ottoman empire (1)

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CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Introduction

Like many other empires in human history, the Ottoman Empire seems to come fromnowhere. Frequently the ascent of another hegemon is a consequence of the vacuum offorce that an old domain abandons in the wake of entering a time of political and socialdecay. The Turks, or the future Ottomans, had gotten to be hegemons in the iddle Eastand !outh Eastern Europe not "ust in light of their phenomenal political and militaryassociation, additionally due to the weariness of the more seasoned realms #y$antiumand the %bbasids.

The Ottoman Empire was established by Osman &. %s sultan ehmed && vanquished'onstantinople (today named &stanbul) in *+-, the state developed into a strongdomain. The Empire arrived at its summit under !uleiman the agnicent in the

si/teenth century when it e/tended from the 0ersian 1ulf in the east to 2ungary in thenorthwest3 and from Egypt in the south to the 'aucasus in the north. %fter its thrashingat the #attle of 4ienna in *56-, notwithstanding, the domain started a moderatedecrease, ningish in the annihilation of the realm by the %llies in 7orld 7ar &. Theempire was destroyed by the %llies after the war nished in *8*6.

Proto Modernization

The 1rowth of the Ottoman Empire (98 ay *+- : ** ;ovember *5new 0ersian !hi?ia !afavid Empire to the east.

!ultan #aye$id assaulted 4enice in *+88. 0eace was marked in *


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Aanissaries turned into a virtual innate caste, requesting progressively more pay whilethey likewise developed delicate and la$y. %t last, the measure of the domain madeissues. The sultan was required to lead the armed force, setting out with it each onespring from the capital. This implied that as the outskirts stretched, it took the armedforce longer to achieve the foe, subsequently shortening the crusade season to the pointwhere it was tricky to prevail over new terrains. This particularly harm the Turks at theattack of 4ienna in *98. They didn?t achieve the city until !eptember, and winter set in

ahead of schedule with appalling results for the troops not used to European winters. &nview of these components, the Turks made few new successes after *5 and,accordingly, picked up no critical new incomes and loot.

!estern In"uence

Two e/ternal nancial variables additionally harm the Ottomans, both of them originatingfrom the %ge of E/ploration then occurring. For one thing, the 0ortuguesecircumnavigation around %frica to &ndia had opened another $est course to %sia.!ubsequently, the Turks lost their imposing business model on the spices e/change

going to Europe, which cost them a decent arrangement of highly required cash. Theother issue originated from the !panish Empire in the %mericas that was bringing agigantic increase of gold and silver to Europe. %s this procedure of nancial stagnationand decrease proceeded all through the *5


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murdered the 'aliph. 2owever their development to %frica and %rabia was weighed in aght close Aerusalem by an alternate eKective Turkish sultanate shaped in Egypt > theEgyptian amluks, situated in 'airo. 7ith this triumph, the amluk Turks hadguaranteed power and impact over !yria and Egypt for quite a while, well until **B.There are *B sultans after !uleyman ( from*55 to *B68) were, with few special cases,men of little capacity, preparing, or e/perience, and some were uncouth, even rationallyblemished3 their normal guideline of *- years was short of what a large portion of that of

the initial *< sultans.

Neo !e%erian &eo Political Accu'ulation

Os'an I ()*++,)-*./

The reign of Osman &marks the ocial beginning of the rule of the Ottoman dynastywhich lasted for si/ centuries @eniIehir was captured and with it as a base the Turkscould lay siege to 0rousas (#ursa) and ;icaea (&$nik), the largest #y$antine citiesin %natolia. #ursa fell in *-95, "ust before Osman?s death.

Or$an ()-*.,)-.*/

The son of Osman, Orhan &conquered ;icaeain *--* and ;icomediain *--B andestablished the capital in #ursa. Muring Orhan?s reign the empire was organi$ed as astate with a new currency, government and a moderni$ed army.

Murad I ()-.*,)-0+/

!oon after Orhan?s death in *-59, urad &become the !ultan

Edirne1 )-.* Con2uest o3 Adrianople

urad?s rst ma"or oKensive was the conquestof the #y$anatine city of %drianople in*-59. 2e renamed it to Edirneand made it his new capital in *-5-.

&allipoli1 )-.. Recon2uest o3 &allipoli

#y *-B< urad controlled most ofThrace, bringing him into direct contactwith #ulgariaand the southeastern !erbian lands ruled by Ngl"ea. Ngl"ea, the mostpowerful !erb regional ruler, unsuccessfully attempted to forge an anti>Ottoman allianceof #alkan states in *-B*.

Maritsa1 )-4) 5attle o3 Maritsa

The #attle of aritsa took place at the aritsa =ivernear the village of 'hernomenon!eptember 95, *-B* with sultan urad?s lieutenant Lala !hahin 0ashaand the !erbsnumbering some B


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#y the mid>*-6


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Constantinople1 );** Sie=e o3 Constantinople

&n *+99, urad && laid siege to 'onstantinoplefor several months and lifted it only afterforcing the #y$antine emperor, anuel && 0alaiologosto pay additional tribute. #y$antineinvolvement in the war ended with the transfer of the city to the 4enetian =epublicin*+9-, which ended urad?s siege of 'onstantinople

T$essaloni7a1 );-< Sie=e o3 T$essalonica ();**,);-


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on the silk e/change. European produced products streamed in, undercutting localhandicrafts items and improving Levantine dealers. The Ottoman Empire?s unfavorablee/change parity brought about an outpouring of gold, while European states requestedmore ideal e/change arrangements ( S'apitulationsS ) and were blameworthy ofe/plicitly mishandling them. These insights indicate how awful e/pansion was in the*


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which implied a weaker government and military as a rule. !uch a lot of happening amidthe ascent of the domains of Europe, for e/ample, England, France, =ussia, and %ustria.

Nationalis'@T$eories o3 Nationalis'

&n the eleventh century, the Turkish tribes living in &ran and western %natolia were aconsistent wellspring of hired ghter troopers for the %bbasid caliphs. Their impact was

continually becoming and amidst the eleventh century they bit by bit structured aconfederation in the district of present day &ran, called the !el"uk confederation. This wasconceivable principally in light of the fact that in *le'ent spread to t$e

territories B$ere an aut$orit: Bould purc$ase $is oce1 t$en press 'oreassess'ents 3ro' t$e people to repa: $i'sel3 In t$e 'idtolate seenteent$

c1 t$e e?traordinar: 9oprulu =roup o3 iziers endeaored to >nd de%ase'ent

and en$ance re=ulator: and 'ilitar: pro>cienc:

T$e Otto'ans1 as nu'erous ot$ers %e3ore t$e'1 utilized t$e c$ance to =roB as

a part o3 t$e positie 3or t$e' snippet o3 $e=e'onic declinet$e c$aracter o3

t$e neB do'ain Bas a%solutist1 %attle read:1 %ureaucratic1 a=rarian1

Bidespread1 and e?ceptionall: pra='atic


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Conclusion T$e Decline

The Tulip 0eriod or Tulip Era (9* Auly *B*6 > 96 !eptember *B-of>the>ottoman>empire>part>*C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empirehttp://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Ottomans.phphttp://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.htmlhttp://lostislamichistory.com/the-decline-of-the-ottoman-empire-part-1/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empirehttp://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Ottomans.phphttp://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.htmlhttp://lostislamichistory.com/the-decline-of-the-ottoman-empire-part-1/


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