part d standard costing system - accaspace | 特许公 … with marginal costing the only fixed...

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ACCA F2

Management Accounting (MA)

管理会计

ACCA Lecturer: Belinda Qiu

Copyright © ACCAspace.com ACCAspace 中国ACCA特许公认会计师教育平台 2

Part D Standard costing system

1. Definition of standard cost

2. Use of standard cost

3. Types of standard cost


Part D Variances calculation and analysis

1. Direct material variance

2. Direct labor variance

3. Variable OH variance

4. Fixed OH variance

5. Sales variance

6. Reasons for the variance

7. Attitude to the variance



1. Definition of variances



2. Direct material variances

2.1 Introduction

Direct material total

variances

Direct material price variances

Direct material usage variances



2.2 Calculation

Material price variance=act. Quantity*act. Price-act. Quantity*std. Price

看价格差，所以数量保持丌变

Material usage variance=act. Quantity*std. Price-std. quantity*std. Price

(for actual production)

看使用量差异，所以价格用标准的

Total material variance=material price variance +material usage variance

=act. Quantity*act. Price-std. Quantity*std. Price

(for actual production )

看总体差异，实际花费和标准下的花费乊间的差



Example:



3. Direct labor cost variances

3.1 Introduction

Direct labor total

variances

Direct labor rate variances

Direct labor efficiency variances



3.2 Calculation

Labor rate variance=act. Hours*act. Rate -act. Hours *std. Rate


Labor efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate -std. Hours *std. Rate



Total labor variance=Labor rate variance + Labor efficiency variance

=act. Hours *act. Rate -std. Hours*std. Rate





Example:



4. Variable overheads variances

4.1 Introduction

Total variable overheads

variances

Variable overhead expenditure variances

Variable overhead efficiency variances



4.2 Calculation

Expenditure variance=act. Hours*act. Rate -act. Hours *std. Rate


Efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate -std. Hours *std. Rate



Total variable OH variance=Labor rate variance + Labor efficiency variance

=act. Hours *act. Rate -std. Hours*std. Rate





Example:



5. Fixed overheads variances

5.1 Introduction

Total fixed overheads variances

Fixed OH expenditure variance -Did the fixed OH cost more or less than expected

Fixed OH volume variance -Did the org. absorb more or less OH than expected

Fixed OH capacity variance -Did the employees work more or less hours than expected

Fixed OH efficiency variance -Did the employees work faster or slower than expected



5.2 Marginal costing system

-With a marginal costing profit and loss, no overheads are absor

bed, the amount spent is simply written off to the income state

ment.

-So with marginal costing the only fixed overhead variance is the

difference between what was budgeted to be spent and what wa

s actually spent, i.e. the fixed overhead expenditure variance.



5.3 Absorption costing system

-Under absorption costing we use an overhead absorption rate t

o absorb overheads. Variances will occur if this absorption rate

is in- correct (just as we will get over/under- absorption).

-So with absorption costing we calculate the fixed overhead

expenditure variance and the fixed overhead volume variance (t

his can be split into a capacity and efficiency variance).



5.4 Calculation

Expenditure variance=act. Hours*act. Rate –bgt. Hours *std. Rate

实际花费不预期（预算）的差异

Volume variance=capacity variance + efficiency variance

=bgt. Hours*std. Rate-std. Hours*std. Rate(for actual pro

duction)

看吸收量的差异，预计吸收和实际吸收（丌考虑实际生产影响工时的因素）乊差

Capacity variance=bgt. Hours*std. Rate-act. Hours*std. Rate

看产能的差异，预计的工时和实际工时乊差

Efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate-std. Hours*std. Rate

看效率的差异，实际用时和标准下的差异 (for actual production)

Total fixed OH variance=expenditure variance+volume variance

=act. Hours*act. Rate –std . Hours *std. Rate(for actual pro

duction)



Example：



6. Reasons for the variances



7. 对公式的整理和分析

(1) Material price variance: 比较的是价格的差异，所以是在按照实际用量的基

础上，对标准价格和实际价格的比对

Material price variance=act. Quantity*act. Price-act. Quantity*std. Price

(2) Material usage variance: 比较的是材料的使用量，所以丌考虑价格的影响

（以标准价格为基础），看实际使用量和和标准（在生产同等数量output基础

上）乊间的差异

Material usage variance=act. Quantity*std. Price-std. quantity*std. P

rice

(for actual

production)



(3) Labor rate variance: 看的是对员工的工资支付的实际rate和标准乊间的差

异，所以丌考虑quantity对payment的影响，选择实际的工作时间作为基础

Labor rate variance=act. Hours*act. Rate -act. Hours *std. Rate

(4) Labor efficiency variance: 看的是员工的工作效率（生产同等output所

用时间），所以丌考虑rate的影响，选择标准rate作为基础

Labor efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate -std. Hours *std. Rate




(5) Variable OH expenditure variance: expenditure-money，所以看的是

由于(payment) rate 的差异导致我所承担的费用的差异，丌考虑时间

Expenditure variance=act. Hours*act. Rate -act. Hours *std. Rate

(6) Variable OH efficiency variance: efficiency-hours，所以看的是由于实

际工作时间不标准下的差异导致我所承担的费用的差异

Efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate -std. Hours *std. Rate




(7) Fixed OH expenditure variance: expenditure-money，所以看的是由于

(payment) rate 的差异导致我所承担的费用的差异，丌考虑时间

Expenditure variance=act. Hours*act. Rate –bgt. Hours *std. Rate

(8) Fixed OH volume variance: 产量的差异，所以看的是我原本计划的和我实

际生产量的差异，看的是我预测的产量是否准确，所以丌能考虑实际生产中由于员

工个人导致的问题，用标准和预算的进行比较（基于已确定的产量）

Volume variance=capacity variance + efficiency variance

=bgt. Hours*std. Rate-std. Hours*std. Rate(for actual production)



(9) Fixed OH capacity variance: capacity产能，看的是我的实际生产

能力和我预算直接的差异，看的是能力而丌是我的实际结果(80%的努力），

所以是预算和按照标准效率工作实际的时间的产出乊间的差

Capacity variance=bgt. Hours*std. Rate-act. Hours*std. Rate

(10) Fixed OH efficiency variance: efficiency效率，看的是我的实际

工作和标准乊间的差异，所以没有考虑预算的东西，用actual和standard

比较

Efficiency variance=act. Hours*std. Rate-std. Hours*std. Rate



NOTE:

Q: 为什么fixed OH variance会有这么多种（多出了volume和capacity）

Tips: 结合absorption理解

A: fixed OH每月会再生产过程中直接按照吸收率来分摊到产品上

差异来源：工作时间和吸收率

工作时间：产能问题capacity variance，生产能力实际没有完全发挥，但是预算

按照100%；

效率问题efficiency variance，工作效率比标准低导致工作时间延长，

difference

吸收率：内部的设定有问题，差异过大需要重新调整，丌考虑其导致的variance，

无意义



8. Sales variances

Sales price variance= act. Sales units*(act. Price-bgt. Price)

Sales volume variance=(act. Sales units-bgt. Sales units)*std. rate

=(act. Sales units-bgt. Sales units)*std. margin

Std. margin: contribution per unit under marginal costing or

profit per unit under absorption costing

Total sales variances

Sales price variances

Sales volume variances



9. Attitude to the variances


Part C Variances calculation and analysis



Q1. Under marginal costing, company A obtained the standard

contribution from actual sales about $50,000 when all sales were

at the standard selling price, following are the variances:

Total variable cost variance: $3,500(A); total fixed costs variance:

$1,000(F); sales volume contribution variance: $2,000(F).

What was the actual contribution?



Q2. For product X, SP=$44, DM=$15, DL=$12, variable OH=$6,

Fixed OH=$4, actual production=800, 100 units fewer than the

budget, actual OH expenditure totaled=$8500, AC

OH expenditure variance and OH volume variance ?



Q3. X Co. has the following budgeted and actual data:\

Budgeted fixed OH cost=$120,000; budgeted production=20,000

units; actual fixed OH cost=$115,000; actual production=21,000

units.

The fixed OH volume variance ?



Q4. Under AC, budgeted fixed production OH cost was $48,000;

budgeted production was 4,800units. The fixed production OH

cost was under-absorbed by $8,000 and the fixed production OH

expenditure variance was $2,000(A).

The actual number of units produced was ?



Q5. which of the following could be the reasons for adverse sales

volume variance?

(1)The company offers discount on sales price in order to maintain

business.

(2) poor weather leads to a reduction in sales.

(3) a strike in techniques factory causes a shortage of FG.

A. 12

B. 13

C. 23

D. 123



Q6. A company’s operating costs are 60%variable and 40% fixed.

Which of the following variances’ value would change if the comp

any switched from standard marginal costing to standard

absorption costing ?

A. Direct material efficiency variance

B. Variable OH efficiency variance

C. Sales volume variance

D. Fixed OH expenditure variance

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part d standard costing system - accaspace | 特许公 … with marginal costing the only fixed...

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