Soon after the end of Soon after the end of World War II, problems between World War II, problems between the West and the Soviet Union.the West and the Soviet Union.Soviets: strip Germany of all Soviets: strip Germany of all industrial plant—ship to USSR industrial plant—ship to USSR Stalin in 1946:Stalin in 1946:Communism and Communism and capitalism are capitalism are incompatible; incompatible; another war is another war is inevitable. inevitable.

Soviets created Soviets created satellite nationssatellite nations (dependent on (dependent on the Soviet Union (USSR) in:the Soviet Union (USSR) in:

Poland Poland Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Hungary Hungary Albania Albania Romania Romania Bulgaria Bulgaria

February 1945—Yalta February 1945—Yalta Conference Conference (in Soviet Union)(in Soviet Union)

ChurchillChurchillRoosevelt Roosevelt Stalin Stalin

Agreed to form the United Nations,Agreed to form the United Nations,Soviet Union would enter war against Soviet Union would enter war against Japan, and division of Europe into Japan, and division of Europe into zones after the war. zones after the war.

June 1945, June 1945, United NationsUnited Nations created. created.U.S. joins USSR & 48 other nations.U.S. joins USSR & 48 other nations.

San Francisco; later New YorkSan Francisco; later New YorkGeneral Assembly and 11-General Assembly and 11-member member Security CouncilSecurity Council..5 Permanent Security Council5 Permanent Security Councilmembers: U.S., USSR, members: U.S., USSR, Great Britain, France,Great Britain, France,Nationalist China. Each hadNationalist China. Each hadveto power.veto power.

July 1945, TrumanJuly 1945, Truman, Stalin, , Stalin, and Churchill (laterand Churchill (laterClement Attlee) Clement Attlee) meet at Potsdam, meet at Potsdam, near Berlin, Germanynear Berlin, Germany

Truman Truman informs informs other Big 3other Big 3members members about bombabout bomband they and they design post-design post-war Germany war Germany

China erupts into major China erupts into major civil war in 1949 civil war in 1949 Communists under Mao-Zedong Communists under Mao-Zedong

Defeat U. S.-backed Defeat U. S.-backed Nationalists Nationalists under under Chiang Chiang Kai-Shek Kai-Shek (Jiang (Jiang Jieshi)Jieshi)

The Nationalists flee The Nationalists flee China and establish a government China and establish a government on the island of Formosa on the island of Formosa (now Taiwan)(now Taiwan)

U. S. President U. S. President Harry Truman: Policy Harry Truman: Policy of Containment of Containment

Winston Winston Churchill: Churchill: Fulton, MO,Fulton, MO,March 1946:March 1946:““From From Stettin in Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the continent (of Europe).”across the continent (of Europe).”

Greece and Turkey Greece and Turkey

First sites of Truman’s First sites of Truman’s Policy of Containment: Policy of Containment:

The Truman Doctrine:The Truman Doctrine:““The U. S. should The U. S. should support free support free peoples throughout peoples throughout the world who were the world who were resisting takeovers resisting takeovers by ‘armed minorities’ or by ‘armed minorities’ or ‘‘outside pressures.’”outside pressures.’”U. S. sent $400 million in aid U. S. sent $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey, 1947-1950,to Greece & Turkey, 1947-1950,because they rejected because they rejected Communism. Communism.

Dean Acheson Dean Acheson and George and George Kennan: the Kennan: the Domino TheoryDomino Theory

If one nation fell to Communism, If one nation fell to Communism, surrounding nations would fall surrounding nations would fall

The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan Truman names Truman names General George C. General George C. Marshall as Secretary Marshall as Secretary of State of State

1947: The U. S. should provide 1947: The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations thataid to all European nations thatneed it. need it. This moveThis move “is not “is not against any country or doctrine,against any country or doctrine,but against hunger, poverty, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.”desperation, and chaos.”

$12.5 billion $12.5 billion

National Security ActNational Security Act of 1947 of 1947 Created the Department of Created the Department of DefenseDefenseCreated the U. S. Air ForceCreated the U. S. Air Force

Created the National Security CouncilCreated the National Security CouncilCreated the Joint Chiefs of StaffCreated the Joint Chiefs of StaffCreated the Central Intelligence Created the Central Intelligence AgencyAgency

February 1945 , Roosevelt, Stalin February 1945 , Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet at and Churchill meet at YaltaYalta. .

SovietSovietBritishBritishU. S.U. S.FrenchFrench

The 3 leaders agree to divide The 3 leaders agree to divide Germany and Berlin into Germany and Berlin into occupation zones.occupation zones.

Berlin is also divided 4-ways. Berlin is also divided 4-ways. The victorious powers agree toThe victorious powers agree to specific corridors from the specific corridors from the west to Berlinwest to Berlin

http://www.dunav.org.il/images/maps/map_yugoslavia.jpg

The first major activity of the The first major activity of the Cold War was the Berlin BlockadeCold War was the Berlin Blockadein April 1948.in April 1948.

General Lucius D. Clay solves General Lucius D. Clay solves with the Berlin Airlift with the Berlin Airlift

North Atlantic Treaty--1949North Atlantic Treaty--1949North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-- a military Organization (NATO)-- a military organization to meet any attack organization to meet any attack on any NATO countryon any NATO country

Soviets respond 1955 with Soviets respond 1955 with Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

The Army and Navy The Army and Navy discharged millions discharged millions of people within a of people within a few months of the few months of the end of World War IIend of World War II To help care for To help care for returning service returning service people,people, Congress Congress had passed the G. I. had passed the G. I. Bill of Rights in 1944Bill of Rights in 1944

The G. I. Bill The G. I. Bill Guaranteed a year’s Guaranteed a year’s unemployment benefits unemployment benefits while discharged G.I.s while discharged G.I.s looked for work.looked for work.ProvidedProvided money for education money for education ProvidedProvided low-interest, low-interest, federallyfederallyguaranteedguaranteed loans for houses, loans for houses,businesses and farmsbusinesses and farms

Returning service people Returning service people also began to rebuild lives also began to rebuild lives High divorce rate in the late 1940sHigh divorce rate in the late 1940s

Expanding women’s rolesExpanding women’s rolesMany men had changed Many men had changed

Many other families moved to the Many other families moved to the suburbs suburbs The war had caused the economy The war had caused the economy to recover; people began to againto recover; people began to again buy luxury goodsbuy luxury goods

The Fair DealThe Fair Deal21-point domestic program 21-point domestic program Expanded Social Security benefits Expanded Social Security benefits Increased minimum wage $ .40 to $ .65/hrIncreased minimum wage $ .40 to $ .65/hrFull employment through federal spending Full employment through federal spending

Republicans win control of Congress in 1946 Republicans win control of Congress in 1946 Reduce government spending and chip Reduce government spending and chip away at New Deal reforms away at New Deal reforms Turned down most of Fair Deal Turned down most of Fair Deal

Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (The Taft-Hartley Act) (The Taft-Hartley Act) Anti-union initiative by Anti-union initiative by conservativesconservativesClosed shop illegal Closed shop illegal Union shop (must join a unionUnion shop (must join a union after hiring) allowed but after hiring) allowed but permitted states to pass “Right permitted states to pass “Right to Work” laws that could prohibitto Work” laws that could prohibit union shopsunion shopsUnions outraged: Slave Labor Law Unions outraged: Slave Labor Law

The Election of 1948The Election of 1948 Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman Became president 1945Became president 1945Honorable, direct, Honorable, direct, down-to-earth, self-down-to-earth, self-confidentconfident““The Buck Stops Here”The Buck Stops Here”Decisive—accepted full Decisive—accepted full responsibility for actions responsibility for actions

1947: Brooklyn Dodgers, 1947: Brooklyn Dodgers, general managergeneral managerBranch Rickey Branch Rickey

hires Jackie hires Jackie Robinson as the Robinson as the first African-first African-American major American major league baseball league baseball player player

The Election of 1948The Election of 1948Truman supported civil rights for Truman supported civil rights for minorities minorities Asked Congress to take action:Asked Congress to take action: Anti-lynching lawsAnti-lynching laws Elimination of poll taxesElimination of poll taxes Commission to assure fairness Commission to assure fairness in hiringin hiringCongress refusedCongress refused

The Election of 1948The Election of 1948

July 1948: Executive Order July 1948: Executive Order integrating the armed forces integrating the armed forces Also ended discrimination Also ended discrimination in the hiring of in the hiring of government employeesgovernment employeesFirst president to First president to effectively deal effectively deal with race relations with race relations

The Election of The Election of 19481948

Truman is nominated by Democrats, Truman is nominated by Democrats, but there is a huge split in the but there is a huge split in the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party Southern Democrats, Southern Democrats, or “Dixiecrats,” or “Dixiecrats,” who who want to protect the want to protect the Southern way of life,Southern way of life, nominate former nominate former DemocratDemocrat, Governor , Governor Strom Thurmond Strom Thurmond of of SSouth outh CCarolinaarolina

The Election of 1948The Election of 1948Former liberal Democrats form a new Former liberal Democrats form a new Progressive Party and nominate Progressive Party and nominate former FDR Vice Presidentformer FDR Vice President Henry Henry Wallace for President Wallace for President

Major split in the Major split in the Democratic Party Democratic Party similar to split in similar to split in Republican Party Republican Party in 1912 in 1912

The Election of 1948The Election of 1948Republicans nominate popular New Republicans nominate popular New York Governor Thomas E. DeweyYork Governor Thomas E. Dewey

Dewey huge lead in the Dewey huge lead in the polls but Truman polls but Truman conducts aggressive conducts aggressive ““whistle stop” campaign whistle stop” campaign

Domestic SuccessesDomestic Successes1.1.Congress raised minimum Congress raised minimum wage from $.40 to $.75 wage from $.40 to $.75 2. Expansion of Social Security 2. Expansion of Social Security System benefits by 75%System benefits by 75%

Passed national Housing Act Passed national Housing Act of 1949: 810,000 low-income of 1949: 810,000 low-income housing units and long-term rent housing units and long-term rent subsidiessubsidies

After World War II,After World War II, Allies divide Korea Allies divide Korea in two at the 38in two at the 38thth Parallel—Parallel—Soviet Soviet Union north; U. S. Union north; U. S. south.south.

Syngman Rhee:Syngman Rhee:Leader of South Leader of South

North Korean North Korean leader: Kim Il-Sungleader: Kim Il-SungJune 25, 1950June 25, 1950, North , North Korean troops, using Korean troops, using Soviet weapons and Soviet weapons and equipment invade equipment invade South Korea South Korea

North Koreans tear through the North Koreans tear through the South Korean forces; take the South Korean forces; take the South Korean capital of Seoul in South Korean capital of Seoul in 2 days. 2 days.

Syngman Rhee appeals to Syngman Rhee appeals to the United Nations for help.the United Nations for help.President Truman President Truman agrees to send U. S. agrees to send U. S. troops troops

Eventually 16 nationsEventually 16 nationssend troops in thesend troops in the first U. N. military first U. N. military action in history; action in history; but but most are from U.S.most are from U.S.

Supreme Allied Commander: Supreme Allied Commander: General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur

First troops in First troops in are U. S. troopsare U. S. troopsfrom Japan from Japan under LTCunder LTCBrad Smith Brad Smith

Taegu Pusan

Early AugustEarly August1950, U.N.1950, U.N.forces forcedforces forcedback into aback into aperimeter inperimeter inthe southeastthe southeastcorner ofcorner ofSouth Korea.South Korea.

TheThe PusanPusan PerimeterPerimeter..

Taegu Pusan

SeoulInchon 15 Sept. 195015 Sept. 1950 X Corps:X Corps: Marines &Marines & Army landArmy land at Inchon.at Inchon. X CorpsX Corps takes Seoul. takes Seoul.

Same time, 8Same time, 8thth Army Army breaks out of breaks out of Pusan Perimeter. Pusan Perimeter. 26 Sep links w/ X Corps.26 Sep links w/ X Corps.

Thousands of N.K.Thousands of N.K. troops are trapped troops are trapped in the south and in the south and caught or killed.caught or killed.

Yalu River

Seoul is retaken.Seoul is retaken.Truman grants GeneralTruman grants GeneralMacArthur permissionMacArthur permissionto advance into N.K.to advance into N.K.

Yalu River 19 October: 19 October: Pyongyang,Pyongyang,the North Koreanthe North Koreancapital, is taken.capital, is taken.

1 November, U. S.1 November, U. S. troops within 60 milestroops within 60 miles of Yalu River, theof Yalu River, the border between N.K.border between N.K. and China (Manchuria)and China (Manchuria)

25 November: 25 November: China enters China enters war.war.

U.N. troops retreat. U.N. troops retreat. Bloody fighting at the Bloody fighting at the Chosin Reservoir Chosin Reservoir

U.N. troops U.N. troops retreat to retreat to South Korea;South Korea;Chinese Chinese troops re-troops re-take Seoul take Seoul Jan. 4, 1951Jan. 4, 1951

Truman next refuses MacArthur’sTruman next refuses MacArthur’srequest to attack China, using request to attack China, using atomic bombs.atomic bombs.Meanwhile, the U. S. 8Meanwhile, the U. S. 8thth Army, Army, under General under General Matthew B. Ridgway Matthew B. Ridgway counterattacks, counterattacks, re-takes Seoul and re-takes Seoul and drives the Chinese drives the Chinese & North Koreans & North Koreans north of 38north of 38thth Parallel Parallel

After re-taking Seoul,After re-taking Seoul, MacArthur urges full-scale war MacArthur urges full-scale war against China.against China.Truman refuses; MacArthur Truman refuses; MacArthur vents his concerns with media vents his concerns with media April 11, 1951, Truman April 11, 1951, Truman fires MacArthur; fires MacArthur; gives gives U.N. Commander-in-Chief U.N. Commander-in-Chief position to Ridgway.position to Ridgway.

July 1951, truce talks begin July 1951, truce talks begin while fighting continues.while fighting continues.

Thousands of Thousands of casualties during casualties during peace talks.peace talks. Finally, agree to Finally, agree to an armistice in July 1953. an armistice in July 1953. It is It is still in effect.still in effect.

Railroad Workers’ Strike of 1951Railroad Workers’ Strike of 1951Truman ordered the government to Truman ordered the government to seize control of the railroadsseize control of the railroadsNo effect on union demandsNo effect on union demandsWorkers got most of what they demandedWorkers got most of what they demandedNation-wide Steel Strike of 1952 Nation-wide Steel Strike of 1952 Truman seized steel mills citing powers as Truman seized steel mills citing powers as Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief Supreme Court ruled (6-3) Truman had Supreme Court ruled (6-3) Truman had exceeded his authority exceeded his authority Long, costly strike followed Long, costly strike followed

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)Focused on the movie industryFocused on the movie industryThe Hollywood 10The Hollywood 10BlacklistingBlacklisting

Richard Nixon and Alger HissRichard Nixon and Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Senator Joseph McCarthy (R, WI) Senator Joseph McCarthy (R, WI) Roy Cohen Roy Cohen

Edward R. MurrowEdward R. MurrowCBS News CBS News

After his victory in 1948, After his victory in 1948, Truman’s popularity sinks to all time Truman’s popularity sinks to all time low: 23% in 1951low: 23% in 1951Problems with Korean War, Problems with Korean War, McCarthyism, and loyalty of McCarthyism, and loyalty of government workers.government workers.1952: 1952: Truman decides not Truman decides not to run for re-election; to run for re-election; Democrats nominate Democrats nominate Governor Adlai E. Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of IllinoisStevenson of Illinois

1952 Election 1952 Election Republicans nominate Republicans nominate retired retired General of the ArmyGeneral of the Army Dwight D. Dwight D.Eisenhower for PresEisenhower for Presidentident and and California California SenatorSenator Richard Richard M. Nixon M. Nixon for Vfor Viceice PPresidentresident

1952 Election 1952 Election During the campaign, During the campaign, Nixon is accused Nixon is accused of illegally skimming funds.of illegally skimming funds. In reply, Nixon In reply, Nixon goes ongoes on national national television, television, (58 (58 million people) on million people) on September 23, September 23, 1952, to give the 1952, to give the nownow famous famous “ “Checkers Speech”Checkers Speech”

First use of television by a political First use of television by a political candidatecandidate

Behind the politicalBehind the political campaign campaign slogan of “I like Ike,” Eisenhower slogan of “I like Ike,” Eisenhower wins the 1952 election.Effective, behind the Effective, behind the scenes presidentscenes president

Ended Korean Ended Korean WarWar

Brought Alaska and Brought Alaska and Hawaii into the Union Hawaii into the Union as 49as 49thth and 50 and 50thth statesstates

YearYear LoafLoafBreadBread

Gal.Gal.GasGas

Gal.Gal.MilkMilk

Avg. Avg. Inc.Inc.

New New CarCar

NewNewHouseHouse

19519522

$.16$.16 $.20$.20 $.97$.97 $3,850.0$3,850.000

$1,754.00$1,754.00 $9,075.00$9,075.00

19619611

$.21$.21 $.27$.27 $1.0$1.055

$5,315.0$5,315.000

$2,849.00$2,849.00 $12,550.0$12,550.000

19719700

$.24$.24 $.36$.36 $1.3$1.322

$9,357.0$9,357.000

$3,979.00$3,979.00 $23,400.0$23,400.000

19819855

$.96$.96 $1.09$1.09 $2.3$2.311

$22,138.0$22,138.000

$9,011.00$9,011.00 $89,331.0$89,331.000

19819888

$1.08$1.08 $.91$.91 $2.0$2.022

$24,457.0$24,457.000

$10,432.0$10,432.000

$91,777.0$91,777.000

1950s: U. S. produced most 1950s: U. S. produced most of its own oilof its own oil

Therefore Therefore gasoline was gasoline was inexpensive inexpensive

Leading to more Leading to more cars in the U. S.cars in the U. S.

Eisenhower had noted the Eisenhower had noted the excellent German autobahn system excellent German autobahn system during the later stages of WWII.during the later stages of WWII.1956, Eisenhower signs the Interstate 1956, Eisenhower signs the Interstate Highway Act—authorizing 41,000Highway Act—authorizing 41,000miles of nation-wide expressways miles of nation-wide expressways

With improved highways, With improved highways, Americans “took to the roads”—Americans “took to the roads”—Americans became mobile, leading Americans became mobile, leading to new business opportunities.to new business opportunities. 1955, Walt Disney 1955, Walt Disney creates Disneyland creates Disneyland

1950s: increases in air and 1950s: increases in air and noise pollution and automobile noise pollution and automobile accidentsaccidents

With expanse of the suburbsWith expanse of the suburbs, , economic gap between inner city economic gap between inner city (urban)(urban) and suburban dwellers and suburban dwellers widenedwidenedWith more money in economyWith more money in economy, , manufacturers incorporated manufacturers incorporated planned obsolescenceplanned obsolescence—products —products not built to last as long because not built to last as long because Americans wanted newer and better Americans wanted newer and better itemsitems

1950: Diner’s Club 1950: Diner’s Club issues the nation’s issues the nation’s first credit cardfirst credit card

American Express follows in 1958 American Express follows in 1958 American private debt rises from American private debt rises from $73 billion to $179 billion in the $73 billion to $179 billion in the 1950s1950s

Prompting this surge in spending wasPrompting this surge in spending wasa boom in advertising—a boom in advertising—the the Advertising Age Advertising Age

The 1950s were the main The 1950s were the main years of the years of the Baby BoomBaby Boom

1957: one baby born 1957: one baby born in the U. S. every 7 in the U. S. every 7 seconds (4,254,784)seconds (4,254,784)

Many parents follow the Many parents follow the advice of Dr. Benjamin advice of Dr. Benjamin Spock regarding child Spock regarding child rearing: rearing: Common Common Sense Book of Baby Sense Book of Baby And Child Care And Child Care

American leisure significantly American leisure significantly affected by the emergence of affected by the emergence of television in the 1950stelevision in the 1950sNews shows were News shows were faster with people faster with people able to see, as well able to see, as well as hear, what was as hear, what was happening in the happening in the worldworldFirst great TV First great TV journalist: Edward R. journalist: Edward R. Murrow of CBS NewsMurrow of CBS News

One of the key scientific One of the key scientific discoveries of the 1950s:discoveries of the 1950s: Dr. Jonas SalkDr. Jonas Salk finds finds aa cure cure for the for the terrible diseaseterrible disease poliomyelitispoliomyelitisAlso,Also, women, once women, once again, became again, became housewives;housewives;although many were although many were frustratedfrustrated

Sputnik Sputnik •Soviet Satellite 1957Soviet Satellite 1957•First man-made satellite First man-made satellite •Americans feared Soviets had achieved Americans feared Soviets had achieved superiority in technology superiority in technology •Led to more funding for math & Led to more funding for math & science educationscience education

The Space Race The Space Race April 12, 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut, April 12, 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut, Yuri A. Gagarin Yuri A. Gagarin became the first human became the first human in space, in space, orbiting the orbiting the Earth 188 miles above Earth 188 miles above the planet’s surface for the planet’s surface for 108 minutes108 minutesThe Soviets had The Soviets had scored another major scored another major victory in the Space victory in the Space Race Race

Kennedy responds Kennedy responds with leadership: with leadership: in an address to a joint in an address to a joint session of Congress:session of Congress:““(the United States)(the United States)should commit itself should commit itself to achieving the goal, to achieving the goal, before this decade is before this decade is out, of landing a man out, of landing a man on the moon and on the moon and returning him safely to returning him safely to Earth.”Earth.” Makes Vice President Johnson the chair-Makes Vice President Johnson the chair-

man of the National Space Councilman of the National Space Council

May 1961, Navy Commander May 1961, Navy Commander Alan B. Shepard Alan B. Shepard becomes thebecomes the

first American in first American in space.space.

15 minute sub-orbital 15 minute sub-orbital flight in Freedom 7.flight in Freedom 7.Mercury Program Mercury Program Late 1961, Virgil I. “Gus”Late 1961, Virgil I. “Gus”Grissom, in Liberty Bell 7,Grissom, in Liberty Bell 7,completes a second completes a second sub-orbital flight.sub-orbital flight.

February 20, 1962, Marine February 20, 1962, Marine Corps Colonel John Glenn Corps Colonel John Glenn

becomes the first American to orbit the becomes the first American to orbit the earth. earth. Later becomes a U. S. Senator from Later becomes a U. S. Senator from Ohio, then becomes the oldest human to Ohio, then becomes the oldest human to travel in space (on the Space Shuttle).travel in space (on the Space Shuttle).

Three more Mercury astronauts, Three more Mercury astronauts, Malcolm Scott Carpenter, Malcolm Scott Carpenter, Walter Schirra, and LeRoy GordonWalter Schirra, and LeRoy GordonCooper also orbit the earth. Cooper also orbit the earth.

The Mercury program is followed by The Mercury program is followed by the Gemini programthe Gemini program—two people in —two people in one space capsule. Highlights include one space capsule. Highlights include space walks and rendezvous in space.space walks and rendezvous in space.

The Gemini The Gemini program is program is followed by the followed by the Apollo program, Apollo program, culminating with culminating with 5 successful 5 successful landings on the landings on the moon. moon.

The Golden Age of TVThe Golden Age of TVThe most famous comedy show The most famous comedy show (situation comedy) of the 1950s: (situation comedy) of the 1950s: I Love Lucy I Love Lucy starring starring the husband and wife the husband and wife team ofteam of Desi Arnaz Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball, and Lucille Ball, along with along with Vivienne Vivienne Vance and Vance and William William FrawleyFrawley

Children’s shows included Children’s shows included Saturday shows Saturday shows such assuch as Howdy Doody and weekday afternoonand weekday afternoon

shows such as the shows such as the Mickey Mouse ClubClub

Afternoons Afternoons also became a also became a time fortime for teenage TV with Dick teenage TV with DickClark’s Clark’s American Bandstand American Bandstand

The 1950s wereThe 1950s were also the age of the also the age of the prime time quiz show, until a prime time quiz show, until a cheating scandal on cheating scandal on The $64,000.00 The $64,000.00 Question Question caused caused

people to question people to question the validity of TV the validity of TV

quiz, quiz, or gameor game, , shows shows

Did the producers Did the producers give Charles Van give Charles Van Doren answers?Doren answers?

General Agreement on Tariffs andGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Trade

1947 1947 Purpose: Expand international trade by Purpose: Expand international trade by a mutual reduction of tariffs a mutual reduction of tariffs

World War II set the stage for World War II set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement the Civil Rights Movement

New demand for African-American, New demand for African-American, Latino and female workers Latino and female workers 700,000 African-Americans served in 700,000 African-Americans served in the military; the military; many in combatmany in combat During the war, civil rights groups During the war, civil rights groups actively campaigned for African-actively campaigned for African-American voting rights and challenged American voting rights and challenged Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws

Roosevelt: Roosevelt: Executive Order Executive Order prohibiting racial prohibiting racial discrimination discrimination by federal by federal agencies and by all agencies and by all companies engaged in companies engaged in war work.war work.1948: Truman signed an 1948: Truman signed an Executive Order integrating Executive Order integrating the armed forces.the armed forces.

1938: attorney 1938: attorney (and future (and future first African-American first African-American Supreme Court Justice)Supreme Court Justice) Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshallbegins a 23-year civil begins a 23-year civil rights legal struggle rights legal struggle National Association for National Association for The Advancement of The Advancement of Colored People Colored People (NAACP)(NAACP)Won 29 of 32 Supreme Won 29 of 32 Supreme Court casesCourt cases

Marshall’s most stunning Marshall’s most stunning victory: May 17, 1954: victory: May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KSof Topeka, KS

Oliver Brown, father of Linda Brown, Oliver Brown, father of Linda Brown, sued the Topeka Board of Education for sued the Topeka Board of Education for violating Linda’s rights by denying her violating Linda’s rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary admission to an all-white elementary school 4-blocks from her house. Rather, school 4-blocks from her house. Rather, the Board forced Linda to attend anthe Board forced Linda to attend anall-Black school 21 blocks away.all-Black school 21 blocks away.

The Warren Court, The Warren Court, led by Chief Justice Earl led by Chief Justice Earl WarrenWarren, unanimously , unanimously decided in favor of Brown decided in favor of Brown (represented by Marshall),(represented by Marshall), thereby striking down thereby striking down Plessy v FergusonPlessy v Ferguson and all and all segregation as segregation as unconstitutional. unconstitutional. The The BrownBrown decision decision immediately affected 12 immediately affected 12 million schoolchildren in 21 states million schoolchildren in 21 states

1955: Supreme Court 1955: Supreme Court handed handed down a second Brown rulingdown a second Brown ruling: : ordered district courts to implement ordered district courts to implement school desegregation “with all deliberate school desegregation “with all deliberate speed.”speed.” President Eisenhower and Congress did President Eisenhower and Congress did not enforce. Eisenhower believed you not enforce. Eisenhower believed you could not force desegregation on peoplecould not force desegregation on people. . Congressional “Southern Manifesto:”Congressional “Southern Manifesto:” Southern Democrats denounced the Southern Democrats denounced the BrownBrown decision and called on the states decision and called on the states to resist it “by all lawful means.”to resist it “by all lawful means.”

September 1957: Arkansas September 1957: Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus Governor Orval Faubus ordered the ordered the ArkansasArkansas National Guard to turn National Guard to turn away nine African-American away nine African-American students students who had who had volunteered to integratevolunteered to integrate Little Rock’s Central High Little Rock’s Central High School.School. That afternoonThat afternoon, a federal , a federal judge ordered Faubus to judge ordered Faubus to let the students into Central High let the students into Central High

Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent in 1,000 National Guard and sent in 1,000 members of the 101members of the 101stst Airborne Airborne Division Division (Hooah!) (Hooah!) to enforce the to enforce the judge’s orderjudge’s order

Later, Faubus closed CentralLater, Faubus closed Central High to prevent continued High to prevent continued integration integration Congress, Congress, under the under the leadership of Senator leadership of Senator Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson, , passed the Civil Rights Act passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, giving the Attorney of 1957, giving the Attorney General of the United States General of the United States greater power over school greater power over school desegregation. desegregation.

December 1, 1955, seamstress December 1, 1955, seamstress Rosa Parks refused to give up Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama public bus a Montgomery, Alabama public bus

Parks passively Parks passively accepts arrest accepts arrest for for violating the Jim violating the Jim Crow law.Crow law.News spreads News spreads across the nation across the nation

Led by Led by 26-year-old 26-year-old Dr. Martin Dr. Martin Luther King, Luther King, Jr., African-Jr., African- Americans Americans peacefully peacefully boycott boycott Montgomery city buses for 381 days Montgomery city buses for 381 days

December 1956: Supreme Court outlawed December 1956: Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation, bus segregation, in response to lawsuit in response to lawsuit filed by boycotters. Dec. 21—Dr. King filed by boycotters. Dec. 21—Dr. King rides in front seat of Montgomery bus.rides in front seat of Montgomery bus.

Dr. King patterned his form Dr. King patterned his form of nonviolent civil disobedience of nonviolent civil disobedience after writings of Henry David Thoreau, after writings of Henry David Thoreau, A. Philip Randolph, and Mohandas Gandhi A. Philip Randolph, and Mohandas Gandhi

1957, King forms the Southern Christian 1957, King forms the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to Leadership Conference (SCLC) to promote civil rights protests in the South.promote civil rights protests in the South. 1960, Ella Baker starts the Student 1960, Ella Baker starts the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to try to motivate student protests (SNCC) to try to motivate student protests

1961—Freedom Riders 1961—Freedom Riders take bus caravan from take bus caravan from Washington, D. C. to the SouthWashington, D. C. to the South

Anniston, Alabama, one bus is firebombed Anniston, Alabama, one bus is firebombed Other freedom Other freedom riders are riders are attacked by a attacked by a white mob and white mob and beaten—police beaten—police refuse to refuse to intervene intervene