organizatori · 2019-09-25 · international scientific conference dalmatia and the candian war,...

KNJIGA MEDITERANA 2019.

Organizatori

KNJIŽEVNI KRUG SPLIT

ARHEOLOŠKI MUZEJ U SPLITU

FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET SVEUČILIŠTA U SPLITU

ZAVOD ZA ZNANSTVENI I UMJETNIČKI RAD HAZU U SPLITU

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCEDALMATIA AND THE CANDIAN WAR,

COMMEMORATING THE 350 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE WAR (1669-2019)

MEĐUNARODNI ZNANSTVENI SKUPDALMACIJA I KANDIJSKI RAT,

O 350. OBLJETNICI ZAVRŠETKA RATA (1669.-2019.)

Organizers / OrganizatoriKnjiževni krug Split

Odsjek za povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u SplituCentar za lokalnu povijest i rodoslovlje Filozofskog fakulteta u Splitu

KNJIGA MEDITERANA 2019.(Split, 22. – 28. rujna)

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCEDALMATIA AND THE CANDIAN WAR,COMMEMORATING THE 350 YEARS

SINCE THE END OF THE WAR (1669-2019)Split, 26th and 27th of September 2019

MEĐUNARODNI ZNANSTVENI SKUPDALMACIJA I KANDIJSKI RAT,

O 350. OBLJETNICI ZAVRŠETKA RATA (1669.-2019.)

Split, 26. i 27. rujna 2019.

KNJIŽEVNI KRUG SPLIT2019

Organising and scientific committee

Marko Rimac (president)Nenad CambiVjeran Kursar

Josip VrandečićDuje Jerković (collaborating member)

Organizacijski i znanstveni odbor

Marko Rimac (predsjedavajući)Nenad CambiVjeran Kursar

Josip VrandečićDuje Jerković (suradnik)

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International scientific conferenceDALMATIA AND THE CANDIAN WAR,

COMMEMORATING THE 350 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE WAR (1669-2019)

Split, 26th and 27th of September 2019

Međunarodni znanstveni skupDALMACIJA I KANDIJSKI RAT,

O 350. OBLJETNICI ZAVRŠETKA RATA (1669.-2019.)Split, 26. i 27. rujna 2019.

SCHEDULE OF PAPERSRASPORED IZLAGANJA

Thursday, 26th September / Četvrtak, 26. rujnaFortress of Klis museum / Kliška tvrđava

8.00 Bus departure from Split (from the vicinity of hotel Bellevue) to the fortress of Klis Polazak autobusom iz Splita (blizina hotela Bellevue) prema Kliškoj tvrđavi 9.00 Inauguration of International Conference (organizers) Otvoranje Međunarodne konferencije (organizatori) Welcoming speeches (local government officials) Pozdravni govori (dužnosnici lokalne uprave)

9.30 Nenad Moačanin – opening lecture / uvodno predavanje Some remarks on the importance of the Cretan war regarding Croatian history Neka zapažanja o važnosti Kandijskog rata za hrvatsku povijest

9.50 Coffe break / Pauza za kavu

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10.00 FIRST SESSION / PRVI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Marko Rimac

Michael Ursinus: The Sultan’s Salt Works of Sita and Banska during the Early Years of the Candian War: Ottoman Evidence from the Poljica Archives

Sultanove solane u Sitima i Banskoj u početnim godinama Kandijskog rata: Osmanska vrela iz poljičkih arhiva

Vera Constantini: Trade networks in Dalmatia at the outbreak of the War of Candia Trgovačke mreže u Dalmaciji uoči izbijanja Kandijskog rata

Marija Andrić: Essendo seguita la Pace con il nostro Imperatore: Bosnian merchants and reopening of port of Split (1670-72)

Essendo seguita la Pace con il nostro Imperatore: Bosanski trgovci i ponovno otvaranje splitske luke/skele (1670-72)

Gunes Ysyksel: The Status of Salt-House (Tuzhane) in Gabela and the War of Candia Status skladišta soli (tuzhane) u Gabeli i Kandijski rat


11.30 Tour of the fortress of Klis Obilazak Kliške tvrđave12.30 Bus departure for lunch (Stella Croatica) Polazak autobusom na ručak (Stella Croatica)14.15 Bus departure back to fortress of Klis Polazak autobusom nazad do Kliške tvrđave

14.45 SECOND SESSION / DRUGI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Josip Faričić

Eric Dursteler: Venice, Klis and the Cretan War Venecija, Klis i Kandijski ratJosip Pavić: Summer of ’46 – The Making of New Defensive System of Šibenik

and its Consequences

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Ljeto ‘46 – Stvaranje novog obrambenog sustava oko Šibenika i njegove posljedice

Ivo Glavaš: Provveditore Antonio Bernardo and the Defence of Šibenik Providur Antonio Barbaro i obrana ŠibenikaRoberto Vaccher: The face of war: psychological costs of combat and life conditions

of venetian soldiers during the war of Candia (1645-1669) Lice rata: psihološka cijena borbe i životni uvjeti mletačkih vojnika

tijekom Kandijskog rata (1645-1669)


16.15 THIRD SESSION / TREĆI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Joshua White

Josip Faričić – Zdenko Dundović: Zemunik and Vrana – areas of Venetian-Ottoman conflicts on maps from MS. Wcovich Lazzari collection in the Correr

Zemunik i Vrana – poprišta mletačko-osmanskih sukoba na zemljovidima rukopisne zbirke Wcovich Lazzari u Muzeju Correr

Federico Bulfone Gransinigh: The fortress of Bačvice and the war of Candia. Project, motivations and implications

Tvrđava Bačvice i Kandijski rat. Projekt, poticaji i implikacijeAngela de Maria: The ‘ahd-names of 1671 and the definition of Ottoman-Venetian

territories in the Dalmatian frontier Ahd-name iz 1671. i utvrđivanje osmansko-mletačkih područja na dal-

matinskom krajištu


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17.30 FOURTH SESSION / ČETVRTI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajuća: Vera Constantini

Elma Korić: Some events in the Dalmatian hinterland before the beginning of the Cretan War

Neki događaji iz dalmatinskog zaleđa prije početka Kandijskog rataNury Adiyeke: Cretan Wars in Accordance within the Context of the Ottoman

Adriatic Policy Kako se Kandijski ratovi uklapaju u kontekst osmanske jadranske strate-

gije?Joshua M. White: Ottoman Piracy, Privateering, and Anti-Piracy Measures in the

Adriatic, 1645-1684 Osmanska piraterija, gusarenje i protupiratske mjere na Jadranu,

1645-1684Ayşe Nükhet Adiyeke: War and daily life intermingled: Establishment of Ottoman

administration during the Wars of Crete Isprepletenost rata i svakodnevice: Uspostava osmanske uprave za

vrijeme Kandijskih ratova

19.00-19.30 Bus departure to Split / Povratak u Split

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Friday, 27th September / Petak, 27. rujna Zavod HAZU, Split, Trg braće Radića 7

8,30 — FIFTH SESSION / PETI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Marko Rimac

Domagoj Madunić: The Integration of the Morlacchi into the Venetian Defensive System during the War of Crete (1645-1669)

Integriranje Morlaka u mletački obrambeni sustav za vrijeme Kandij-skog rata (1645-1669)

Željana Parčina Rešić: Local Dalmatian population and their role in defensive policy of Serenissima during War of Candia

Lokalno dalmatinsko stanovništvo i njegova uloga u obrambenoj politici Serenissime za vrijeme Kandijskog rata

Slavko Kovačić: Count Marko Srdanović and glagolitic parish vicars don Ivan Nenadić and don Marko Kadić Kotromanjić during the uprizing of Primorci in 1646

Knez Marko Srdanović i župnici glagoljaši don Ivan Nenadić i don Marko Kadić Kotromanjić za ustanka Primoraca godine 1646.

Kristijan Juran: Northern Dalmatia Islands in the context of Morlach migrations during the War of Candia

Sjevernodalmatinski otoci u kontekstu morlačkih migracija tijekom Kandijskog rata


10.15 SIXTH SESSION / ŠESTI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajuća: Katerina B. Korrè

Francesco Cerea: Zug’s mercenaries at the Venice Service: the case of the captains of the Ägeri valley

Plaćenici iz Zuga u službi Venecije: slučaj satnika iz doline Ägeri

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Özgür Kolçak: Captives, Yet Still Soldiers: Venetians in the Seven Towers through the Eyes of the Habsburg Prisoners

Zarobljenici, ali još uvijek vojnici: Venecijanci u tvrđavi Sedam kula (Yedikule) viđeni očima habsburških zarobljenika

Filip Novosel: Echoes of Central European battlefields in the Eastern Adriatic coast: The Thirty years war veterans serving as capi de guerra under the banner of St. Mark in Dalmatia during the War of Crete

Odjeci srednjoeuropskih bojišta na istočnojadranskoj obali: Veterani Tridesetogodišnjeg rata kao ‘Capi de guerra’ pod stijegom svetog Marka u Dalmaciji tijekom Kandijskog rata

Josip Vrandečić: The siege of Knin in the Year 1654 Opsada Knina 1654. godine

12.00 Lunch at »Apetit« restaurant / Ručak u restoranu Apetit

13.30 SEVENTH SESSION / SEDMI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Neven Isailović

Christos Zampakolas: The Candian War and the »patria cretense« in the Greek confraternity in Venice

Kandijski rat i »patria cretense« u Grčkoj bratovštini u VenecijiKaterina B. Korrè: The Greek element in Dalmatia at the time of the War of Candia.

The main components of a scholarly research Grčka prisutnost u Dalmaciji u doba Kandijskog rata. Glavne znanstveno-

istraživačke sastavniceVjeran Kursar: War-time Dalmatia in the Travelogue (Seyahatname) of Evliya

Celebi Ratnodobna Dalmacija u Putopisu (Seyahatnami) Evlije ČelebijeMarco Romio: Making peace during wartime. Cross-border mediation at Boka

Kotorska frontier Sklapanje mira tijekom rata. Prekogranična medijacija na bokokotor-

skom krajištu

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Nikša Varezić: Dubrovnik’s »Antemurale Christianitatis« – the rhetorical strategy of Dubrovnik in comunication with Roman Curia

Dubrovačko »predziđe kršćanstva« – retorička strategija Dubrovnika u komunikaciji s Rimskom kurijom


15.30 EIGHT SESSION / OSMI DIO

Chairman / Predsjedavajući: Vjeran Kursar

Aleksandar Jakovljević – Neven Isailović: Ottoman-Venetian frontier in the hin-terland of Šibenik 1522–1671

Mletačko-osmansko krajište u zaleđu Šibenika 1522-1671.Ivna Anzulović – Lovre Lučić: Venetian-Ottoman border in Novigrad area, before

and after the Candian war Mletačko-osmanska granica na novigradskom području, prije i poslije

Kandijskog rataDuje Jerković: Mastering nature and making cadaster out of defter lands: surveying

Aquisto nuovo Svladavanje prirode i izrada katastra od defterskih zemalja: geodetsko

premjeravanje Nove stečevineMarko Rimac: Border demarcation and land consignation: asserting power through

map drawing at the end of War of Candia Demarkacija granice i dodjeljivanje zemlje: afirmiranje moći kroz

crtanje zemljovida na kraju Kandijskog rata

17.00 Closing debate and speaches / Zaključna rasprava i govori

SAŽETCI

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Ayşe Nükhet AdiyekeInstitute of Social Sciences, Mersin University

WAR AND DAILY LIFE INTERMINGLED: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION DURING THE WARS OF CRETE

The war that began in Crete in 1645 and continued until September 1669, was the last stage of the Ottoman-Venetian struggles. Most of the war took place as the Ottoman siege around Candia and the Venetian resistance to it. The other major port cities of Chania and Rethymno and eastern Crete was conquered by Ottomans in the first few years of the war.

Extraordinary processes and ordinary relations coexisted on the same piece of land. Between 1645 and 1669, during the Cretan War, administrative, economic and social life quickly returned to its normal state in other parts of the island. The eyalet (province) of Crete was established, Chania became the temporary administrative center, and with the appointment of kadıs, the kadı courts became operational. In 1650, tahrir registers were compiled throughout the island except for the besieged region. With this register, tax regulations and jizya exemptions were determined in accordance with the Ottoman classical system. Significant steps were taken for the viticulture and olive growing, the main sources of livelihood of the island. Tımars and has lands of the rulers and the Sultan were determined. As it is understood from the kadi court records, daily life returned to its old routine and pre-Ottoman property rights were registered. The only change in social life was the conversion of some indigenous people of the island and mixed marriages between these new Muslims and indigenous Orthodox Greeks.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the activities in these three main areas while the war continued on the same piece of land. Land registry books, kadı court records of that period and particularly Ottoman Archives will be the main sources of our study.

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Nuri ADIYEKEEarly Modern History Division, Department of History, Faculty of Letters,

Dokuz Eylul University

CRETAN WARS IN ACCORDANCE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE OTTOMAN ADRIATIC POLICY

When the Turks conquered Istanbul, the Eastern Roman Empire became a thing of the past and the Ottoman state turned into an empire. During the reign of Mehmet the Conqueror, many islands in the Aegean Sea came under Ottoman rule. Henceforth, the Ottoman expansion was possible in the Peloponnese, Albania and the Adriatic coast. During the reign of Selim I, the entire Eastern Mediterranean, including Egypt, came under Ottoman rule, and after the Rhodes and Cyprus islands were conquered, the dominant political power in the Eastern Mediterranean became the Ottoman Empire.

This new situation significantly altered the Eastern Mediterranean trade. The two most important actors of the Mediterranean trade, Genoa and Venice, had estab-lished relations with the Byzantines, Mamluks, and Seljuks in the east, and they now had to deal with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, who became the ruler of the Eastern Mediterranean trade, favored the Venetian Republic over the Genoese. With trade concessions granted to the Republic of Venice, broad ambassadorial rights and constantly renewed trade agreements, Venice became the most significant player in the Eastern Mediterranean trade. As Braudel put it, by the 16th century, Venice had become the richest city in the Mediterranean.

In contradiction to these positive developments for the Republic of Venice, the important development that would bring about Venice’s end lay in the territorial expansion policy of the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Istanbul followed by the subjugation of the Archipelago / Aegean Islands, the Peloponnese and the Balkans, the Dalmatian coast, Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Levkas and Corfu Islands, Rhodes, Cy-prus, and finally the conquest of Crete, meant the beginning of the end of Venice’s control over the Mediterranean.

In this paper, this process will be analyzed through Ottoman sources, and es-pecially the Ecnebi Defterleri (Records of the Foreigners) in the Ottoman Archives.

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Marija AndrićThe Institute of History, Belgrade

ESSENDO SEGUITA LA PACE CON IL NOSTRO IMPERATORE: BOSNIAN MERCHANTS AND REOPENING OF PORT OF SPLIT (1670-72)

The beginning of the War of Candia in 1645 had stopped the considerable economic exchange that the Venetians developed with the Ottoman Empire through commercial port of Split ever since the opening in 1592. When this trade port was reopened, in 1670 a group of Bosnian merchants introduced a plea in Venice with an aim to point out a few mercantile problems that they see as an important to be resolved in Split. The attempt of this discourse would be to analyse the conditions of trade in Split after the War of Candia in the context of those issues that merchants from Ottoman Bosnia presented. It is important to argue how the trade in Split started off once the peace between Venice and the Ottoman Empire was concluded and if the conditions were suitable for Bosnian merchants to stop using trade port of Dubrovnik and direct their business back to Split. This will be presented by analysing regulations concerning taxes, merchant galleys, guardians and other arrangements in lazaretto, indicating if Venice introduced new principles in port of Split after the War of Candia.

Ivna Anzulović—Lovre LučićCroatian Academy of Sciences and Art - The Institute

for Historical Sciences in ZadarArchaeological Museum in Zadar

VENETIAN-OTTOMAN BORDER IN NOVIGRAD AREA, BEFORE AND AFTER THE CANDIAN WAR

The town of Novigrad has until the Ottoman arrival been a center of district which incorporated the whole northeastern part of present day Ravni kotari, which belonged to archaic Comitatus Luca. It was a strategically important fort and one of the keys to the defense of Zadar, so the Venetians made effort to preserve it under their rule. The wider area of Novigrad has been troubled by the Ottomans and was reducing in size, especially after the fall of Nadin and Vrana in 1538 ant he War od Cyprus when it loses the bigger part of territory but manages to survive.

The border demarcation after the War of Cyprus and Candian War started right at the area of Novigrad at the southeastern side from it at the sea shore. After the War of Cyprus in 1576 the border was only 3-4 km distant from the fort to the southeast

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and 7 km to the southwest. After that Novigrad barely manages to survive, loses its land possessions, with only the area of Dolac remaining partly at their disposal up to the 5th century early Christian church of Saint Martin which remained in Ottoman hands at the very border. Novigrad remained an important and impregnable point at the south side of the Sea of Novigrad. At the start of Candian War in 1646 due to lack of immediate help and unfortunate parley in the fort, Novigrad falls to the Ot-toman hands, it’s population fled to the island of Pag only to return after 10 months to help liberate Novigrad. Even though it is regarded that Venice extended posses-sions in Dalmatia, it was not the case in Novigrad area. It is because we consider the presently published opinions about the demarcation to be false completely. With the new ubication set by the author border set in 1671 (linea Nani) was even closer to the settlement to some 2 km to the southeast, and to the west, where it also ended at the sea shore, to the distance of about 1,8 km. With that border Novigrad has been completely surrounded by the Ottomans and was connected to the rest of Venetian possessions only by sea routes.

This debate presents the new ubication of the border demarcation after the Candian War and attempts to clarify such border demarcation and how it influenced the new allocation of land possessions after the liberation of Ottoman rule. It also attempts to locate individual villages and possessions in the vicinity of Novigrad, and it will also discuss the usurpations and cultivation of possession in those villages by those from the Venetian side. Those are abandoned medieval villages whose names we still find in documents even though most of them are not known any more under those names. Also the possession of count of Posedarje is being discussed, especially the part between Novigrad and Posedarje that came under the Ottoman rule. Further note is being made about the life of residents of Novigrad in such an environment. Namely, many have been killed or enslaved (some of them have been ransomed) while they cultivated their land or while doing everyday jobs such as collecting wood, fishing, cattle keeping, bringing water or kids while playing. Nonetheless Novigrad has preserved the bigger part of medieval population which still lives there.

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Federico Bulfone GransinighDepartment of Architecture, University »G. D’Annunzio« of Chieti-Pescara

THE FORTRESS OF BAČVICE AND THE WAR OF CANDIA. PROJECT, MOTIVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The city of Split, especially in the 17th century, is a link between the Ottoman Empire and the northern Adriatic dominated by the Serenissima. The fortifications that, in the early decades of the seventeenth century, defended the city still have a medieval layout; these construction will be modified by the Venetians to protect themselves from the Turks during the Candia war. The fort of Bačvice constitutes a significant element of this system of fortifications with the other two bastionized architectures (Split and Gripe) built to protect the city and the gulf. The location is very interesting: the fortress, at the entrance to the port, becomes the first element of defense against aggression from the sea. The study, based on the analysis of the drawings and the reports kept in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia and the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice (de Verneda, Innocenzo Conti et cetera), investigates in depth the structures of the fort de le Boteselle=Bačvice, relating this fortification to other contemporary ones; the study also analyzes the baroque construction site of the fortress and highlights, above all, the use of expert craftsmen and the application of innovative elements of military architecture »alla moderna«; these same elements will then be used in other fortresses of the Stato da Mar (Republic of Venice). Indeed a comparison will be made with later examples realized in the Adriatic basin, related to the geometry, and the materials used, through the analysis of contemporary build-ings, or geographically nearby. The Count Filippo Besset de Verneda is interesting, finally, to understand the choices that, developed and applied in Candia, triggered a series of interventions in various fortified sites of the middle Adriatic and in the northern Adriatic (including the fortress of Palma).

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Francesco Cerea Laboratory of History of the Alps, University of Italian Switzerland

ZUG’S MERCENARIES AT THE VENICE SERVICE: THE CASE OF THE CAPTAINS OF THE ÄGERI VALLEY

From the Swiss point of view, the war of Candia is part of a wider context which is the one of the relations between the Swiss cantons and Venice. Over the centuries, the lagoon city favoured the aristocratic Bern for its political affinity, the commercial Zurich for its trade and the Grisons for its geographical proximity, but from the second half of the 17th century there was also a rapprochement with Zug and the catholic Central Switzerland (1687). Particularly during the Morea wars, we find the emblematic figure of Major Johann Jakob Muos (1660-1729), who in 1691 managed to bring back to Zug the survivors of his decimated battalion. The subject of this study is the biographical and sociological analysis of Zug’s mercenaries, in particular of the forerunners of military service for the Serenissima, figures who emerged during the siege of Candia and who met their end in the cretan city. The names of these illustrious captains were Christian Heinrich (1615-1652) and Johann Engel Blattmann (1636-1667), from two ancient dynasties, both from the Ägeri val-ley, leading families in the politics and the history of Canton Zug.

Vera Constantini Department of Asian and North African Studies, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice

TRADE NETWORKS IN DALMATIA AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR OF CANDIA

It is often claimed that at the outbreak of the War of Candia the Ottoman Empire was experiencing particularly hard political circumstances that heavily influenced the course of the conflict. On the contrary, the Republic of Venice entered the war with the firm intention to resist the assaults. As a consequence, it may be argued that both states were living a radically different situation than the previous century, when the source of discord was the island of Cyprus. Why did these changes occur? My paper will suggest an explanation linked to the extraordinary economic development that had been taking place in Dalmatia and in the Western Balkans since the end of the 16th century. The partnership between the Venetian government and the Ottoman authorities based in Bosnia contributed to create the political and legal framework that made possible a flow of investments and the construction of logistic infrastructures and facilities for the movement of men, animals, and goods. Thanks to this Golden

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Age of Balkanic trade, the Republic of Venice became stronger on a regional level, which helped facing up the Ottoman offensive in Crete and in all the other military fronts that opened up during this extremely long confrontation.

Angela De MariaScuola Superiore di Studi Storici, University of the San Marino Republic

École doctorale »Montaigne-Humanités«, CEMMC - Centre d’Études des Mondes Moderne et Contemporaine, University of Bordeaux Montaigne

THE ‘AHD-NAMES OF 1671 AND THE DEFINITION OF OTTOMAN-VENETIAN TERRITORIES IN THE DALMATIAN FRONTIER

While at the end of the War of Candia the main diplomatic forces of both the Ottoman and the Venetian sides were concentrated on the Aegean island, Dalmatia was nevertheless a focus of considerable attention and concern for both adversa-ries. In fact, during the conflict, it was also a theatre of war through which the Venetians tried to compensate for the great loss suffered in the Mediterranean sea, by encompassing ever larger portions of territory within their area of influence. The negotiations that put an end to the War and, in particular, the efforts to defend the acquisition of some fortresses demonstrate how the matter of defining the borders in the Western Balkans was a fundamental chapter in the ‘ahd-names which stipulated between the two powers.

Moreover this paper, by means the documentation relating to the bailo’s house (Venetian State Archive), shows that the traditional sea-mountain, coast-inland, maritime-agricultural economic dialectic, which characterized this frontier area, was not perceived by the two neighbouring as something predetermined and therefore fixed, crystallized, incontestable, but rather like a flexible system of geo-political territorial organization, ready to be reformulated in the face of new advantages.

Through the diplomatic efforts of Venetian and Ottoman dragomans, who ac-tively participated and collaborated to define the »linea Nani« and the new territorial organization, it’s possible to understand the political, commercial and social interests of both Venetian and Ottoman parties in Dalmatian frontier, a no man’s land, and in the entire area between the »Venetian« gulf and Constantinople.

The (more or less voluntary) manipulation of ‘ahd-names’ translation, the avarice of the ministers and the trick plotted by the Ottoman dragoman risked to strand the diplomatic procedures. Indeed, the conquest of Klis, the »gateway« to the Ottoman Bosnia, and other Dalmatian fortresses was full of consequences for the Venetian and Ottoman presence in the frontier area: 1) it kept the Venetian »posses-sion« of the Adriatic firm and, consequently, allowed the St Mark’s Republic ships

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free access and circulation in a safe sea and in the whole Levant; 2) it allowed the unimpeded passage of Venetian goods that reached the scala of Split from and to the Balkan hinterland and intensified the volume of trade at the Adriatic seaport; 3) it promoted a terrestrial economic agenda, incentivizing the land traffic with the Ottoman subjects; 4) by acquiring the plain dominated by Klis and other small fortresses, it contributed to create Venetian autonomous »districts« with sufficiently large countryside to ensure adequate resources; 5) it also had wide implications on a socio-cultural level, by freeing the Venetian subjects from the uncomfortable, close proximity of the »Turks« and, consequently, by promoting the concrete implementa-tion of relations of peaceful coexistence with the neighbouring.

Therefore, the image of a coastal »Venetian Dalmatia« and a continental »Otto-man Dalmatia« was rich with nuances. The possessions of the Serenissima, »piccole Venezie d’oltremare« (E. Ivetic), which were isolated and enclosed within areas surrounded by the »Turkish« presence, far from each other and positioned along a discontinuous strip of land, could be put in communication and linked territorially by the presence of these small forts which together with their countryside, extended the control over a larger and more compact area. It was therefore the goal of the Ot-tomans to fragment and splinter the Venetian presence in order to ensure a road from the hinterland to the West that would lead them directly to the Adriatic, threatening the exclusive Venetian control of the »gulf«.

Eric DustelerDepartment of History, Brigham Young University

VENICE, KLIS AND THE CRETAN WAR

The imposing fortress of Klis is located at the intersection of the political boun-daries that divided the Ottoman, Venetian and Habsburg empires. The stronghold was a lynchpin in the control of the region, and a potent symbol. As a result it was the focus of efforts by all these polities to project their power in the Dalmatian region. Reputed to be impregnable, the fortress actual switched hands repeatedly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This paper will examine the symbolic, military and political significance of the fortress of Klis during the early modern era, and in particular will consider the Venetian conquest in 1648 and its implications for Dalmatia in the early stages of the Cretan War.

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Josip Faričić—Zdenko DundovićDepartment of Geography, University of Zadar

Department of Religious Sciences, University of Zadar

ZEMUNIK AND VRANA – ARENAS OF VENETIAN-OTTOMAN CONFLICTS ON MAPS FROM THE MS. WCOVICH LAZZARI COLLECTION IN

THE CORER MUSEUM LIBRARY IN VENICE

During the Candian War, two important Ottoman strongholds in north Dal-matia were caught up in military campaigns: Zemunik and Vrana. Thanks to their favourable position on transportation links between Zadar and Biograd, with the wider coastal area, both settlements and their fortifications played an important role over the centuries in the socio-economic and military-political systems of the Zadar coastal region, regardless of changes in the framework of the state. During the 16th and early 17th centuries, they were key points in the Ottoman wedge ham-mered into the regions bordering the Venetian Republic and Habsburg Monarchy, which was built in state-legislative terms on the ruins of the medieval Croatian and Croato-Hungarian Kingdom. Zadar, the administrative centre of Venetian Dalmatia and Albania, was particularly threatened by the Ottoman presence in the area. So the efforts by the Venetian state to neutralise this Ottoman stronghold were completely logical, regardless of the final outcome of the war which was mostly fought around Crete and its maritime region.

Attempts were made to describe in detail and represent on maps the Dalmatian battlefield, as a sort of secondary arena of Venetian-Ottoman conflicts during the Candian War, particularly the places where Venice demonstrated its power over the enemy which concentrated its forces on conquering precious Venetian holdings in the eastern Mediterranean. In this context, cartographic depictions of Zemunik and Vrana made during the Candian War or immediately after it should be studied. They are kept in the Corer Museum Library in Venice (Ms. Wcovich Lazzari, b. 80). Given the quantity and quality of the contents, these maps are important sources of spatial data on these fortresses and settlements. They complement insights drawn from material remains, historical written sources, contemporary historiographic works (such as Historia della guerra di Dalmatia tra Venetiani e Turchi by Franjo Divnić, Scientific Library Zadar, Ms 837), and other cartographic sources (for example, Carte topografiche, piante di città e fortezze, disegni di battaglie della guerra di Candia, Marciana National Library, Venice, Carte geografiche nei manoscritti marciani, Ms.It.VII.200 (10050). As a means of communication regarding space and the Zadar region, the maps of Zemunik and Vrana are valuable elements of cultural heritage, and documents of first-class significance.

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Ivo GlavašConservation Department in Šibenik for the area of the Šibenik-Knin County

PROVVEDITORE ANTONIO BERNARDO AND THE DEFENCE OF ŠIBENIK

In the second phase of the Candian War (1649 – 1669), the defences of the city of Šibenik were strengthened by the orders of provveditore generale Antonio Bernardo (1656 – 1660). That was just a part of Bernardo´s wider plan for the defence of Ve-netian Dalmatia and Albania. Two large bastions were bulit at the eastern part of the city rampart, one of them protecting the main city gate (Porta terraferma). Several artillery postions were set around St. Michael´s castle and serious works undertaken on the fortress of St. John above Šibenik. Furthermore, Ridotto del Baron on the nearby hill, was fortified to become a real fortress – forte del Baron. New research will show us how exactly Bernardo´s work´s been done and who were key military and engineering figures behind these efforts.

Gunes YsykselDepartment of History, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,

Istanbul Medeniyet University

THE STATUS OF SALT-HOUSE (TUZHANE) IN GABELA AND THE WAR OF CANDIA

Salt mattered in the Early Modernity and its production as well as its trade was a top priority. As for many other institutions in the Balkans, in order to regulate its production and trade, Ottoman administration adapted a pre-existing system, introduced by the Hungarian kings. One of the major trading posts of salt was the Ottoman town of Gabela – not surprisingly – a little further inland from the mouth of the Neretva. There, from the fifteenth century on, the merchants of Ragusa had a storehouse which was apparently rented from an Ottoman waqf and an exclusive right the sale of salt produced in their own salt pans or imported from Puglia.

However, before the end of the Candian War (1645-1669), in 1666, Venetian authorities in Dalmatia got into contact with the Ottoman administrators in Bosnia so as to overthrow the Ragusan merchants from Gabela. A set of Ottoman documents from the Archivio di Stato of Venise (Bailo Costantinapoli, 373-II) as well as some dispersed acts from the same archive cast light on the conflict between Ragusean and Venetian interest groups for the rental of this important store and trade house. The procedure of trial in the Ottoman kadı’s court which was to decide upon its fate, the different sorts of evidence (fetva, hüccet and mürasele), presented by parties involved

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and their evaluation by the Ottoman authorities give an unique understanding of not only the juridical strategies and diplomacy of the main actors but also, more gene-rally, the subtleties of the salt trade in the second half of the 17th century in Dalmatia.

Aleksandar Jakovljević—Neven IsailovićThe Institute of History, Belgrade

OTTOMAN-VENETIAN FRONTIER IN THE HINTERLAND OF ŠIBENIK 1522–1671

The Ottomans had a very specific notion of frontier, deeply embedded in Otto-man state’s mind since the very beginnings. Yet, during the 16th century the processes of centralisation of the vast territories under the undisputed control of the Ottoman sultans gave impetus not only to various institutional developments but also to the emergence of clearly demarcated frontier lines in the western parts of the Empire which were quite contrary to the idea of ever-expanding empire. After several deca-des of conflict, Venice and count Ivaniš Nelipčić reached a demarcation agreement in 1434. Turkish incursions which started in 1415 gradually intensified and the war of 1499–1503 brought on vast devastations to the region. Since the 15th century, all Venetian possessions in Dalmatia were nominally protected by special documents (‘ahd-nāme), periodically renewed by the sultans. Ottoman conflict with the Realm of St. Stephen in the first decades of the 16th century did not formally concern the Vene-tians, protected by the ‘ahd-nāme of 1521. However, during the conquest of Croatian strongholds in Dalmatian hinterland, there was a distortion of customs in treatment of the landed estates of the communes under the Venetian rule. Consequently, the issue of redefining the borderlines with the Ottoman territory was opened. Decades of incursions and warfare made the districts of Šibenik and Trogir uninhabited bor-derland, organized by the Turks as the emerging nahiye Petrova gora. After the Battle of Mohács (1526), the Ottomans considered that, by right of conquest, they owned all the lands of the Realm of St. Stephen and the frontier sanjak-beys determined their domain on the basis of direct control of the land and, above all, people. Since at least 1522 Venice began its decades-long struggle for a consistent demarcation with the Ottoman Empire in Dalmatia. This task was particularly complex in the districts of Šibenik and Trogir, in which the Ottoman local administration began to emerge and, more importantly, in which the vlachs who came from the Ottoman territory began settling. The first conflicts involved certain lands and mills by the Krka River, but they soon became more frequent and were mostly connected to the activities of Turkish auxiliary troops and vlachs accused of robbery, land seizure, livestock theft, the abduction of people for slave trade etc. In the Ottoman western

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marches, jurisdictions were at first divided between sanjak-beys of Herzegovina and Bosnia. From ca. 1527/28 the settlement of the border issues and communication with both the sultan and Venice, was primarily the task of the sanjak-bey of Bosnia, and from the 1540s of the sanjak-bey of Klis and the kadi of Skradin, subordinated to the beglerbey of Bosnia since 1580. In the times of peace, following ‘ahd-nāme and broader political interests, the sultan guaranteed protection of the Venetian territories, often favouring diplomacy over the expansionism of his marcher com-manders and requiring demarcation requested by Venice. Already in its initial phase (1522–1533), the process of demarcation implied the readiness of the Ottomans to (at least nominally) respect the earlier written contracts, such as the aforementioned agreement of Šibenik and Nelipčić from 1434. This approach was an important and advanced tool in the hands of Venice for regulating territorial issues. In addition to the principle issue of the borderline, displacement of the vlachs from the hinterland of Šibenik also remained an important issue throughout 16th century and even later. Those vlachs (morlacs), however, did not move, but regulated their relations with landlords from Šibenik by leasing the land they lived on. Yet, the War of the Holy League (1537–1540) seems to have led to the new destabilization of Petrova gora as the Ottomans and their subjects held 33 villages belonging to Šibenik. The list of those villages appeared in 1540 during peace negotiations and in 1553 the sultan ordered this matter to be resolved. Nevertheless, documents from 1567 and 1569 still mentioned 33 disputed villages in Petrova gora. Successful Ottoman warfare in Dalmatia (1570–1573) and the registers created after new conquests clearly testify that a large part of Petrova gora was de facto in Ottoman hands. The negotiations of 1576 established a definite border between the Venetian district of Šibenik and the Turkish territory, which was considered as the official borderline until the end of the 17th century. Incidents still happened, but mainly in the form of periodic skirmishes near the border, caused mainly by the uskoks, officially acting under the command of the Habsburgs. The War of Candia undid the borderline from 1576 in the hinterland of Šibenik, but only temporarily. Vlach rebels against the Turkish authorities, after a briefly successful rebellion and ultimate defeat, found shelter and protection in the city and district of Šibenik. The war ended without significant changes of the border, which was formally determined by the agreement in 1671. Crucial changes occurred only after the beginning of the Morean War (1683).

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Duje JerkovićUniversity of Zagreb

MASTERING NATURE AND MAKING CADASTER OF DEFTER LANDS: SURVEYING AQUISTO NUOVO

Current historiography knowledge about Aquisto Nuovo of Venetian Republic after the Candian war were based on the study of sources from State archives in Zadar, the so called Calergi’s cadastre. That Cadastral map and land registry surveyed the fortress of Klis and near villages of Stobreč, Solin, Kamen and Vranjic that in fact constituted Aquisto Nuovo in central Dalmatia. During previous period the Ottoman government kept narrative tax registers, defters which allow us insight in conditions of that area. The study of defters is one of key foundation points of historiographic research about the Sanjak of Klis and Sanjak of Herzegovina. Calergi’s cadastre rep-resented the final act of property change in the period of peace establishment between Ottoman and Venetian government. The question of technical aspects of making the cadastre on the ground has not yet been problematized. Therefor it is pointed here to the geodetic map of the cadastre of Aquisto Nuovo, up to now unknown to re-searchers, that was found in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Author defines the legal frame and the key dates of cadastre making and the development of geodetic map and cadastral map, and then offers arguments that the geodetic map comes from the year 1672 at the latest. Calergi’s cadastre was kept in two copies in Zadar and Split, and as we have no indications that there was an extra copy in Venice the author points that the geodetic map served as the source for the later cartography; especially for the cartographic images in the books of fra Vicenzo Coronelli and Daniele Farlati. Finally, with special interest in local history, author compares the representation of settlements and on geodetic map and cadastral map.

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Kristijan JuranDepartment of History, University of Zadar

NORTHERN DALMATIAN ISLANDS IN THE CONTEXT OF MORLACH MIGRATIONS DURING THE WAR OF CANDIA

It is noted that many settlements on Northern Dalmatian islands were inhabited by refugees and exiles from the nearby and remote continental hinterland during the era of Venetian-Ottoman wars. The scientific and professional literature also brings the opinion that during the 16th and 17th centuries, especially during the Candian War and the Morean War, the islands became permanent destination for migrants from the continent, primarily Morlachs, who until then had been subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The presentation will try to answer the question of whether such opinions, as well as their historiographic equivalents, hold grounds in the archival sources.

Özgür KolçakDepartment of History, Faculty of Letters, University of Istanbul

CAPTIVES, YET STILL SOLDIERS: VENETIANS IN THE SEVEN TOWERS THROUGH THE EYES OF THE

HABSBURG PRISONERS

In 1655 a group Venetian patricians was delivered to the Seven Towers in Con-stantinople after they been taken captive by the Ottomans in Crete. Nearly ten years later they met with a number of Austrian and Hungarian prisoners who similarly fell in the hands of the Ottomans in a small military engagement that took place at Párkány (in Royal Hungary) in 1663. The Venetian community in the Seven Towers, particularly Marco Antonio Delfino and Sebastiano Molin, supported the newcomers and offered bread and wine in times of need. This state of affairs, however, did not last long and the Venetian and Habsburg war prisoners began to nurture hostile feelings towards one another. Leonhardt Rüblandt, the German officer who controlled the cor-respondence of the Habsburg war prisoners in the Seven Towers produced a number of letters depicting the worsening relationship with the Venetian aristocrats. In 1667, the tension between the two groups was so high that the Venetian and Habsburg prisoners literally engaged in a bloody fight with stones, clubs, and iron chains. Hauptmann Rüblandt also filed intelligence reports on Venetian captives which he transmitted to the imperial resident by the Porte. This paper attempts at a narrative construction of the relations between the Venetian and Habsburg war prisoners in

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the Seven Towers resting mainly upon the letters sent by the imprisoned Habsburg captives. This effort will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of how war and diplomacy affected the everyday lives of the prisoners in the Seven Towers in the second half of the 17th century who still regarded themselves as soldiers.

Elma KorićThe Institute for Oriental Studies in Sarajevo

SOME EVENTS IN THE DALMATIAN HINTERLAND BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE CRETAN WAR

Based on the comparative reading of the less widely used archival materials of Ottoman origin kept in the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Düvel-i ecnebiyye defterleri) and the book of Venetian Ambassador (bailo) in Istanbul, kept in the State Archives in Venice (Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Bailo a Constantinopoli), as well as relevant literature, this presentation will draw attention to several significant events an processes in the Dalmatian hinterland in the decades before the beginning of the Cretan war.

The mentioned sources offer very similar data, on the basis of which it is possible to conclude which questions were of importance in Ottoman-Venetian relations in Dalmatia in the first decades of the 17th century. It has been a period characterized by historiography as the ‘age of relative peace’ that arose after the end of the the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War, also known as the War of Cyprus, and lasted until the begin-ning of the Cretan War. On this occasion, the documents taken into account were those who provide new data on trade, especially on the Port of Split, border banditry, the participation of volunteers from the Ottoman territory in the Spanish-Venetian War, construction of large buildings near the border and so on. In spite of the abundance of data it offers, the given material nevertheless provides only a one-sided display of the system of solving only some problematic issues and excessive situations. For a more complete insight into the events in the Ottoman-Venetian neighborhood in Dalmatia in the mentioned period, as well as in the details of the everyday life of »ordinary man«, it would be necessary to consult several different types of sources of various provenances.

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Katerina B. Korrè Department of History, Faculty of History & Translation – Interpreting,

Ionian University

THE GREEK ELEMENT IN DALMATIA AT THE TIME OF THE WAR OF CANDIA. THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SCHOLARLY RESEARCH

Venice’s Dalmatian possessions formed the spearhead of the Stato da mar. Although their historical role as shields for the security of the Venetian lagoon, they have not always received the appropriate attention from the part of the Venetian poli-tics. On the contrary, some political parties in Venice – and modern historiography too – both treated the region in a fragmentary manner and on a case-by-case basis, depending on the local needs and the state’s economic potentials. The war of Candia overturned this misconception, demonstrating the unity not only of space but also of the fate of Serenissima’s last holdings in the Mediterranean.

Venice took advantage of the Greek element in Dalmatia not only in the context of its settlement policy but also as leverage for the local population’s rapprochement; for we must not forget that a significant part of the population was following the Orthodox doctrine.

Using archival evidence from the Venetian State Archives (Archivio di Stato di Venezia), the archive of the Patriarchate of Venice and the Archives of the Greek Confraternity of Venice, we will try to set out the basic directions of a synthetic research, the research questions and to outline some answers.

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Slavko KovačićArchibiscopic Archives in Split

COUNT MARKO SRDANOVIĆ AND GLAGOLITIC PARISH VICARS DON IVAN NENADIĆ AND DON MARKO KADIĆ KOTROMANJIĆ DURING

THE UPRIZING OF PRIMORCI IN 1646

Stjepan Zlatović has already in his text about the uprising of Makarska littoral against Ottoman rule pointed to the fact that the authors who wrote about that are not consistent about the order of events and that it is necessary to revise the chronology. That, as far as we know, was not done up to now. All remained on Zlatović’s description.

According to him and to others who gave a glance about that events the main role in the uprising of Primorci was from the very beginning in the person of newly appointed bishop of Makarska fra Petar Kačić and Franciscan friars. For such a conclusion they had no support in documentary sources but were a result of wit for which, not without reason, they thought to be probable.

However, some first class documentary sources, unknown to them, offer a much different image of events. Special importance has to be accordingly given to the document that testifies of the direct encouragement for the revolt by Paolo Caotorte. He was, at the very beginning of the Candian War, on 13th March 1646, chosen by the supreme Venetian authorities for Provveditore estraordinario in Dalmatia and Albania. In the middle of next July, in front of two members of the nobility of Makarska summoned to a secret meeting held in the port of Splitska on the island of Brač, he has declared that the doge was receiving, already from March, a series of letters in which they are declaring ready to revolt against Ottoman rule and are requesting help with that task. It is a question whether that claim had any real support or was it his diplomatic trick stated with a goal of getting them easier for starting the revolt. In any case, in the background of that meeting was Caotorta’s strategic assessment that with the possible attack of revolting troops on the Turkish garrison in the nearby fort of Duare, supported by smaller detachments, would make more easy the defense of Zadar and other Dalmatian cities from any Ottoman incursion.

It should be stressed that in the prolonged Caotorta’s presentation there is no mention of bishop Kačić or the Franciscan friars (the mentioned bishop in the time of the upraising preparation was, judging by all stated, still absent from his homeland; he was appointed bishop only in July 1646, and he returned passing throug Venice only after that meeting).

A special meaning has the reply of two nobles of Makarska to the Caotorta’s presentation – that for their part nothing is to be decided without the acceptance of count Marko Srdanović. That is fully understandable when it is known that Marko

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was at that moment »count of whole Littoral«, as he is named by don Marko Kadić Kotromanjić in his pompously articulated introduction at the beginning of a new parish register for Kučiće and Svinišće.

The words spoken by the glagolitic parish vicar of Rogoznica don Ivan Nenadić in front of Caotorta at the second secret meeting held subsequently near the seaside near Omiš are surprising. He has bravely and openly expressed fear that the Venetians shall, when a superior Ottoman force strikes from Bosnia, leave the insurgents ot the mercy of Ottomans and defend only that what was Venetian before the war.

Caotorta has decisively discarded such possibility. However, it was exactly what wise glagolitic priest predicted that happened. The Turkish retribution had catastrophic consequences for Makarska and the whole Littoral. All of the villages in the area got devastated. Franjo Difnik, contemporary to the events, writes that the Turkish avengers had destroyed everything with »sword and flame«. The village of Rogoznica is specially mentioned, and he adds: »In that events the brother of count Marko Sardanović lost his life, a man respected as the headman who did not join the others who submitted to the Venetians. Visiting the sandjak bey of Herzegovina, he was sent with accredited letters back to Makarska to secretly negotiate with local inhabitants who wanted to return to sultan’s subjection, promising them abolition and the return of possessions. When provveditore Cocco discovered what was Sardanović negotiating about, he has placed him to chains on a galley and sent him to Foscolo«. According to the documents found by Madunić in the Venetian archives, count Marco was also thrown to the Venetian dungeon. His release was latter demanded by the representatives of the nobility of Makarska, most probably in wain.

It is worth mentioning that the aforementioned parish vicar of Kučiće don Marko Kadić Kotromanjić has received from Rome, on request from the contemporary archbishop of Split Leonardo Bondumier, the authority to hold mass for Christian soldiers outside of church during the war. He was also one of those signing the docu-ment of the conditions of the subjection of Primorci to dodges authority, the only one from the clergy.

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Vjeran KursarDepartment of History & Department of Turkish, Hungarian and Judaic studies,

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb

WAR-TIME DALMATIA IN THE TRAVELOGUE OF EVLIYA ÇELEBI (SEYAHATNAME)

The renowned Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the region of Dalmatia on several occasions during the War of Candia. Evliya personally participated in fights around the Venetian coastal towns of Šibenik and Zadar, and offers the first-hand experience of the harshness of the war. On the other hand, on an occasion he also acted as an envoy trying to negotiate with Venetian officials in Split. Thus, in addition to dramatic war stories, Evliya, by crossing to the other side, provides a different type of account of a Venetian town, its citizens, their customs, art and architecture, ranging from misunderstanding to astonishment and fascination. Evliya has also left a very valuable and insightful description of the Ottoman-held Dalmatian hinterland, its towns and settlements. He especially praises Drniš, once a rich town with many mosques and other institutions of Islamic civilization, which was at a time of his visit reduced to a pitiful state following the Venetian attack and destruction of the town. Evliya is especially impressed with Muslim Croatian population, and frontier warriors in particular, whom he praises as exceptionally brave, if somewhat barbaric. On the other hand, however, he admires Dalmatian Muslims’ piety and understanding of Islamic faith and civilization, despite living in harsh conditions of the western border of the Ottoman Empire.

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Domagoj MadunićIndependent researcher, Zagreb

THE INTEGRATION OF THE MORLACCHI INTO THE VENETIANDEFENSIVE SYSTEM IN DALMATIA DURING THE WAR OF CRETE

(1645-1669)

The paper address the problem common to many early modern governments in Europe, namely, the question of how to establish control over semi-autonomous populations settled in their frontier zones. The particular case I have chosen for investigation of this topic concerns the Republic of Venice in the time of War for Crete (1645-1669), and its frontier with the Ottoman Empire in Dalmatia. Encour-aged by the successes of the Venetian arms in Dalmatia in the first years of war (1647-1648), large numbers of Ottoman subjects of Christian faith settled along the Dalmatian-Bosnian border, so called Vlachs, known in the Venetian sources as the Morlacchi, decided to leave their homes and to throw in their lot with the Republic. According to the report of the governorgeneral Lorenzo Dolfin – head of the Vene-tian provincial administration in Dalmatia – from 1655, between 28–30 thousand Morlacchi deflected to the Venetian side in the first years of the war. This migration of the Morlacchi into the territory under the control of the Venetian Republic, was one of the most striking events of this war.

The acquisition of thousands of these new subjects, presented the Venetian government with several practical problems: first, how to provide food for countless Morlacchi families, second, how to organize the Morlacchi and achieve maximum utilization of their military potential, and finally how to secure their loyalty. Inte-gration of tens of thousands of Morlacchi immigrants and their transformation from the Ottoman raya into obedient subjects of the Venetian Republic would represent a serious problem for the Venetian government even in the peacetime. In the war time the task was nearly impossible. Under Venetian rule, the Morlacchi enjoyed a large measure of autonomy. They were governed and led into action by their own leaders, elected by the Morlacchi and confirmed by the Venetian administration, who styled themselves with a mixture of Ottoman-Venetian titles (serdar, harambaša, capitano, knez, governatore). As this paper argues, the final outcome, that is an integration of the Morlacchi in the Venetian defensive system in Dalmatia as units of territorial ir-regular militia, with their separate command structure, was a not intended product of a single long term policy defined by the central organs of the Venetian government.

Instead, it rather represents an outcome of combination of skillful improvisations on the part of various governor-generals in Dalmatia: their responses to the challenges of the daily needs and particular situations, material constraints within which they had to operate and general instructions formulated by the central organs of the state.

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Filip NovoselCroatian Institute of History, Zagreb

ECHOES OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN BATTLEFIELDS ON THE EARSTERN ADRIATIC COAST: THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR VETERANS SERVING AS CAPI DA GUERRA UNDER THE BANNER OF ST. MARK IN DALMATIA

DURING THE WAR OF CRETE

Europe of the first half of the 17th century was to a large extent marked by one of the biggest conflicts in early modern period – the Thirty Years’ War. Yet, although still a respectable European force at that time, the Republic of Venice managed to avoid any notable military engagement outside the Apennine peninsula. Accordingly, Venetian provinces Stato da mar, including Dalmatia, stayed completely unaffected by this clash of all European leading forces. However, despite the lack of its military interference in Central European affairs, Venice was not exempted from military activities in general. On the contrary, one of the major features of early modern his-tory of the Republic of Venice was constant atrocity with the Ottoman Empire, which once more escalated in 1645 when the long lasting War of Crete began. Although European forces were extremely exhausted by the Thirty Years’ War, military profes-sionals were forced to search another source of employment, and the War of Crete, whose beginnings overlap with the end of the Thirty Years’ War, presented a perfect opportunity for new enterprises. Therefore, many Thirty Years’ War veterans offered their service to the Serenissima bringing their experience from Central European battlefields to the Mediterranean space. In that respect, as being one of the theatres of military operations, the Venetian province of Dalmatia and Albania indirectly got introduced with some notions of the aforementioned European conflict.

This lecture will focus on some questions concerning the complex phenomenon of early modern military activities through the case study of the presence of foreign military commanders in the Venetian service during the War of Crete situated in Dalmatia. The research itself is based on the analysis of the archival material from the collection Capi da Guerra held in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, supported by other archival sources as well. The fact that more than half of the Capi da guerra engaged in the War of Crete were actually veterans from the Thirty Years’ War already shows the significance of their impact in Venetian army. Moreover, according to the sources, many of them at least shortly stayed in Dalmatia. Taken that into account, due to military professionals’ necessity of constant search for work, »echoes« from other European battlefields brought by them all the way to Dalmatian space will primarily serve to show some aspects of dynamism of the early modern military activity. The phenomenon of internationality of European armies of the time, the practice most strongly embraced by the Republic of Venice, certainly brought the intensive exchange of various experiences affecting the Eastern Adriatic coast too.

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Altogether, besides the aim to elucidate some aspects of the nature of military world within the early modern European society, the main goal of this case study would be to give some ideas and guidelines for further research of early modern Dalmatian military history.

Željana Parčina RešićFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split

LOCAL DALMATIAN POPULATION AND THEIR ROLE IN DEFENSIVE POLICY OF SERENISSIMA DURING WAR OF CANDIA

Dalmatian cities welcomed War of Candia with weak and outdated fortifications that once might have endured ballistae, catapult attacks and battering rams but, at the beginning of the 16th century, were already too weak to withstand even a stronger wind gust. Only bastions filled with land could neutralize new siege equipment, and only one city in the entire Dalmatia had them – Zadar. In addition, the lacking artillery and the overall weakness of the Venetian military forces were evident from the Grimani report to the Senate. Main defence force was made up of about 1400 mercenaries and little over 8,000 able-bodied locals. However, fighting abilities and skills of the latter were almost non-existent. Poor fortifications and inefficient defence were not the only problem for Dalmatian citizens - there was also the inability of the province to feed itself. Even in the periods of peace, it was not possible to cover the needs of the local population. Food produce, mainly grain, were imported mostly from Ottoman areas. Beginning of the war and the breakdown of the trade with the hinterland meant that Dalmatia depends exclusively on supplies from Venice and from Italian markets in Marche, Puglia and Romagna. Border skirmishes and constant invasions, hostilities and looting of city districts, as well as the Venetian war tactics of »scorched earth« have led to the complete neglect of agricultural areas and great shortages and famine. Despite the constant requests for help, from both the city’s population and the governor-generals themselves, the visibly exhausted Republic mainly directed its efforts and resources to the Crete battlefields. Reinforcements and supplies arrived rarely, and the patience and motivation of the mercenaries was running out. Desertion, but also rebellion and unrest became a norm that local popula-tion often calmed with their own money. Having no other choice or help, cities were fortified and defended by their own means and labour.

The »phenomenon« of the Dalmatian population, their persistence and bravery, have not gone unnoticed in the reports of the governor-generals as well as in the works of contemporaries. Centuries of opposition to the enemy and inadequate help did not discourage, but rather made them stronger and more decisive. It is precisely

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their tenacity and desire for liberation from the Turkish yoke that, despite the ultimate outcome of Cretan war, led to the expansion of Venetian territory and its victory in Dalmatia.

Josip PavićPublic Institution in culture Fortress of Culture Šibenik

SUMMER OF ’46THE MAKING OF NEW DEFENSIVE SYSTEM OF ŠIBENIK

AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

During the winter of 1645/46, it became clear to the people of Šibenik that this new conflict between Venice and the High Porte will not be a short one. The excel-lent strategic position of their town within Venetian Dalmatia was marred with its poor defensive facilities, especially towards hinterland, from where the attack would almost certainly come. Countless repairs and additions were made on the medieval castle and city walls throughout the 16th and 17th century, but they still remained very medieval. As the source says, everyone looked with fear on the neighbouring hilltop of St. John, which – despite multiple requests – still remained unfortified in July 1646, while the strong Ottoman army was marauding through Dalmatia, with Šibenik as its declared goal for the warring season.

And yet, on October 7th, when the attack finally came, Šibenik was ready. And it was not just about fortifying one location. The defensive area was now three times larger, spearheaded by the new St. John’s Fortress, covered with redoubts, trenches and defensive lines. This remarkable feat was achieved through the determination of the citizens, the adaptability of Venetian officials and, of course – blind luck. The tired Ottoman army was fairly easily repulsed that year, but the makeshift solutions of 1646 will outlive their creators and last, in one form or another, for hundreds of years.

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Marco RomioUniversity of Trieste

MAKING PEACE DURING WARTIME. CROSS-BORDER MEDIATION AT BOKA KOTORSKA FRONTIER

During the Candian war, the Boka Kotorska front was a secondary theater of operations compared to Cretan and Dalmatian ones: the limited resources invested by Venetians in Albania led rapidly to a stalemate, often interrupted by Turkish as-sault (as in Perast during 1654). This low intensity conflict contributed to exacerbate local feuds between border communities that were already present before the war: paradoxically, those »non institutional conflicts« were viewed as a true problem for the two fighting powers. Kotor was the postal terminal between Venice and Istanbul, and a possible closing of this »information corridor« was a threat for the stability of the region. My paper will offer a new perspective on the Ottoman-Venetian border in Montenegro, bypassing the traditional view of a »clash of civilization« for a different approach to the categories of conflicts as a negative solidarity between communities. Afterward, I will focus on mediators, like the members of Bolizza family, that held wide relational networks in Ottoman territory: I will try to demonstrate that the na-ture of this »agents«, more than trans-imperial, had a strongest »cross-community« characterisation.

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Marko RimacDepartment of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,

University of Split

BORDER DEMARCATION AND LAND CONSIGNATION:ASSERTING POWER THROUGH MAP DRAWING AT THE END OF WAR

OF CANDIA

Border demarcation and the problem of managing land property on the border was important for Venetian-Ottoman relations in pre-modern period. It came to be a problem not only in peace negotiations but also during long periods of peace due to usurpations and tense relations on the border. Border line was hard to control and maintain, especially as border demarcations tended to be forgotten due to devastated frontier. Geographical sketches of the border are known from 16th century onwards. Such sketches had no legal effect and border was described and defined narratively. Border descriptions had to include local landmarks to be effective but such practice depended on the interpretation. Cartography and land surveying blossomed in early modern Europe so that the value of the map as an evidence was growing stronger and stronger. In order to maintain future peace and to assert power on new posses-sion in Dalmatia Venetian senate ordered to the governor (Proveditore generale) of Dalmatia and Albania Zorzi Morosini to make the cadastral survey of new possession around Klis and the old possession around Nin. The result of that work were two elaborate cadastral maps and land registry books. They had a dual effect, fiscal and administrative on one hand (internal question), and diplomatic and evidential on the other (international question). Both areas of Klis and Nin had been devastated by war and while land around Nin had to returned to the previous owners the area around Klis was a totally new paradigm for Venetian rule on eastern Adriatic coast. The land in the area gained by border negotiations was proclaimed state ownership and was to be given to Venetian subjects as a hereditary possession (in male line only). It was the beginning of a totally new system of administration influenced partly by Ottoman miri and serhad system. The Author analyses the question of administrating New possession around Klis and reconstructs the border lines around it in the pre-sent street network of Split, Solin and Klis. Further emphasis is given to the history of coexistence of governments and local populations on Venetian-Ottoman border around Split and Klis prior to Candian war.

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Roberto VaccherUniversity of Teramo

THE FACE OF WAR: PSYCHOLOGICAL COSTS OF COMBAT AND LIFE CONDITIONS OF VENETIAN SOLDIERS DURING THE WAR OF CANDIA

(1645-1669)

In the summer of 1645, an Ottoman fleet reached the coasts of Crete and disem-barked an expeditionary force of 50.000 men. It was the beginning of a conflict that saw the forces of the Serenissima Republic of Venice confronting the Ottoman Empire, in a conflict spanning for over a quarter of a century: the War of Candia.

Even though the military aspects of siege and field operations are relatively well known, some other aspects are still unknown and require further attention. Therefore, this article analyzes the conditions of daily life of venetian rank and file soldiers during the Candian war, in a scenery of discomfort, lack of food and sleep, lax sanitation and mounting disease. However, poor life conditions are not the only aspect impacting on the mind of man, so this paper also deals with the behaviour of those soldiers who, as described by Gregory Hanlon, »were subject to considerable natural inhibitions towards killing other people face to face«. The understanding of this topic can improve the comprehension of problems regarding the dynamics of combat in the Seventeenth century, but can also be applied to similar phenomena occurring in the contemporary age.

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Nikša VarezićDepartment of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,

University of Split

DUBROVNIK’S »ANTEMURALE CHRISTIANITATIS« – THE RHETORICAL STRATEGY OF DUBROVNIK IN COMUNICATION WITH ROMAN CURIA

Probably the most important rhetorical strategy of the Dubrovnik Republic, tra-ditionally used in front of Christian rulers in the goal of defending their own interest, was the one that affirmed the impression of Dubrovnik as »Antemurale Christiani-tatis«. The rhetorical argumentation to accomplish that was not chosen accidentally. In the diplomatic documents it is continuously present, starting from late medieval period and lasting the whole pre-modern period, and it was especially present in the frame of diplomatic communication with Papal Rome.

During the 17th century, out of all western factors only Rome was permanently interested for Dubrovnik’s benefits. While trying to get the attention of the addressee and to obtain effective impact, the Dubrovnik’s diplomatic rhetoric even during 17th century had access to various variants of the same basic discourse, which didn’t represent just mere phrase, but also a certain reflection of real circumstances. The image of a position of the very edge of Christianity, which had suggested the utter consideration for the needs of the Republic, has gained an extra touch of dramatic during the Candian War. Emphasizing the fragile position of a small Republic located between Venetians and Ottomans, Republic didn’t miss the opportunity to remind of the need of maintaining Dubrovnik’s neutrality. Emphasizing the geo-strategical importance of Dubrovnik and in accordance to that the necessity of preserving it came so evident in the period after the earthquake in 1667.

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Josip VrandečićDepartment of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,

University of Split

THE SIEGE OF KNIN IN THE YEAR 1654

The siege of Knin in march of 1654 represents one of the greatest defeats of Venetian army in Dalmatia during the Candian War. When help to the defenders ar-rived from Bosnia a battle occured under Knin with a loss of 2000 Venetian soldiers. This work analyses the broader military-political context of the assault on Knin, the course of the siege and the battle after the arrival of Ottoman reinforcements, and the consequences. They are particulary important because of the loss of the best Venetian troops, including Papal soldiers.

The battle didn’t change the military balance in Dalmatia, but the Venetians lacked the potential to make offensive actions up to the end of the war. The aforemen-tioned siege and battle are being described through the reports of Papal nunciature in Venice.

Michael UrsinusRuprecht Karl University of Heidelberg

THE SULTAN’S SALT WORKS OF SITA AND BANSKA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE CANDIAN WAR: OTTOMAN EVIDENCE

FROM THE POLJICA ARCHIVES

The ancient (by origin pre-Ottoman) Salt Works of Sita and Banska (erroneously misread ‘Stevabanka’ by Alfons Pavić and associated with the locality of Strožanac by Kaštelan and, on the basis of some imaginative etymology, by Bajraktarević) consist of not one but (at least) two Sultanic memlaha of hass status situated near the mouth of Žrnovnica river downstream from the former Ottoman fortification of Kamen in the immediate hinterland of Split. Being placed within the administrative confines of the sandjak of Hersek, but administered by the cadis first of the sandjak of Bosna, then of Klis, the two memlaha units were not only situated on an internal Ottoman administrative boundary, but placed extremely close to the Veneto-Ottoman frontier for much of their existence. What is more: They drew their workforce from the adjacent semi-autonomous principality of Poljica nestling in the foothills of Mo-sor massif between Klis and Omiš which remained in Ottoman hands even after the fall of Klis in 1648. It may therefore come as a surprize that for much of the 16th and

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17th centuries the two Sultanic salt works succeeded in maintaining, and increasing, their production despite their ‘marginal’, if not exposed, position; even in times of active war between the Ottoman Empire and other powers (1570-1573, 1593-1606) they appear to have maintained the production of salt with few (often unrelated) interruptions. – Was the Candian War (1645-1669) any different? The purpose of the present contribution, by focussing on the Ottoman documentation (from some hitherto unknown Poljica family archives as well as those housed in the Arkeološki muzej and Kaptolski arhiv in Split) for the early years of the Veneto-Ottoman war about Crete (1645-1648), is to assess the initial repercussions of this war on the run-ning of the salt works in question.

Joshua M. White Corcoran Department of History, University of Virginia

OTTOMAN PIRACY, PRIVATEERING, AND ANTI-PIRACY MEASURES IN THE ADRIATIC, 1645-1684

Drawing on Ottoman, Venetian, and Ragusan archival sources, this paper consi-ders the shape of Ottoman piracy and privateering in the Adriatic in the run up to and during the Candian War and their impact on Dalmatia, as well as the measures the Ottomans and Venetians took before and after the war to tamp down the violence. It argues that rampant piracy in the Adriatic in the decades before the war, particularly that practiced by local and long-distance corsairs with ties to North Africa, played a key role in the increased tensions with Venice that led to the generation-long conflict, and that despite the fact that the Ottomans encouraged privateering in the Adriatic during the Candian War, the Ottomans were newly proactive in their efforts to squelch illegal maritime violence during the fifteen years of peace that followed the conclu-sion of the war in 1669, though the results were mixed. Underpaid and unemployed Ottoman naval irregulars who had found ready work harassing Venetian possessions and shipping during the 1645-1669 war bristled at official attempts to have all ship-owners register their craft and post bonds, and the Ottoman government’s orders to burn boats and ships built without authorization drove many underground, leading to a rash of attacks in the Adriatic not only on Venetian, but Ottoman targets as well.

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Christos Zampakolas Department of Archives, Library Science & Museum Studies,

Faculty of Information Science and Informatics, Ionian University

THE CANDIAN WAR AND THE »PATRIA CRETENSE« IN THE GREEK CONFRATERNITY IN VENICE

The subject of my presentation is the Greek Confraternity of Venice (»Scuola dei Greci di Venezia«) during the so-called »War of Candia«: its composition, the problems that bothered the Greeks, their relationship with the Venetian authorities and especially, the Confraternity’s reactions to the war of Crete.

The internal organization of the Confraternity included some smaller agglomera-tions of its members regarding their origins called »homelands« (»patrie«). One of them was the »Cretan patria« and, as its name reveals, consisted of members coming from Candia (Crete).

The events and the different phases of the War of Candia were discussed at the meetings of the governing bodies of the Confraternity. Moreover, the Confraternity was the one who had to deal with the first refugees since the fall of Crete to the Ot-toman Turks. These two issues are forming the nucleus of my presentation, which is mainly seeking for the overall impact of the Cretan war on the »Campo dei Greci«.

SADRŽAJ

Schedule of papers / Raspored izlaganja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SAŽETCI Ayşe Nükhet Adiyeke: War and Daily Life Intermingled: Establishment of the Ottoman Administration During the Wars of Crete . . . . . . . 15

Nuri Adiyeke: Cretan Wars in Accordance within the Context of the Ottoman Adriatic Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Marija Andrić: Essendo seguita la pace con il nostro Imperatore: Bosnian Merchants and Reopening of Port of Split (1670-72) . . . 17

Ivna Anzulović—Lovre Lučić: Venetian-Ottoman border in Novigrad Area, before and after the Candian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Federico Bulfone Gransinigh: The Fortress of Bačvice and the War of Candia. Project, Motivations and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Francesco Cerea: Zug’s Mercenaries at the Venice Service: the Case of the Captains of the Ägeri Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Vera Constantini: Trade Networks in Dalmatia at the Outbreak of the War of Candia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Angela De Maria: The ‘ahd-names of 1671 and the Definition of Ottoman-Venetian Territories in the Dalmatian Frontier . . . . . . . . 21

Eric Dusteler: Venice, Klis and the Cretan War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Josip Faričić—Zdenko Dundović: Zemunik and Vrana – Arenas of Venetian-Ottoman Conflicts on Maps from the ms. Wcovich Lazzari Collection in the Corer Museum Library in Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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Ivo Glavaš: Provveditore Antonio Bernardo and the Defence of Šibenik 24

Gunes Ysyksel: The Status of Salt-House (Tuzhane) in Gabela and the War of Candia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Aleksandar Jakovljević—Neven Isailović: Ottoman-Venetian Frontier in the Hinterland of Šibenik 1522-1671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Duje Jerković: Mastering Nature and Making Cadaster of Defter Lands: Surveying Aquisto nuovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Kristijan Juran: Northern Dalmatian Islands in the Context of Morlach Migrations during the War of Candia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Özgür Kolçak: Captives, Yet Still Soldiers: Venetians in the Seven Towers through the Eyes of the Habsburg Prisoners . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Elma Korić: Some Events in the Dalmatian Hinterland Before the Beginning of the Cretan War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Katerina B. Korrè: The Greek Element in Dalmatia at the Time of the War of Candia. The Main Components of a Scholarly Research 30

Slavko Kovačić: Count Marko Srdanović and Glagolitic Parish Vicars don Ivan Nenadić and don Marko Kadić Kotromanjić During the Uprizing of Primorci in 1646. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Vjeran Kursar: War-time Dalmatia in the Travelogue of Evliya Çelebi (Seyahatname) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Domagoj Madunić: The Integration of the Morlacchi into the Venetian Defensive System in Dalmatia during the War of Crete (1645-1669) 34

Filip Novosel: Echoes of Central European Battlefields on the Earstern Adriatic coast: the Thirty Years’ War Veterans Serving as Capi da guerra under the Banner of St. Mark in Dalmatia during the War of Crete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Željana Parčina Rešić: Local Dalmatian Population and their Role in Defensive Policy of Serenissima during War of Candia . . . . . . . . 36

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Josip Pavić: Summer of ’46. The Making of New Defensive System of Šibenik and its Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Marco Romio: Making Peace during Wartime. Cross-border Mediation at Boka Kotorska Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Marko Rimac: Border Demarcation and Land Consignation: Asserting Power through Map Drawing at the End of War of Candia . . . . . . 39

Roberto Vaccher: The Face of War: Psychological Costs of Combat and Life Conditions of Venetian Soldiers during the War of Candia (1645-1669) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Nikša Varezić: Dubrovnik’s »Antemurale Christianitatis« – the Rhetorical Strategy of Dubrovnik in Comunication with Roman Curia . . . . . 41

Josip Vrandečić: The Siege of Knin in the Year 1654 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Michael Ursinus: The Sultan’s Salt Works of Sita and Banska during the Early Years of the Candian War: Ottoman Evidence from the Poljica Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Joshua M. White: Ottoman Piracy, Privateering, and Anti-Piracy Measures in the Adriatic, 1645-1684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Christos Zampakolas: The Candian War and the »Patria Cretense« in the Greek Confraternity in Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

IzdavačKnjiževni krug Split

Ispod ure 3, Split

Internet knjižara na adresiwww.knjizevni-krug.hr

Za izdavačaNenad Cambi

LekturaElizabeta Garber

Računalni slogKnjiževni krug Split

Likovno rješenje ovitkaNeven Marin

TisakDalmacija papir, Split

Međunarodni znanstveni skup Dalmacija i Kandijski rat, 0 350. obljetnici završetka rata (1669-2019) novčano su pomogli:

Ministarstvo kulture RH, Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja RHŽupanija splitsko-dalmatinska

Zaklada HAZUOpćina KlisGrad Split

Tiskanje završeno u rujnu 2019.

organizatori · 2019-09-25 · international scientific conference dalmatia and the candian war,...

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