

e

a

u

m

e

a

Y

m

e

a

yielding-cycle-firstLanger

1line elliptic-ASME

1lineGerber

1lineGoodman (modified)

1line Soderberg

22

2

Page 17: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (II) fluctuating simple loads

• Example: (modified) Goodman line

초기 예하중이 없는 경우 초기 예하중이 있는 경우

σm

σa

σe

σu σY

(σm, σa)

하중선(load line)

파괴점(failure point)

σm

σa

σe

σu σY

(σm, σa)

(σ0, 0)

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (II) fluctuating simple loads

: modified Goodman diagram – 헤이그 선도(Haigh diagram)

Page 18: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (II) fluctuating simple loads

: modified Goodman diagram – Smith diagram

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

Page 19: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– (III) combinations of loading modes (합성응력에 대한 피로한도 해석)

• (textbook) 112~114 (in 5th ed.)

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– Example 2-18

• 원형 단면 봉 – 단면적, A = 1000[mm2]

– 최대인장하중, Fmax=150[kN]; 최소인장하중, Fmin=90[kN]

– 피로응력집중계수, Kf=1.2; 평균응력집중계수, Kfm=1.0

– 피로강도수정계수, Ctotal=0.8

– 파단강도(극한강도), σu=600[N/mm2]

– 항복강도, σY=400[N/mm2]

– (양진)피로한도, σe0=300[N/mm2]

Page 20: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– Example 2-18

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– Example 2-19

• 원형 단면 봉 – 최대인장하중, Fmax=25000[N]; 최소인장하중, Fmin=5000[N]

– 피로응력집중계수, Kf=1.4; 평균응력집중계수, Kfm=1.5

– 피로강도수정계수, Cl=1.0, Cf=0.9, Cm=0.9, Cr=1.0

– 파단강도(극한강도), σu=600[MPa]

– 항복강도, σY=480[MPa]

– 안전계수, S=2

(1) 무한수명을 가지기 위한 최소 지름 d

(2) 수명이 반복수 N=105 인 경우의 지름 d

Page 21: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– 예.

• 스틸 바(bar) – 반복응력: σmax=420[MPa], σmin=-140[MPa]

– σu=560[MPa], σY=455[MPa], σe=280[MPa], f=0.9

– modified Goodman line

34335~10loglogloglog

MPa37311

9577.2,0851.0loglog

MPa504:10&MPa280:10

MPa2802

140420,MPa140

2

140420

5357.4

36

NbNabNa

babNa

fNN

f

f

u

m

f

a

u

m

e

a

ufef

am

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– 예.

• 복합 하중: 굽힘, 축 방향, 비틀림 – 굽힘: 양진, 최대응력 60[MPa]

– 축 방향: 일정한 압축응력 20[MPa]

– 비틀림: 편진, 0~50[MPa]

– Kf,bending=1.4, Kf,axial=1.1, Kf,torsion=2.0

– σu=400[MPa], σY=300[MPa], σe=200[MPa]

– modified Goodman line

Page 22: Mechanical Design Ielearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/ChonNam/... · 2013-07-19 · Mechanical Design I School of Mechanical Engineering Stress-Life Method 피로 한도(fatigue

School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Design I

Fluctuating Stresses

반복응력에 대한 피로파손이론

– 예.

21.1~

11

MPa6.120,MPa35.893

3stress Misesvon

MPa50,MPa50MPa25,MPa25:torsion

0,MPa220,MPa20:axial

MPa84,0MPa60,0:bending

,,

,,

2/122

2/12222/12

221

2

1

S

u

mVM

e

aVM

u

m

e

a

aVMmVMxyxxVM

xyyyxxVM

amam

amam

amam