p8 sig pertambangan principle steps in gis spatial
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SIG Pertambangan(Theory of Spatial Analysis : Principle Steps in GIS Spatial)
Oleh :Irvani
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
SKS, Penilaian & Kehadiran :
Banyaknya SKS = 2 SKS (Teori)
Penilaian :- Absensi 10%- Tugas 20%- Teori (UTS & UAS) 70%
Kehadiran minimal 75% dari 14x perkualiahan
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
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Referensi :Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
• Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modellingwith GIS. Delta Printing , Ontario, 398 p.
• Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological Association of Canada, 616 p.
• de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
• Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
• Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns & Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
• Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminology. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.• Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.• Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical information
systems: principles and applications, Longman. • Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our World: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.• ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com/index.html ) : understanding GIS, industry applications,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books
Materi/Pokok BahasanI Pendahuluan (P.1)
II Overview of GIS (P.2)
III Map Projection and Coordinate System (P.3-4)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
V GIS Database (P.6)
VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)a. Metode AHPb. Principle Steps
in GIS Spatialc. GIS Processing
VII Introduction to ArcGIS or MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
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Thematic Layers and Datasets
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Feature vs. Attribute Data
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Types of Attribute Values
1.2.
TextData measurements:
1.2.
3.
4.
RatioInterval
Ordinal
Nominal
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Types of Attribute Data
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Types of Attribute Data
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Types of Attribute Data
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Types of Attribute Data
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Pattern, Process and Spatial Analysis
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Process, Pattern and Analysis
• Processes operating in spacepatterns
produce
• Spatial Analysis is aimed at:describing the understanding
––
IdentifyingIdentifying
andand
patternthe process
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Spatial Analysis: successive levels of sophistication
1. Spatial data manipulation: classic GIS capabilities– Spatial queries & measurement, buffering, map layer overlaySpatial data analysis: descriptive and exploratory2.– Visualization through data manipulation and mapping
• John Snow’s maps of cholera in 1850s London
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Spatial Analysis: successive levels of sophistication
3. Spatial statistical analysis: hypothesis testing– Are data “to be expected” or are they “unexpected”relative to some statistical model, usually of a random processSpatial modeling: prediction4.– Constructing models
outcomes (patterns)(of processes) to predict spatial
– What if analyses
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The Pitfalls of Spatial AnalysisSpatial autocorrelation•
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Data from location near to each other are more likely to be similar than data from location remote from each otherCauses serious problems with traditional statistical models
• Spatial statistical models are essential• Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)
– Results may depend on the areal unit used••
Census tracts versus counties (scale issue)Census tracts versus zip codes (not a scale issue)
• Ecological fallacy–
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Results obtained from aggregated data (e.g. census tracts) cannot be assumed to apply to individual peopleA special case of the MAUP problemEncountered in spatial and non-spatial analysis
• Scale affects representation and results––
Cities may be points or polygonsMAUP may be viewed as a scale issue
• Non-uniformity of Space and Edge Issues–
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Phenomena is not distributed evenly in space
Edges, beyond which there is no data, can significantly effect results• Bank robberies cluster ‘because banks are clustered in space
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Principle Steps
in GIS Spatial Analysis
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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan