mis study guide

7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide

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I. ComputerHardwarea. Historyandevolution

I. BeforecomputersI. Countingonfingers&toes

II. StonesorbeadabacusIII. 1642:firstmechanicaladdingmachineIV. Industrialization

I. LoomswithpunchcardsV. Babbage:analyticalenginecalculates,storesvaluesin

memory,performslogicalcomparisons

I. NotbuiltbecauseoflackofelectronicsVI. HollerithspunchcardsusedforCensusdatausingonof

patterns.

I. PrecursortoIBMVII. Electroniccomputers

VIII. 1946:First:ENIACI. Programmable

II. 5000calcs/secIII. Vacuumtubes!IV. Drawbacks:sizeandprocessingability

IX. 1950s:UNIVAC1,thenIBM704I. Calcs:100,000/sec

X. Late1950s:transistorsI. 200,000250,000calcs/sec

XI. Mid1960s:3rdgeneration:ICsandminiaturizationXII. 1971:4G

I. MoreminiaturizationII. Multiprogramming;virtualstorage

XIII.

1980s:5G

Millions

of

calcs/sec

XIV. MicrocomputersI. Altair

II. Commodore/RadioShackIII. AppleIV. IBMPC1982

XV. MicrocomputersystemsI. Personalcomputers

II. NetworkcomputersIII. TechnicalworkstationsIV. PDAsV. Informationappliances

XVI. MidrangesystemsI. Notaspowerfulasmainframes

II. Lessexpensivetobuy,operateandmaintainIII. Usedtomanagelargewebsites,corporatenets,

integratedenterpriseapplications

IV. Usedasfrontendserverstoassistmainframeswithtelecom&networking

II. Networkservers


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III. MinicomputersIV. WebserversV. Multiusersystems

XVII. MainframesystemsI. Large,fast,powerfulcomputersystems

II. LargeprimarystorageIII. HightransactionprocessingIV. HandlescomplexcomputationsV. UsedtoservelargeC/SnetworksVI. Dataminingwarehousing&ecommerce

II. EnterprisesystemsIII. SuperserversIV. TransactionprocessorsV. Supercomputers

I. Extremelypowerfulsystemsdesignedforscientific,engineering,businessapplications

II. Billionstotrillionsofoperations/secb. Terminology

I. Concept(pasteindiagram)II. Inputdevices

Keyboard Mouse Scanner others

III. Outputdevices Monitor Printer

IV.

PCguts

CPU RAM(primarystorage) Harddisk=magneticstorage(secondarystorage) CDROM=Opticalstorage

c. HardwarecomponentsI. Onlinedevices:separatefrombutcontrolledbytheCPU

II. OfflinedevicesseparatefromandnotunderthecontrolofCPUd. Hardwaredevices

I. StoragetradeoffsdiagramII. Directvs.sequentialaccess

II. ComputerSoftwarea. Historyandevolutionofcomputersoftwareandprogrammingb. Terminologyc. Typesofsoftware

I. DiagramII. Generalpurpose

I. PerformscommoninfoprocessingtasksforendusersII. Wordprocessor,spreadsheet

III. Akaproductivitypackages


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III. CustomsoftwareI. Developedwithinanorgforthatorgsuse

IV. COTSsoftware(commercialofftheshelf)I. Manycopiessold

II. MinimalchangesbeyondscheduledupgradesIII. Purchasershavenocontroloverspecs,schedule,orevolution,

andnoaccesstosourcecodeorinternaldocs

IV. ProductvendorretainsIPrightstoSWV. OpenSource

I. Developerscollaborateonthedevelopmentofanapplicationusingprogrammingstandards,whichallowanyoneto

contribute.

II. Aseachdevelopercompletesaproject,theapplicationcodebecomesavailableandfreetoanyonewhowantsit

VI. FunctionspecificapplicationsoftwareI. Thousandsofthesepackagessupportspecificapplicationsof

endusers

II. Supplychain/CRM,ecommerceVII. Suitesandpackages

I. Mostlywidelyusedproductivitysoftwareisbundledassuites.II. Advantages:

I. CostslessthanindividualappsII. SimilarGUIIII. Interoperability

III. Disadvantages:I. Notallfeaturesused

II. Bloatware,diskspaceusageIV. Packages(Works)limitedfunctionalityforlowercostV.

Other

software

described

I. GroupwareI. Softwarethathelpsworkgroupscollaborateon

groupassignments

II. Email,discussiongroups,databases,videoconferencing

III. LotusNotes,Groupwise,MicrosoftExchangeIV. Sharepoint,WebSphere

VI. AlternativesI. ASPs

VII. Lotsofotherinfointhepptisitneeded?I. Addsomeoftheslides

III. TelecommunicationsandNetworksa. Terminology

Internet2nextgenerationofInternet ISPcompanythatspecializesinprovidingeasyaccesstoInternet Sender>Channel/consistsofamedium/>Receiver Terminalsanyinput/outputdevicethatusesnetworkstotransmitor

receivedata


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Telecommunicationsprocessorsdevicesthatsupportdatatransmissionorreception

Telecommunicationschannelsmediaoverwhichdataaretransmittedorreceived

Networksarecontrolledbysoftware Clientsenduserpersonalcomputersornetworkedcomputers Serversusedtomanagethenetworks Processing

Sharedbetweentheclientsandservers Sometimescalltwotierarchitecture

Thinclient Threetier:thinclients,applicationservers,databaseservers

Peertopeer Pure Centralized

Switchmakesconnectionbetweentelecommunicationscircuitsinanetwork.Smarterconnectingdevice.Itunderstandsaddressing.More

efficient.Data

Link

Layer

device

that

delivers

frames

within

aLAN.

Routerintelligentcommunicationsprocessorthatinterconnectsnetworksbasedondifferentprotocols.Worksatnetworklayerand

assemblesbitsintopacketsfordeliverytoanothernetwork.

Hubaportswitchingcommunicationsprocessor Gatewayconnectsnetworkswithdifferentcommunications

architectures

NICNetworkInterfaceCard Multiplexerallowsasinglecommunicationschanneltocarry

simultaneousdatatransmissionfrommanyterminals,increasingthenumberoftransmissionspossible

Hub

connecting

communications

processor,

used

for

example

in

astar

network.Notassmartasaswitch.Simple.

I.b. StrategicimportancetotheEnterprise

I. TelecommunicationsnetworksnowplayavitalandpervasiveroleinWebenabled

I. EbusinessprocessesII. Ecommerce

III. EnterprisecollaborationIV. Otherapplicationthatsupportoperations,management,and

strategicobjectives

II. HelpsovercomegeographicbarriersI. Improvescustomerservicebyreducingdelay;improvessupply

chainperformancebyincreasingflexibility;increasescashflow

byspeedingupthebillingofcustomers

III. OvercometimebarriersI. Creditinquiries

IV. OvercomecostbarriersI. Reduceexpensivebusinesstrips

II. Improvecollaboration


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V. OvercomestructuralbarriersI. Fastconvenientserviceslockincustomersandsuppliers

BusinessvalueofInternet

VI. InternettechnologiesarebeingusedasatechnologyplatformI. Internet

II.

Intranet

III. ExtranetIV. Reinforcespreviousmovetowardclient/servernetworksbased

onopensystemsarchitecture

Commonstandardsforhardware,software,applications,andnetworks

Middlewaregeneraltermforanyprogrammingthatmediatesbetweentwoseparatesystemsitstheplumbingthatroutes


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dataandinformationbetweenbackenddatasourcesandend

userapplications

VII. IntranetsI. ManycompanieshaswidespreadandsophisticatedIntranets

I. DetaileddataretrievalII. CollaborationIII. PersonalizedcustomerprofilesIV. LinkstotheInternet

II. IntranetsuseInternettechnologiesI. Protectedbypasswords,encryption,andfirewalls

III. Intranetssupport:I. CommunicationsandcollaborationBusinessoperations

andmanagement

II. WebpublishingIII. Intranetportalmanagement

VIII. ExtranetsI. NetworklinksthatuseInternettechnologiestoconnectthe

intranetofabusinesstotheIntranetofanother

II. VirtualPrivateNetworksIII. Extranets:


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IX. BusinessvalueofExtranetsI. Webbrowsertechnologymakescustomerandsupplieraccess

easierandfaster

II. AnotherwaytobuildandstrengthenstrategicrelationshipsIII. Enablesandimprovescollaborationbetweenbusiness,

customers,andpartners

IV. Facilitatesonlineinteractiveproductdevelopmentandmarketing

X. MetcalfesLawo theusefulnessofanetworkequalsthesquareofthe

numberofusers

o themoreusersonanetwork,themoreusefulitbecomes

o untilcriticalmassisattained,achangeintechnologyonlyaffectsthetechnology

once

critical

mass

attained,

social,

political,

an

economicsystemschange

I.c. ComponentsofTelecommunicationsandNetworks

I. TelecomisbeingrevolutionizedbyswitchfromanalogtodigitalI. Analog:voiceoriented,continuouswavetransmission

I. Electricalcurrentproducedisp[proportionaltoquantityobserved

II. Digital:discretepulsetransmissionI. Quantityobservedisexpressedasanumber

II. Benefits:I. highertransmissionspeedsII. moveslargeramountsofinformation

III. greatereconomyandmuchlowererrorratesIV. multipletypesofcommunicationsonthesamecircuits

III. WirelesstechnologiesI. Fiberoptic

I. UsespulsesoflaserlightII. ReducedsizeandinstallationeffortIII. Vastlygreatercapacity


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IV. FasterV. Freeofelectricalinterference

II. SatellitetransmissionI. Movemassivequantitiesofdata,audio,andvidea

II. EspeciallyusefulinisolatedareasTelecomnetworkmodel

Processors


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d. NetworkSecuritye. TopologyandProtocols

I. Topology=thestructureofanetworkII. Star:tiesendusercomputerstoacentralcomputerIII. Ring:tieslocalcomputerprocessorstogetherinaringonarelatively

equalbasis.DevelopedbyIBM.ThearchitectureofatypicalTokenRing

networkbeginswithaphysicalring.However,initsIBM

implementation,astarwiredring,computersonthenetworkare

connectedtoacentralhub.Figure3.23showsalogicalringanda

physicalstartopology.Thelogicalringrepresentsthetoken'spath

betweencomputers.Theactualphysicalringofcableisinthehub.

Usersare

part

of

aring,

but

they

connect

to

it

through

ahub.

A Token Ring network includes the following features:

Star-wired ring topology Token-passing access method Shielded and unshielded twisted-pair (IBM Types 1, 2, and 3) cabling


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Transfer rates of 4 and 16 Mbps Baseband transmission 802.5 specifications

HowTokenRingNetworkingWorks

When

the

first

Token

Ring

computer

comes

online,

the

network

generates

a

token.

The

token

is

apredeterminedformationofbits(astreamofdata)thatpermitsacomputertoputdataonthe

cables.Thetokentravelsaroundtheringpollingeachcomputeruntiloneofthecomputers

signalsthatitwantstotransmitdataandtakescontrolofthetoken.Acomputercannot

transmitunlessithaspossessionofthetoken;whilethetokenisinusebyacomputer,noother

computercantransmitdata.

Afterthecomputercapturesthetoken,itsendsadataframe(suchastheoneshowninFigure

3.25)outonthenetwork.Theframeproceedsaroundtheringuntilitreachesthecomputer

withtheaddressthatmatchesthedestinationaddressintheframe.Thedestinationcomputer

copiestheframeintoitsreceivebufferandmarkstheframeintheframestatusfieldtoindicate

thattheinformationwasreceived.

Theframecontinuesaroundtheringuntilitarrivesatthesendingcomputer,wherethe

transmissionis

acknowledged

as

successful.

The

sending

computer

then

removes

the

frame

fromtheringandtransmitsanewtokenbackonthering. Inapuretokenpassingnetwork,a

computerthatfailsstopsthetokenfromcontinuing.Thisinturnbringsdownthenetwork.

MSAUsweredesignedtodetectwhenaNICfails,andtodisconnectfromit.Thisprocedure

bypassesthefailedcomputersothatthetokencancontinueon.

InIBM'sMSAUs,badMSAUconnectionsorcomputersareautomaticallybypassedand

disconnectedfromthering.Therefore,afaultycomputerorconnectionwillnotaffecttherest

oftheTokenRingnetwork.

IV. Bus:localprocessorssharethesamecommunicationschannelV. Mesh:usesdirectcommunicationlinetoconnectsomeorallofthecomputersintheringtoeachother

VI. Protocol:astandardsetofrulesandproceduresforthecontrolofcommunicationsinanetwork


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VII. OSI7layers:moreamodelthanaprotocolperse

VIII. TCP/IP5layers


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LayersandaddressesinTCP/IPIX. ATM

A consistent format from LAN to WAN

Minimum overhead Take advantage of fiber bandwidth

Scalable Work with existing infrastructure (phone system standards, LAN standards) Efficiently extract a single data stream Support for isochronous traffic Accommodate bursty traffic Remain very simple and easy (read inexpensive) to implement

X. FrameRelay A private virtual network using analog and phone lines

Packet switched

Designed for error prone copper media Uses 3 protocol layers, including error detection and correction at each hop

Low data rate (up to sub-T-1 data rates) Short frames Based on ISDN Addresses in Frame Relay are called DLCIs. Frame Relay operates only at the physical and data link layers. Flow or error control must be provided by the upper-layer protocols. Only error control is FECNs and BECNs Uses either SVCs or PVCs Frames travel through network via switches

XI. Typesofcommunicationsnetworks WideArea(coversalargegeographicarea) LocalArea(connectsthecomputerswithinalimitedphysical

areaoffice,building,campus)

VirtualPrivate(usedtoestablishsecureintranetsandextranetsI. Createsaprivatenetworkwithoutthehighcostofa

separateproprietaryconnection

II. BuildsapipethroughtheInternet


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Client/Server Peertopeer Wireless MACAddressesvs.IPaddresses:

I. BeabletoidentifyaMACaddressItlookslike020054554E01

II. IPaddressesuniquelyidentifyahost(computer)onthenetwork

III. Itmightlooklike:I. 192.168.23.253

IV. BusinessInformationSystemsa. ElectronicCommerce

I. Thebuying,sellingandmarketingofproducts,servicesandinformationovertheInternetandothernetworks

II. EDIelectronicdatainterchangeoneoftheoldestecommercetechnologies.Passafiletoyoursupplier.More

III. B2BIV. B2C

b. TypesofInformationSystems(Purposes:slide20)I. OperationsSupportSystems

I. EfficientlyprocessbusinesstransactionsII. Controlindustrialprocesses

III. SupportcommunicationandcollaborationIV. Updatecorporatedatabases

I. TransactionSupportSystemsI. Recordandprocessbusinesstransactions

II. Examples:salesprocessing,inventory,accountingsystems

III. BatchaccumulateandprocessIV. OnlineprocessimmediatelyII. Processcontrolsystems

I. MonitorandcontrolphysicalprocessesII. Examplechemicalplants,refineriesIII.

II. ManagementSupportSystemsI. Provideinformationasreportsanddisplays

II. GivedirectsupporttomgrsduringdecisionmakingI. ManagementInformationSystems

II. DecisionSupportSystems(diagram)I. Interactiveandadhocsupport

II. Companiesinvestindatadrivendecisionsupportapplicationframeworkstohelpthem

respondtochangingmarketconditionsand

customerneeds

III. ManagementInformationSystems,DecisionSupport,andotherInformationSystems

IV. Levelsofmanagerialdecisionmaking(diagram)


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V. Decisionstructure Structured(operational) Unstructured(strategic) Semistructured(tactical)

VI. Informationquality Informationhasthreedimensions

Time(isitavailablewhenneeded?)

Content(isitrelevant,accurate?)

Form(doesitfacilitatethinking?

VII. Decisionsupporttrends EmergingclassofDSappsfocuseson:

personalizeddecisionsupport,

modeling,informationretrieval,data

warehousing,whatifscenarios,and

reporting

VIII. DSSusethefollowingtosupportthemakingofsemistructuredbusinessdecisions:

I. AnalyticalmodelsII. Specializeddatabases

III. Adecisionmakersowninsightsandjudgments

IV. Interactivecomputerbasedmodelingprocess

V. Adesigncenteredaroundadhoc,quickresponseusebythedecision

makerdirectly

interacting

with

the

tool

IX. SomeapplicationsofmodelingandstatsinDSSI. Supplychainsimulateandoptimize

flows,reduceinventory

II. PricingidentifyoptimalpricesIII. Productandservicequalitydetect

qualityproblemsearlyinorderto

minimizethem

IV. R&Dimprovequalityefficacy,andsafetyofproductsandservices

X. ContrastedwithMISI. OriginalMISapproachproduced

informationproducts

that

supported

managerialdecisionmaking

Daytodayproblems Structureddecisions Report anddisplaybased Kindastatic

III. ExecutiveInformationSystems


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I. EIS CombinesmanyfeaturesofMISand

DSS

Providetopexecutiveswitimmediateandeasyaccesstoinformation

Identifycriticalsuccessfactors Sopopularthatithasbeenexpandedto

managers,analysts,andother

knowledgeworkers

II. Features CustomizableGUI Exceptionreports Trendanalysis Drilldowncapability

II. WebbaseddashboardsI. CriticalinfoingraphicformII. Assembledfromdatapulledrealtime

fromenterprise

systems

and

dbs

III. Managersseechangesalmostinstantaneously

IV. Increasinglyavailabletosmallercompanies

V. Potentialproblems:pressureonemployees;divisionsintheoffice;

tendencytohoardinformation;50,000

footviewisinadequate(dumbeddown),

poorinformationdesign

VI. Also:Enterpriseinformationportalssame

concept

for

whole

company.

Not

inexamoutline

III. OtherInformationsystemsI. ExpertSystemsprovideadvice

I. Example:creditappadvisorII. Knowledgemanagementsystems

I. Supportcreation,organization,anddisseminationofbusinessknowledgethroughoutcompany

I. Example:IdeaBuilderII. StrategicInformationSystems

I. Purpose:attainastrategicadvantageII. Shipmenttrackingecommercewebsystems

III. FunctionalBusinessSystemsI. Operationalandmanagerialapplicationsof

businessfunctions:

II. Accounting,finance,marketingc. EnterpriseResourcePlanning,CustomerRelationshipManagement,Supply

ChainManagementsystems(Chs.7&8)

I. EnterpriseInformationArchitecture


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V. SystemsAnalysisandDesigna. Characteristicsofasystem

I. AsetofinterrelatedcomponentsII. WithaclearlydefinedboundaryIII. WorkingtogetherIV. ToachieveacommonsetofobjectivesV. Byacceptinginputsandproducingoutputs

VI. InanorganizedtransformationprocessI. Input

I. Capturingandassemblingelementsthatenterthesystemtobeprocessed

II. ProcessingI. Transformationprocessthatconvertsinputintooutput

III. OutputI. Transferringtransformedelementstotheirultimate

destination

VII. Anorganizedcombinationof:I. People

II. Hardware/softwareIII. CommunicationnetworksIV. DataresourcesV. P&P

Allsystemshaveinput,processing,andoutput Acyberneticsystem,aselfmonitoring,selfregulatingsystem,addsfeedbackandcontrol:

Feedbackisdataabouttheperformanceofasystem Controlinvolvesmonitoringandevaluatingfeedbacktodeterminewhethera

systemismovingtowardtheachievementofitsgoal

If

a

system

is

a

component

of

a

larger

system,

its

a

subsystem

Thelargersystemisanenvironment Severalsystemsmaysharethesameenvironment

Somemaybeconnectedviaasharedboundaryorinterface Typesofsystems

Open Adaptive

Systemsthinkingisseeingtheforestandthetreesinanysituation Seeinginterrelationshipsamongsystemsratherthatcauseandeffectchains Seeingprocessesofchangeamongsystemsratherthandiscretesnapshotsof

change

Seethesysteminanysituation Datavs.Information


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b. SystemsarchitectureI. Client/server

c. SDLCI. Thesystemsapproachusesasystemsorientationtodefineproblems

andopportunities,anddevelopappropriateandfeasiblesolutions.

Analyzingandsolvingaprobleminvolvestheseinterrelatedactivities:

I. Recognizinganddefiningaproblemoropportunityusingsystemsthinking

II. DevelopandevaluatealternativesystemssolutionsIII. SelectthesolutionthatmeetsyourrequirementsIV. DesigntheselectedsystemsolutionV. Implementandevaluatethesuccessofthesystem

II. SA&Distheoverallprocessbywhichinformationsystemsaredesignedandimplemented

I. OOII. Lifecycle

I. AlsocalledwaterfallII. Distinctfromspiral


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III. SDLCapproachphaseswithspecificactivitiesI. Understandthebusinessproblem/opportunityInvestigation

I. DeterminehowtoaddressopportunitiesandprioritiesII. ConductfeasibilitystudiesIII. DevelopaProjManagementplanandobtain

managementapproval

IV. Product:feasibility study&recommendationII. DevelopanISsolutionAnalysis

I. AnalyzetheinformationneedsofstakeholdersII. DevelopfunctionalrequirementsIII. DeveloplogicalmodelsofcurrentsystemIV. Product: systemspecifications

III. DesignI. Developspecificationsforthehardware,software,

peoplenetwork,dataresources,andtheinformation

productstosatisfyrequirements

II. DeveloplogicalmodelsofthenewsystemIV. Implementation

I. BuildorbuyhardwareandsoftwareII. Testthesystem;trainoperatorsandusersIII. CoverttothenewsystemIV. Managetheeffectsofsystemschangesonendusers

V. SystemsmaintenanceI. Useapostimplementationreviewprocesstomonitor,

evaluate,andmodifythebusinesssystemasneeded

VI. ManagingDataResources(db)a.

Data

models

I. HierarchicalI. EarlyDBMSstructure

II. TreelikestructureIII. 1:MrelationshipsIV. Worksforstructured,routinetransactionsV. CanthandleM:Mrelationships

II. NetworkI. AfterhierarchicalII. M:Mrelationships

III. MoreflexiblethanhierarchicalIV. Unabletohandleadhocrequests

III. RelationalI. Mostwidelyused

II. RowelementsarestoredintablesIII. Row=record;Column=field(attribute)IV. CanrelatedatainonefilewithdatainanotherV. Easilyrespondstoadhocrequests

VI. Easiertoworkwithandmaintain


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VII. Notasefficientuserofcomputingresourcesasearlierstructures

VIII. MultidimensionalI. Variationofrelational

II. DatacubesIII. OLAP

IV. ObjectorientedI. Objectconsistsof:

I. DatavaluesdescribingtheattributedofanentityII. Operationsthatcanbeperformedonthedata

V. EncapsulationI. Combinedataandoperationsonthedata

VI. InheritanceI. Newobjectscanbecreatedbyreplicatingsomeorall

characteristicsofparentobjects

VII. Whatdifferentiatesthemb. Databasemanagementsystems

I. RoleofDBAI. InchargeofEnterprisedbdevelopmentII. Manages/improvessecurityoforganizationaldbs

III. Usesdatadeflanguagetodevelopandspecifydatacontents,relationships,andstructure

IV. Storesthesespecificationsinadatadictionaryormetadatarepository

II. Development&DesignI. Dataplanning

II. RequirementsspecificationIII. Conceptualdesign(highlevelmodel)

I.

Conceptual

data

models

(ER)

IV. LogicaldesigntranslatesconceptualintodatamodelV. PhysicaldesignVI. Topdownprocess

I. EnterprisemodelII. DefineenduserneedsIII. Identifykeydataelements

VII. Representdatarelationshipsinadatamodelthatsupportsabusinessprocess

I. Thismodelistheschemaonwhichtobasethephysicaldesignandthedevelopmentofapplicationprogramsto

supportthebusinessprocess

VIII. LogicaldesignI. Howthedatalookstothedesignerandenduser

II. SchemaoveralllogicalviewofrelationshipsIII. SubschemalogicalviewforspecificendusersIV. DatamodelsforDBMS

IX. PhysicaldesignI. Howdatalookstothehardware

II. Howitstobestoredandaccessed


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III. Commonterms Characterasinglesymbol Fieldordataitemrepresentsanattributeofsomeentity Record groupingofallthefieldsusedtodescribethe

attributesofanentity

Fileortableagroupofrelatedrecords Databaseintegratedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata

elements

Datadictionarycontainsdataaboutdata;reliesonaspecializedsoftwarecomponenttomanageadbofdatadefs

Normalization Normalization is the process of efficientlyorganizing data in a database. There are two goals of the

normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for

example, storing the same data in more than one table) andensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing

related data in a table).

FirstNormalForm(1NF)I. Firstnormalform(1NF)setstheverybasicrulesforan

organizeddatabase:

Eliminateduplicativecolumnsfromthesametable.

Createseparatetablesforeachgroupofrelateddataandidentifyeachrowwithaunique

columnorsetofcolumns(theprimarykey).

SecondNormalForm(2NF)I. Secondnormalform(2NF)furtheraddressesthe

conceptofremovingduplicativedata:

Meetalltherequirementsofthefirstnormalform.

Removesubsetsofdatathatapplytomultiplerowsofatableandplacetheminseparate

tables.

Createrelationshipsbetweenthesenewtablesandtheirpredecessorsthroughtheuseof

foreignkeys.

ThirdNormalForm(3NF)I. Thirdnormalform(3NF)goesonelargestepfurther:

Meetalltherequirementsofthesecondnormalform.

Removecolumnsthatarenotdependentupontheprimarykey.

FourthNormalForm(4NF)I. Finally,fourthnormalform(4NF)hasoneadditional

requirement:

Meetalltherequirementsofthethirdnormalform.

Arelationisin4NFifithasnomultivalueddependencies.


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Remember,thesenormalizationguidelinesarecumulative.Foradatabasetobein2NF,itmustfirstfulfillallthecriteriaofa

1NFdatabase.

II. Typesofdatabasesandsomeextrainfo: Operationalstoresdetaileddataneededtosupportbusiness

processesandoperations

I. Alsocalledtransactiondatabases,productiondatabases,orsubjectareadatabases

Distributeddatabasescopiesorpartsofdatabasesstoredonserversatmultiplelocations

I. Advantages:protectionofdata;smallerchunks;localcontrol;alllocscanaccessalldata

II. Disadvantages:maintainingaccuracyI. Replicationcomplexprocessoflookingat

eachdistributeddbandfindingchanges,

applyingthemtoeachdistributeddb

II. Duplicationonedbismaster;duplicatethemaster

in

all

locs

after

hours:

easier

Externaldatabasesavailableforafeefromcommercialonlineservices,orfreefromtheWeb

Hypermediadatabaseshyperlinkedpagesofmultimedia(diagramofWebbaseddb)

Datawarehousesstoredatathathasbeenextractedfromotherdbsinanorganization;afteraprocessofcleaning

catalogingandtransformation(diagram)

I. Usedfordatamining,analyticalprocessing,analysis,research,decisionsupport

II. Maybedividedintodatamartsfunctionspecificsubwarehouses

Traditionalfileprocessing(oldschool)(diagram) Databasemanagementapproach(diagram)

I. Thefoundationofmodernmethodsofmanagingorganizationaldata

II. Consolidatesdatarecordsformerlyinseparatefilesintodatabases

III. Datacanbeaccessedbymanydifferentapplicationprograms

IV. DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)istheinterfacebetweenusersanddatabases

V. Itsasoftwarepackageusedtocreate,maintain,anduse

the

databases

of

an

organization

to

provide

the

informationneededbyendusers

I. Examples:MSAccess,Oracle,MSSQLServerVI. SomecommonDBMScomponents:

Databasedefinitionlanguageandgraphicaltoolstodefineentities,relationships,integrity

constraints,authorizationrights


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Nonproceduralaccesslanguageandgraphicaltoolstoaccessdatawithoutcomplicatedcoding

Applicationdevelopmentgraphicaltoolstodevelopmenus,dataentryforms,andreports

Procedurallanguageinterface combinesnonproceduralaccesswithfullcapabilitiesofa

programminglanguage

Transactionprocessingcontrolmechanismtopreventioninterferencefromsimultaneous

usersandrecoverslostdataafterafailure

Databasetuningtoolstomonitor&improvedbperformance

Databasedevelopment,applicationdevelopment,anddbmaintenance

c. Dataqueryandupdate

EndusersuseaDBMSqueryfeatureorreportgeneratornoprogramming

required

Querylanguageimmediateresponsetoadhocrequests SQLstructuredintlstandardquerylanguageubiquitousinDMS

applications

Examplequeryform:SELECTFROMWHERE MostDBMSpackagesofferapoint&clickquerytoolthattranslatesinto

SQL

d. SQLcommands:I. SELECTII. FROMIII. WHEREIV. AND/ORV. ORDERBYVI. INSERTVII. UPDATEVIII. DELETE

e. Dataresourcemanagementisamanagerialactivity Usesdatamanagement,datawarehousing,

andotherIStechnologies

Managesdataresourcestomeettheinformationneedsofbusinessstakeholders

TheresmoreinthechapternotintheoutlineVII. BusinessDecisionMaking

a. KnowledgeManagement Aknowledgecreatingcompanyorlearningorganization Consistentlycreatesnewbusinessknowledge Disseminatesitthroughoutthecompany Buildsitintoitsproductsandservices ExplicitKnowledge


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Data,documents,andthingswrittendownorstoredincomputers

TacitKnowledge Thehowtoknowledgeinworkersminds Representssomeofthemostimportantinformationwithinan

organization

Aknowledgecreatingcompanymakessuchtacitknowledgeavailabletoothers

Successfulknowledgemanagement: Createstechniques,technologies,systems,

andrewardsforgettingemployeestoshare

whattheyknow

Makesbetteruseofaccumulatedworkplaceandenterpriseknowledge

Knowledgemanagementsystems

A

major

strategic

use

of

IT

Managesorganizationallearningandknowhow Helpsknowledgeworkerscreate,organize,andmakeavailable

importantknowledge

Makesthisknowledgeavailablewhereverandwheneveritisneeded

Knowledgeincludes Processes,procedures,patents,referenceworks,formulas,best

practices,forecasts,andfixes

b. Datawarehousingc. DataMining

I. Dataindatawarehousesareanalyzedtorevealhiddenpatternsandtrends

Marketbasketanalysistoidentifynewproductbundles(diapersandbeer)

Clustering FindrootcauseofQAormanufacturingproblems Preventcustomerattrition Acquirenewcustomers


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Crossselltoexistingcustomers Profilecustomerswithmoreaccuracy Detectfraud

II. Providesdecisionsupportthroughknowledgediscovery Analyzesvaststoresofhistoricalbusinessdata Looksforpatterns,trendsandcorrelations Goalisperformanceimprovement

III. Typesofanalysis Regression Decisiontree Neuralnetwork Clusterdetection Marketbasketanalysis

OneofthemostcommonusesfordataminingI. Determineswhatproductscustomerspurchase

together

II. Resultsaffecthowcompanies Marketproducts Placemerchandiseinthestore Layoutcatalogsandorderforms Determinewhatproductstooffer Customizesolicitationcalls

VIII. MISandtheOrganizationa. OrganizationofMIS

ChiefInformationOfficer(CIO) Overseesallusesofinformationtechnology

inmanycompanies,andbringsthemintoalignmentwithstrategic

businessgoals

ChiefTechnologyOfficer(CTO) Inchargeofallinformationtechnology

planninganddeployment

ManagestheITplatform Secondincommand

b. RelationshipofMISTotheEnterpriseI. Technologyisnolongeranafterthoughtinbusinessstrategy,butthe

causeanddriver

II. TechcanchangebusinessescompeteIII. StrategicinformationsystemsareanyinformationsystemthatusesIT

tohelpanorganization

I. GaincompetitiveadvantageII. Reducedisadvantage

III. Meetotherenterpriseobjectivesc. ValueoftheMISfunction

I. Slides13,1415II. EBusiness(slide17)

I. OnlineexchangeofvalueI. Businessprocesses


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II. EcommerceIII. Collaborationwithinandwithout

III. DoesITmatter?I. NoITisinfrastructure,likethecarpet

II. YestheimportantpartisthesoftwareandinformationandhowITisused

III. FiveForcesModel

ISinthevaluechain

UseITstrategicallytogaincompetitivedifferentiationin:

Products Services Capabilities


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Reengineering/BRP

ITplaysamajorroleinreengineeringmostbusinessprocesses Cansubstantiallyincreaseprocessefficiencies Improvescommunication Facilitatescollaboration

Agility

Theabilitytoprosper:

Inrapidlychanging,continuallyfragmentingglobalmarkets Bysellinghighqualityhighperformance,customerconfiguredproductsandservices

Anagilecompanyprofitsinspiteof:

Broadproductranges Shortmodellifetimes Individualizedproducts Arbitrarylotsizes

Seeslides(33)formoreonAgile

FailuresinITManagement

ITnotusedeffectively Computerizingtraditionalbusinessprocessesinsteadofdevelopinginnovativee

businessprocesses(doingthewrongthingfaster)

ITnotusedefficiently Poorresponsetimes Frequentdowntimes Poorlymanagedapplicationdevelopment

IX. MISIssuesa. Security

I. DualkeyencryptionII. SpoofIII.

Phish

IV. Socialengineeringb. Ethicsc. Privacy

I. USEUPrivacyProvision Keydataprivacyprovisions Noticeofpurposeanduseofdatacollected Abilitytooptoutofthirdpartydistribution

ofdata

Accessforconsumerstotheirinformation Adequatesecurity,dataintegrity,andenforcementprovisions

II.d. GlobalIssues

I. OutsourcingI. Advantages:

Cost Rentexpertisethatittakestimeandexpertiseto

developinhouse

Focusoncorecompetencies Flexiblestaffing


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Gainaccesstoglobalresources Decreasetimetomarket

II. Disadvantages Domainknowledgeisstrongerininhouseresources

GlobalITManagementChallenges

Politicalchallenges Manycountriesregulateorprohibitthe

transferofdataacrosstheirnationalboundaries

Othersseverelyrestrict,tax,orprohibitimportsofhardwareandsoftware

Somehavelocalcontentlawsthatspecifytheportionofthevalueofaproductthatmustbeaddedinthatcountryifitistobesoldthere

Othersrequireabusinesstospendpartoftherevenuetheyearninacountryinthatnationseconomy

Geoeconomicchallenges Physicaldistancesarestillamajorproblem Itmaytaketoolongtoflyinspecialists Itisdifficulttocommunicateinrealtime

across24timezones

Manycountriesdonothavegoodtelephoneandtelecommunicationsservices

Itmaybehardtofindskilledlocalworkers


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Therecanbegreatdifferencesinthecostoflivingandlaborcostsbetweencountries

Culturalchallenges Languages Culturalinterests Religions Customs Politicalphilosophies GlobalITmanagersneedculturaltraining

beforetheyaresentonassignment

DifferentworkstylesandbusinessrelationshipsGlobalITPlatforms

HardwareDifficulties Highprices Hightariffs Importrestrictions Longleadtimesforgovernmentapprovals Lackoflocalserviceorspareparts Lackofdocumentationtailoredtolocalconditions

SoftwareDifficulties PackagesdevelopedinEuropemaybeincompatiblewithAmericanorAsian

versions

Thesoftwarepublishermayrefusetosupplymarketsthatdisregardsoftwarelicensingandcopyrightagreements

Telecomexpense Timezones

Concernfor

jobs/economic

development

mis study guide

Documents