Passage TwoPassage Two

• AISAIS

• ECDISECDIS

Learning Objectives:Learning Objectives:

• basic characteristics of AIS and ECDIS used basic characteristics of AIS and ECDIS used on board (e.g. working modes of AIS)on board (e.g. working modes of AIS)

• characteristics of AIS and ECDIS and their fcharacteristics of AIS and ECDIS and their functions (e.g. differ ECS from ECDIS)unctions (e.g. differ ECS from ECDIS)

• Technical terms and phrases Technical terms and phrases • relevant knowledge on AIS and ECDIS relevant knowledge on AIS and ECDIS

Vocabulary:Vocabulary:

• AIS (AIS (Automatic Identification SystemAutomatic Identification System) ) 船舶自动识别系统船舶自动识别系统• derive /diderive /di''raiv/ raiv/ vtvt. . 起源，由来（起源，由来（ fromfrom ））• ingenious /ingenious /inin''dʒi:njəsdʒi:njəs/ / adjadj. . 精巧的，巧妙的 精巧的，巧妙的 • spontaneousspontaneous / /spɔnspɔn''teini s/ əteini s/ ə adjadj. . 自发的，自动的，自然的自发的，自动的，自然的• masterless masterless adjadj. . 无主的 无主的 masterless communicationmasterless communication• collision collision nn. . 碰撞 碰撞 • autonomous /autonomous /ɔ:ɔ:''t n m s/ ɔ ə ət n m s/ ɔ ə ə adjadj. . 自主的自主的• burst /b :st/ əburst /b :st/ ə nn. . 无线电脉冲无线电脉冲• decode decode vtvt. . 译（电报），解码译（电报），解码• graphic graphic adjadj. . 图解的，图示的图解的，图示的• integrateintegrate / /''intiɡreit/ intiɡreit/ vtvt. . 使结合，使一体化 使结合，使一体化 • playback playback nn. . （录音等）播放，放音，放像（录音等）播放，放音，放像• laptop laptop adj./n.adj./n. 便携式的 （电脑）便携式的 （电脑）

spontaneous combustion 自燃 ;Be spontaneous. 不矫揉造作 ;Natural, spontaneous verbal utterance. 自然的、朴素的语言发声

The masterless communication means that even if a connected device (station) goes into power off, operations to automatically switch the master station continue.

make into a whole or make part of a whole; incorporate e.g. integrate theory with practice 把理论同实践统一起来Some countries want to integrate into this organization. 一些国家想加入这个组织。

• automated automated adjadj. . 自动化的 自动化的 • pollpoll / /pəulpəul/ / vtvt. . 对…进行调查对…进行调查 ; ; 投票；民意测验投票；民意测验• augment /augment /ɔ: ɡɔ: ɡ''ment/ ment/ vtvt./ n. ./ n. 扩大，增加，增长扩大，增加，增长• overlay /overlay /,, uvə əuvə ə‘‘lei/ lei/ nn. . 覆盖物，透明图 覆盖物，透明图 radar overlayradar overlay• cost-effective cost-effective adjadj. . 经济的，实惠的经济的，实惠的• feasible /feasible /''fi:z bl/ əfi:z bl/ ə adjadj. . 可行的，可实行的 可行的，可实行的 • degrade degrade vtvt. . 使降级 使降级 degraded degraded adjadj. . 降了级的，退化了降了级的，退化了

的的• timeslot timeslot nn. . 时段，一种时间单位时段，一种时间单位• comply comply vtvt. . 照做，符合（照做，符合（ withwith ））• sophisticated /sophisticated /səsə''fistikeitid/fistikeitid/adjadj. . 复杂的复杂的• cross track errorcross track error 航迹偏差航迹偏差• raster /raster /''ræst /əræst /ə nn. . 光栅 光栅 • digitize /digitize /''did itaiz/ ʒdid itaiz/ ʒ vtvt. . 使数字化使数字化• envisionenvision / /inin''vi n/ ʒəvi n/ ʒə vtvt. . 想象，预想想象，预想

imagine ； picture to oneselfe.g. I cannot envision him as President.The sooner you envision your dreams and develop a plan to turn them into reality, the faster you will accomplish your goals. 越早预制梦想并制定计划去实现它，你就会越快实现自己的目标。

get the opinions (of people) by asking specific questions ； e.g.These stations may poll vessels via the AIS channels. 这些台站可以通过船舶自动识别系统对船舶进行调查。

• AISAIS• AIS is a shipboard broadcast transponder sysAIS is a shipboard broadcast transponder sys

tem in which ships continually transmit their tem in which ships continually transmit their ID position, course, speed and other dataID position, course, speed and other data to to aall other nearby shipsll other nearby ships and and shoreside authoritieshoreside authoritiess on a common VHF radio channel. on a common VHF radio channel. The conceThe concept is derived from the pioneering work of a Spt is derived from the pioneering work of a Swedish inventor, who developed in the mid 1wedish inventor, who developed in the mid 1980s an ingenious technique for spontaneous,980s an ingenious technique for spontaneous, masterless communication, which permits a masterless communication, which permits a large number of transmissions to a very precilarge number of transmissions to a very precise timing standard.se timing standard.

• AIS is designed to operate in one of the folloAIS is designed to operate in one of the following wing modesmodes::

这种设计理念源自瑞士发明家的创造性工作。 20 世纪 80 年代中期他开发的这种精妙的无人操控的自动通讯技术可以按照非常准确的计时标准发射大量信息。

• 1. In a 1. In a ship-to-ship modeship-to-ship mode for for collision avoidancecollision avoidance::• The primary operating mode for AIS will be autonomous ship-to-ship The primary operating mode for AIS will be autonomous ship-to-ship

reporting. In this mode, each ship transmits its data to all other AIS-ereporting. In this mode, each ship transmits its data to all other AIS-equipped ships within VHF range. The unique communications schemquipped ships within VHF range. The unique communications scheme permits these e permits these data transmissions to take place independently withdata transmissions to take place independently without the need for a master control stationout the need for a master control station..

• Position and other data are fed automatically from the ship's sensors Position and other data are fed automatically from the ship's sensors into the AIS system, where the data is formatted and transmitted in a into the AIS system, where the data is formatted and transmitted in a short data short data burstburst on a dedicated VHF channel. on a dedicated VHF channel. When received on the oWhen received on the other ships, the data is decoded and displayed for the officer of the wather ships, the data is decoded and displayed for the officer of the watch, who can view AIS reports from all other AIS-equipped ships withitch, who can view AIS reports from all other AIS-equipped ships within range in graphic and text format.n range in graphic and text format. The AIS data may optionally be feThe AIS data may optionally be fed to the ship’s integrated navigation systems and radar plotting sysd to the ship’s integrated navigation systems and radar plotting system to provide AIS “tags” for radar targets.tem to provide AIS “tags” for radar targets. The AIS data can also b The AIS data can also be logged to the ship's voyage data recorder (VDR) for playback and fue logged to the ship's voyage data recorder (VDR) for playback and future analysis.ture analysis.

• Updated AIS messages are transmitted every few seconds to keep the Updated AIS messages are transmitted every few seconds to keep the information up-to-date. Note that the ship-to-ship data exchange takinformation up-to-date. Note that the ship-to-ship data exchange takes place automatically without any action required by the watch offices place automatically without any action required by the watch officer on either ship. In pilotage waters, er on either ship. In pilotage waters, a pilot can plug a laptop computa pilot can plug a laptop computerer, loaded with his own navigation program, directly into the ship’s , loaded with his own navigation program, directly into the ship’s AIS system. In this way, the pilot can monitor the position and moveAIS system. In this way, the pilot can monitor the position and movement of all other vessels in the area independent of the ship’s instalment of all other vessels in the area independent of the ship’s installed navigation systems.led navigation systems.

• 数据被其他船只接收后，可以被解译并显示出来，值班驾驶员就能看到量数据被其他船只接收后，可以被解译并显示出来，值班驾驶员就能看到量程内来自其他所有配备了程内来自其他所有配备了 AISAIS 的船舶所发送来的的船舶所发送来的 AISAIS 图文报告。图文报告。

• within rangewithin range ：在量程范围内 ：在量程范围内 in graphic and text formatin graphic and text format ：以图表和文：以图表和文字的形式字的形式• AISAIS 数据可被选择性地输入到船舶综合导航系统以及雷达标数据可被选择性地输入到船舶综合导航系统以及雷达标

绘系统中，从而给雷达目标提供绘系统中，从而给雷达目标提供 AIS“AIS“ 标签”。标签”。• be fed tobe fed to：供给，注入 ：供给，注入

• Masterless transmissionsMasterless transmissions

• Radio pulseRadio pulse

• 2. In a 2. In a ship-to-shore modeship-to-shore mode as a means for coastal states as a means for coastal states to mto monitor and obtain informationonitor and obtain information about a ship and its cargo: about a ship and its cargo:

• In coastal waters, shoreside authorities may establish automIn coastal waters, shoreside authorities may establish automated AIS stations to monitor the movement of vessels througated AIS stations to monitor the movement of vessels through the area. h the area. These stations may simply monitor AIS transmissiThese stations may simply monitor AIS transmissions from passing ships, or may actively pollons from passing ships, or may actively poll vessels via the AIvessels via the AIS channels, requesting data such as identification, destinatiS channels, requesting data such as identification, destination, ETA, type of cargo and other information.on, ETA, type of cargo and other information. Coast stations Coast stations can also use the AIS channels for shore-to-ship transmissioncan also use the AIS channels for shore-to-ship transmissions, to send information on tides, notices to mariners and local s, to send information on tides, notices to mariners and local weather forecasts. Multiple AIS coast stations and repeaters weather forecasts. Multiple AIS coast stations and repeaters may be tied together into may be tied together into Wide Area Networks (WAN)Wide Area Networks (WAN) for exte for extended coverage.nded coverage.

• Coastal nations may use AIS to monitor the movement of haCoastal nations may use AIS to monitor the movement of hazardous cargoes and control commercial fishing operations izardous cargoes and control commercial fishing operations in their territorial waters. AIS data can be logged automaticaln their territorial waters. AIS data can be logged automatically for playback in investigating an accident, oil spill or other ly for playback in investigating an accident, oil spill or other event. AIS will also be a useful tool in search and rescue operevent. AIS will also be a useful tool in search and rescue operations, allowing SAR coordinators to monitor the movementations, allowing SAR coordinators to monitor the movements of all surface ships, aircraft and helicopters involved in the s of all surface ships, aircraft and helicopters involved in the rescue effort.rescue effort.

• 这些站台可以单纯地监控往来船只发送的这些站台可以单纯地监控往来船只发送的 AISAIS 数据，或者通过数据，或者通过 AISAIS频道主动频道主动要求船只提供有关船舶身份、目的地、要求船只提供有关船舶身份、目的地、 ETAETA 、货物类型及其他信息。、货物类型及其他信息。

• 广域网广域网 LANLAN （（ LocalAreaNetworksLocalAreaNetworks 局域网局域网

33. As . As a traffic management toola traffic management tool when when integrated with a vesintegrated with a vessel traffic system (VTS)sel traffic system (VTS)

• When integrated with shore-based vessel traffic systemWhen integrated with shore-based vessel traffic systems (VTS), AIS provides a powerful tool for monitoring as (VTS), AIS provides a powerful tool for monitoring and controlling the movement of vessels through restrictnd controlling the movement of vessels through restricted harbors and waterways. ed harbors and waterways. The AIS can augment traditiThe AIS can augment traditional radar-based VTS installations providing an AIS “oonal radar-based VTS installations providing an AIS “overlay” on the radar picture, or can provide a cost-effectverlay” on the radar picture, or can provide a cost-effective alternative in areas when it is not feasible to establisive alternative in areas when it is not feasible to establish radar-based system.h radar-based system. When integrated with radar, the When integrated with radar, the AIS can ensure continuous coverage, even when the radAIS can ensure continuous coverage, even when the radar picture is degraded by heavy precipitation or other inar picture is degraded by heavy precipitation or other interference. The AIS channels can be used to transmit poterference. The AIS channels can be used to transmit port data, pilotage, berth assignments, shipping agency infrt data, pilotage, berth assignments, shipping agency information, tides and currents, notices to mariners and otormation, tides and currents, notices to mariners and other information from shore to ship, as well as ship-to-sher information from shore to ship, as well as ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore AIS reports. It is also possible for hip and ship-to-shore AIS reports. It is also possible for the VTS to broadcast the complete harbor picture to all the VTS to broadcast the complete harbor picture to all ships in the area. So the masters and pilots all share the ships in the area. So the masters and pilots all share the same “big picture”. same “big picture”. The VTS center can assume control The VTS center can assume control over the assignment of timeslots for AIS messages to eover the assignment of timeslots for AIS messages to ensure optimum data exchange within the coverage area.nsure optimum data exchange within the coverage area. Special dedicated channels may be designated for local-Special dedicated channels may be designated for local-area AIS operations. The shipboard AIS equipment will area AIS operations. The shipboard AIS equipment will have the ability to shift to different channels automaticahave the ability to shift to different channels automatically when directed by the shoreside VTS controller.lly when directed by the shoreside VTS controller.

• AISAIS 能在雷达图像上提供一种“透明图”，从而增强传统的基于雷达的能在雷达图像上提供一种“透明图”，从而增强传统的基于雷达的 VTSVTS 设设施。施。 AISAIS还是一种经济实惠的替代选择，供不适合建立雷达系统的地区使用。还是一种经济实惠的替代选择，供不适合建立雷达系统的地区使用。

• VTSVTS 中心可以对该区域内的中心可以对该区域内的 AISAIS 信息进行时段分配控信息进行时段分配控制，以确保数据最佳交换。制，以确保数据最佳交换。

• ECDISECDIS• The IMO has defined theThe IMO has defined the EElectronic lectronic CCharthart D Display andisplay and

IInformationnformation S System (ECDIS)ystem (ECDIS) as the integrated bridge as the integrated bridge system that complies withsystem that complies with the up-to-date chart carrying the up-to-date chart carrying requirements of international law. At the heart of any requirements of international law. At the heart of any integrated bridge system lies an electronic chart. An integrated bridge system lies an electronic chart. An electronic chart system meeting IMO specifications for electronic chart system meeting IMO specifications for complying with chart carrying requirements is an complying with chart carrying requirements is an Electronic Chart Display and Information System. All Electronic Chart Display and Information System. All other electronic charts are known as other electronic charts are known as EElectronic lectronic CChart hart SSystems (ECS).ystems (ECS).

• Electronic Chart Systems (ECS) are those digital chart Electronic Chart Systems (ECS) are those digital chart display systems that do not meet the IMO requirements display systems that do not meet the IMO requirements for ECDIS. Until an ECDIS standard is approved and a for ECDIS. Until an ECDIS standard is approved and a particular ECS meets that standard, no ECS can be particular ECS meets that standard, no ECS can be classified as an ECDIS. The practical consequence of this classified as an ECDIS. The practical consequence of this distinction is that an ECS cannot be used to replace a distinction is that an ECS cannot be used to replace a paper chart. Several companies are producing very paper chart. Several companies are producing very sophisticated integrated bridge systems based on sophisticated integrated bridge systems based on electronic chart systems. electronic chart systems. These integrated bridges These integrated bridges combine accurate electronic positioning sensors with combine accurate electronic positioning sensors with electronic chart presentations to produce a video electronic chart presentations to produce a video representation of a chart which displays and updates the representation of a chart which displays and updates the ship’s charted position at frequent intervals.ship’s charted position at frequent intervals.

• 这些综合驾驶台系统将精确的电子定位传感器与电子海图显示屏相连接，这些综合驾驶台系统将精确的电子定位传感器与电子海图显示屏相连接，从而产生一种海图的视频图像，频繁显示并更新船舶在海图上的位置。从而产生一种海图的视频图像，频繁显示并更新船舶在海图上的位置。

• integrated bridge = integrated bridge system integrated bridge = integrated bridge system 综合驾驶台系统 综合驾驶台系统 at freat frequent intervals quent intervals 频繁地频繁地

• Electronic charts can also display tracklines, cross-track error, and other operational data.Electronic charts can also display tracklines, cross-track error, and other operational data.

These systems have the These systems have the potentialpotential to integrate radar systems and control systems to create to integrate radar systems and control systems to create

a fully integrated bridge. a fully integrated bridge. The uncertainty surrounding the final ECDIS standard has not lThe uncertainty surrounding the final ECDIS standard has not l

essened the marine community’s demand to exploit the potential of this revolutionary tecessened the marine community’s demand to exploit the potential of this revolutionary tec

hnology.hnology. One consequence of this demand has been that some national hydrographic offi One consequence of this demand has been that some national hydrographic offi

ces are producing official digital raster charts for use in electronic charting systems. In aces are producing official digital raster charts for use in electronic charting systems. In a

ddition, a number of commercial companies have been licensed to digitize the paper charddition, a number of commercial companies have been licensed to digitize the paper char

ts of various national hydrographic offices. However, ts of various national hydrographic offices. However, these are not the data bases envisiothese are not the data bases envisio

ned by the IMO standardned by the IMO standard. Remember that ECDIS is a system. The electronic chart data b. Remember that ECDIS is a system. The electronic chart data b

ase is only a subset of this system. Therefore, even though electronic charts come from a ase is only a subset of this system. Therefore, even though electronic charts come from a

national hydrographic office or from official charts, the integrated bridge system in whicnational hydrographic office or from official charts, the integrated bridge system in whic

h the chart is used may not meet the ECDIS system requirements.h the chart is used may not meet the ECDIS system requirements.

• The emergence of extremely accurate electronic positioning systems The emergence of extremely accurate electronic positioning systems coupled withcoupled with the tec the tec

hnology to produce an electronic chart is hnology to produce an electronic chart is effectingeffecting a revolution in navigation. a revolution in navigation. When fully When fully

mature, this technology will replace the paper charts and plotting instruments used by namature, this technology will replace the paper charts and plotting instruments used by na

vigators since the beginning of sea exploration.vigators since the beginning of sea exploration.

• ECDISECDIS最终标准的不确定性并没有使得海运界减小对开发这项创新技术的最终标准的不确定性并没有使得海运界减小对开发这项创新技术的潜力的要求。潜力的要求。

• lessen the demand to do…lessen the demand to do… 减少或减轻做某事的要求 减少或减轻做某事的要求 exploit the poteexploit the potential of … ntial of … 开发的……潜能 开发的……潜能

• Tendency; possibilityTendency; possibility

• These dada bases do not satisfy the IMO These dada bases do not satisfy the IMO standard.standard.

• 高精电子定位系统的出现加上电子海图生产技术给航行带来一场变革。高精电子定位系统的出现加上电子海图生产技术给航行带来一场变革。• couple with couple with 与…连接在一起与…连接在一起• The strike The strike couple withcouple with the flood,was expected to reduce supplies of food dr the flood,was expected to reduce supplies of food dr

astically. astically. 罢工罢工加加洪水洪水 ,, 预计会大量减少食品供应。预计会大量减少食品供应。• effect vt. effect vt. 使…发生；引起；实现使…发生；引起；实现• The temperature often The temperature often effectseffects a change of the state of matter. a change of the state of matter. 温度常常温度常常引起引起物态的变化。物态的变化。

Exercises:Exercises:ExercisesExercisesI. Multiple ChoicesI. Multiple Choices ：：1. ______ the repeater compass with the master compass, please.1. ______ the repeater compass with the master compass, please.• A. SimilizeA. Similize B. ClockB. Clock• C. SynchronizeC. Synchronize• D. PositionD. Position2. My gyro-compass error is ______.2. My gyro-compass error is ______.• A. east two degreesA. east two degrees• B. two degrees eastB. two degrees east• C. two east degreesC. two east degrees D. two-degrees eastD. two-degrees east3. A stabilogauge is a calculator used to ______. 1) measure GM 2) measure i3. A stabilogauge is a calculator used to ______. 1) measure GM 2) measure i

nitial stability.nitial stability.• A. 1) onlyA. 1) only B. 2) onlyB. 2) only• C. Both 1) and 2)C. Both 1) and 2)• D. Neither 1) nor 2)D. Neither 1) nor 2)4. Deviation of the magnetic compass can be obtained by means of ______.4. Deviation of the magnetic compass can be obtained by means of ______.• A. taking bearings of the sunA. taking bearings of the sun B. comparison with the gyro-compassB. comparison with the gyro-compass• C. reciprocal bearingsC. reciprocal bearings• D. A+B+CD. A+B+C

5. The principal purpose of adjustment of the magnetic compass is to 5. The principal purpose of adjustment of the magnetic compass is to eliminate ______ as far as possible.eliminate ______ as far as possible.

• A. variationA. variation B. compass errorB. compass error• C. deviationC. deviation• D. earth’s magnetic forceD. earth’s magnetic force6. If the compass heading and the magnetic heading are the same then 6. If the compass heading and the magnetic heading are the same then

______.______.• A. the deviation has been offset by the variationA. the deviation has been offset by the variation• B. there is something wrong with the compassB. there is something wrong with the compass• C. the compass is being influenced by nearby metalsC. the compass is being influenced by nearby metals• D. there is no deviation on that headingD. there is no deviation on that heading7. If a magnetic compass is not affected by any magnetic field other than 7. If a magnetic compass is not affected by any magnetic field other than

the earth’s, which statement is true?the earth’s, which statement is true?• A. Compass error and variation are equal.A. Compass error and variation are equal.• B. Compass north will be true north.B. Compass north will be true north.• C. Variation will equal deviation.C. Variation will equal deviation.• D. There will be no compass error.D. There will be no compass error.8. Deviation is caused by ______.8. Deviation is caused by ______.• A. changes in the earth’s magnetic fieldA. changes in the earth’s magnetic field• B. nearby magnetic land masses or mineral depositsB. nearby magnetic land masses or mineral deposits• C. magnetic influence inherent to that particular vesselC. magnetic influence inherent to that particular vessel• D. the magnetic lines of force not coinciding with the lines of D. the magnetic lines of force not coinciding with the lines of

longitudelongitude

9. Deviation is the angle between the ______.9. Deviation is the angle between the ______.• A. true meridian and the axis of the compass cardA. true meridian and the axis of the compass card• B. true meridian and the magnetic meridianB. true meridian and the magnetic meridian• C. magnetic meridian and the axis of the compass cardC. magnetic meridian and the axis of the compass card• D. axis of the compass card and the degaussing meridianD. axis of the compass card and the degaussing meridian10. At the master gyrocompass, the compass card is attached 10. At the master gyrocompass, the compass card is attached

to the ______.to the ______.• A. spider elementA. spider element• B. sensitive elementB. sensitive element• C. link armC. link arm D. pickup transformer D. pickup transformer11. As a vessel changes course to starboard, the compass 11. As a vessel changes course to starboard, the compass

card in a magnetic compass ______.card in a magnetic compass ______.• A. remains aligned with compass northA. remains aligned with compass north• B. also turns to starboardB. also turns to starboard• C. first turns to starboard then counterclockwise to portC. first turns to starboard then counterclockwise to port• D. turns counterclockwise to portD. turns counterclockwise to port

Related exercises:Related exercises:

12. Radar is not only to obtain ______, 12. Radar is not only to obtain ______, but also to measure their distance but also to measure their distance away from you.away from you.

•A. brightness of objectsA. brightness of objects•B. color of targets B. color of targets •C. shape of targetsC. shape of targets•D. bearing of objects D. bearing of objects

13. When your vessel is proceeding to the area of traffic density, ______ is u13. When your vessel is proceeding to the area of traffic density, ______ is used to determine the exact ranges of other ships or objects in the vicinity.sed to determine the exact ranges of other ships or objects in the vicinity.

• A. radarA. radar• B. GPSB. GPS• C. DFC. DF D. satellite navigatorD. satellite navigator14. The fitting of an efficient radar reflector is likely to considerably increase 14. The fitting of an efficient radar reflector is likely to considerably increase

the ship’s probability of ______.the ship’s probability of ______.• A. detectionA. detection• B. being detectedB. being detected• C. the detectiveC. the detective D. the detected D. the detected15. The abbreviation PPI in the Sperry collision avoidance system means __15. The abbreviation PPI in the Sperry collision avoidance system means ______.____.

• A. plan position indicator A. plan position indicator • B. plain position indicatorB. plain position indicator• C. plane position indicationC. plane position indication D. policy proof of interest D. policy proof of interest 16. It may be found that, in certain circumstances, radar beacon emissions 16. It may be found that, in certain circumstances, radar beacon emissions

can cause ______ with the normal radar display, particularly at close rancan cause ______ with the normal radar display, particularly at close range.ge.

• A. unwanted interferenceA. unwanted interference• B. unexpected figuresB. unexpected figures• C. abnormal dataC. abnormal data D. unwanted informationD. unwanted information

17. If there is any doubt as to the proper operation of a radar, which statement is true?17. If there is any doubt as to the proper operation of a radar, which statement is true?• A. Only a radar expert can determine if the radar is operating.A. Only a radar expert can determine if the radar is operating.• B. All radars have indicator lights and alarms to signal improper operation.B. All radars have indicator lights and alarms to signal improper operation.• C. A radar range compared to the actual range of a known object can be used to C. A radar range compared to the actual range of a known object can be used to

check the operation of the radar.check the operation of the radar.• D. The radar resolution detector must be energized to check the radar. D. The radar resolution detector must be energized to check the radar. 18. An indirect radar echo is caused by a reflection of the main lobe of the radar beam 18. An indirect radar echo is caused by a reflection of the main lobe of the radar beam

off the observer’s vessel. Which of the following is not a characteristic of indirect ecoff the observer’s vessel. Which of the following is not a characteristic of indirect echoes?hoes?

• A. Their bearing is almost constant, even when the true bearing of the contact chA. Their bearing is almost constant, even when the true bearing of the contact changes appreciably.anges appreciably.

• B. They always appear on a bearing of 90 degrees from the true bearing of the coB. They always appear on a bearing of 90 degrees from the true bearing of the contact.ntact.

• C. The indirect echoes usually appear in shadow sectors.C. The indirect echoes usually appear in shadow sectors.• D. When plotted, their movements are usually abnormal.D. When plotted, their movements are usually abnormal.19. A radar display in which north is always at the top of the screen is a(n)______.19. A radar display in which north is always at the top of the screen is a(n)______.• A. unstabilized displayA. unstabilized display• B. stabilized displayB. stabilized display• C. composition displayC. composition display D. relative displayD. relative display20. A radar contact will remain stationary on a relative motion radar display only whe20. A radar contact will remain stationary on a relative motion radar display only whe

n it is ______.n it is ______.• A. on the same course as your vesselA. on the same course as your vessel• B. at the same speed as your vesselB. at the same speed as your vessel• C. on the same course and speed as your vesselC. on the same course and speed as your vessel• D. on a reciprocal course at the same speed as your vessel D. on a reciprocal course at the same speed as your vessel

• II. Translate the following phrases into EnglishII. Translate the following phrases into English ：：

• 1. 1. 固有的不精确性 固有的不精确性 • 2. 2. 雷达标绘 雷达标绘 • 3. 3. 脉冲长度脉冲长度• 4. 4. 罗经碗罗经碗• 5. 5. 脉冲重复率脉冲重复率• 6. 6. 平面位置指示器平面位置指示器• 7. 7. 倾斜误差倾斜误差• 8. 8. 永久磁场永久磁场 //感应磁场感应磁场• 9. 9. 首首 //北向上显示模式北向上显示模式• 10. 10. 分罗经调谐分罗经调谐• 11. 11. 陀螺罗经的例行检查 陀螺罗经的例行检查 • 12. 12. 间接回波间接回波• 13. 13. 盲区盲区• 14. 14. 主瓣主瓣 //旁瓣旁瓣• 15. 15. 差分全球定位系统差分全球定位系统• 16. 16. 航程数据记录仪 航程数据记录仪 • 17. 17. 船舶自动识别系统船舶自动识别系统• 18. 18. 电子海图与信息系统电子海图与信息系统• 19. 19. 综合驾驶台系统综合驾驶台系统 • 20.20. 电子定位传感器 电子定位传感器

• inherent inaccuracy inherent inaccuracy • radar plotting radar plotting

• pulse length/pulse width/pulse durationpulse length/pulse width/pulse duration

• compass card/ compass bowl/ binnaclecompass card/ compass bowl/ binnacle

• pulse repetion ratepulse repetion rate

• PPI: Plan Position IndicatorPPI: Plan Position Indicator • heeling errorheeling error

• permanent/induced magnetismpermanent/induced magnetism• heading-upward/north-upward presentationheading-upward/north-upward presentation• repeater synchronizationrepeater synchronization

• routine inspection of the gyro-compassroutine inspection of the gyro-compass

• false/indirect echofalse/indirect echo • blind/shadow sectorblind/shadow sector

• main/side lobemain/side lobe

• DGPS: Differential Global Positioning SystemDGPS: Differential Global Positioning System

• VDR: Voyage Data RecorderVDR: Voyage Data Recorder

• AIS: Automatic Identification SystemAIS: Automatic Identification System • ECDIS: Electronic Chart Display and Information SystemECDIS: Electronic Chart Display and Information System

• integrated bridge systemintegrated bridge system

• electronic positioning sensorelectronic positioning sensor

• III. Translate the following English into Chinese:III. Translate the following English into Chinese:

• 1. The VHF channel System uses a limited number of frequencies called channels. The 1. The VHF channel System uses a limited number of frequencies called channels. The public system has 57 channels, numbered CH1 to 28 and 60 to 88, each of which has a public system has 57 channels, numbered CH1 to 28 and 60 to 88, each of which has a certain purpose: intership, ship-to-port, or ship-to-shore (public). Four channels have certain purpose: intership, ship-to-port, or ship-to-shore (public). Four channels have special purpose: CH16: to be used for verbal distress calls and for calling “all stationspecial purpose: CH16: to be used for verbal distress calls and for calling “all stations” only. All large ships are obliged to monitor it constantly. Never to be used for chats” only. All large ships are obliged to monitor it constantly. Never to be used for chatting, etc; CH70: the DSC channel; CHs75-76: Used as Guard Band for distress channel 1ting, etc; CH70: the DSC channel; CHs75-76: Used as Guard Band for distress channel 16.6.

• 2. The GPS receiver calculates the range, bearing and cross track error to next waypoi2. The GPS receiver calculates the range, bearing and cross track error to next waypoint when you select a destination. The calculation of that data is called navigation calcnt when you select a destination. The calculation of that data is called navigation calculation. The calculation itself is done using one of two methods (selectable): Great cirulation. The calculation itself is done using one of two methods (selectable): Great circle (straight line between two points) or Rhumb line (straight line between two points cle (straight line between two points) or Rhumb line (straight line between two points on nautical chart).on nautical chart).

• 3. When navigating in restricted waters, a mariner most often relies on visual piloting 3. When navigating in restricted waters, a mariner most often relies on visual piloting to provide the accuracy required to ensure ship safety. Visual piloting, however, requito provide the accuracy required to ensure ship safety. Visual piloting, however, requires clear weather; often, mariners must navigate through fog. When conditions renderes clear weather; often, mariners must navigate through fog. When conditions render visual piloting impossible and a vessel is not equipped with DGPS, radar navigation r visual piloting impossible and a vessel is not equipped with DGPS, radar navigation provides a method of fixing a vessel’s position with sufficient accuracy to allow safe provides a method of fixing a vessel’s position with sufficient accuracy to allow safe passagepassage

• 4. The following units of measure will appear on the ECDIS chart display: 1) Position: L4. The following units of measure will appear on the ECDIS chart display: 1) Position: Latitude and Longitude will be shown in degrees, minutes, and decimal minutes, normatitude and Longitude will be shown in degrees, minutes, and decimal minutes, normally based on WGS-84 datum; 2) Depth: Depth will be indicated in meters and decimetally based on WGS-84 datum; 2) Depth: Depth will be indicated in meters and decimeters. Fathoms and feet may be used as an interim (ers. Fathoms and feet may be used as an interim ( 临时的临时的 ) measure; 3) Height: Meters ) measure; 3) Height: Meters (preferred) or feet; 4) Distance: Nautical miles and decimal miles, or meters; 5) Speed: (preferred) or feet; 4) Distance: Nautical miles and decimal miles, or meters; 5) Speed: Knots and decimal knots. Knots and decimal knots.

• 5. Updated AIS messages are transmitted every few seconds to keep the information 5. Updated AIS messages are transmitted every few seconds to keep the information up-to-date. Note that the ship-to-ship data exchange takes place automatically withoup-to-date. Note that the ship-to-ship data exchange takes place automatically without any action required by the watch officer on either ship. In pilotage waters, a pilot cut any action required by the watch officer on either ship. In pilotage waters, a pilot can plug a laptop computer, loaded with his own navigation program, directly into the an plug a laptop computer, loaded with his own navigation program, directly into the ship's AIS system. In this way, the pilot can monitor the position and movement of all ship's AIS system. In this way, the pilot can monitor the position and movement of all other vessels in the area independent of the ship's installed navigation systems.other vessels in the area independent of the ship's installed navigation systems.

1. ______ is not a job of the radar antenna1. ______ is not a job of the radar antenna ．．AA．． To receive the high-frequency pulses from the transmitTo receive the high-frequency pulses from the transmit

terterBB ．． To focus the pulses into a beamTo focus the pulses into a beam ，， and send them into and send them into

spacespaceCC．． To pick up reflected pulses coming from objects that hTo pick up reflected pulses coming from objects that h

ave been struck by the beamave been struck by the beamDD．． To reflect microwavesTo reflect microwaves2. Radar reflectors are required for ______2. Radar reflectors are required for ______ ．．AA．． all fishing vessels over 39 feet in lengthall fishing vessels over 39 feet in lengthBB ．． sail-propelled fishing vesselssail-propelled fishing vesselsCC．． all fishing vessels of less than 200 GTall fishing vessels of less than 200 GTDD．． wooden hull fishing vessels with a poor radar echowooden hull fishing vessels with a poor radar echo3. The shoreline along Rocky Point should give a good rada3. The shoreline along Rocky Point should give a good rada

r return because ______r return because ______ ．．AA．． The shore is bluff and rockyThe shore is bluff and rockyBB ．． Of offshore exposed rocksOf offshore exposed rocksCC．． Submerged reefs cause prominent breakersSubmerged reefs cause prominent breakersDD．． The lookout tower is marked with radar reflectorsThe lookout tower is marked with radar reflectors

• A steep headland, promontA steep headland, promontory, riverbank, or cliff.ory, riverbank, or cliff.

• 悬崖，峭壁，陡岸，绝壁悬崖，峭壁，陡岸，绝壁• adj.adj. （形容词）（形容词）• Having a broad, steep front.Having a broad, steep front.• 宽而垂直的宽而垂直的

• 把发射机经波导馈线送来的发射脉冲把发射机经波导馈线送来的发射脉冲送来的能量集成一串朝一个方向发射送来的能量集成一串朝一个方向发射出去，同时接收该方向回波送给接收出去，同时接收该方向回波送给接收机。机。

• Exercises from the test Exercises from the test bankbank

The correct method of switching off a marine radar is to turn power switcThe correct method of switching off a marine radar is to turn power switch to ______ position firsth to ______ position first ，， then to ______ positionthen to ______ position ．．

AA．． Off/standbyOff/standbyBB ．． Standby/offStandby/offCC ．． Standby/closeStandby/closeDD ．． Close/standbyClose/standby

The radio waves used for radar are very shortThe radio waves used for radar are very short ，， only ______ longonly ______ long ．．AA．． A few centimetersA few centimetersBB ．． A few fathomsA few fathomsCC ．． A few metersA few metersDD ．． A few feetA few feet

To determine if risk of collision existsTo determine if risk of collision exists ，， a vessel which is fitted with radar a vessel which is fitted with radar must use ______must use ______ ．．

AA．． Radar scanningRadar scanningBB ．． Radar plottingRadar plottingCC ．． Compass bearingsCompass bearingsDD ．． All of the aboveAll of the above

Which condition indicates that your radar needs maintenance _______Which condition indicates that your radar needs maintenance _________ ．．

AA．． Serrated range ringsSerrated range ringsBB ．． Indirect echoesIndirect echoesCC ．． Multiple echoesMultiple echoesDD ．． Blind sectorBlind sector

In more recent yearsIn more recent years ，， ______ has been used by civilians in many new ______ has been used by civilians in many new ways to determine positionsways to determine positions ，， such as in automobile and boat navisuch as in automobile and boat navigationgation ，， hikinghiking ，， emergency rescueemergency rescue ，， and precision agriculture aand precision agriculture and miningnd mining ．．

AA．． GPSGPSBB ．． GMDSSGMDSSCC ．． AISAISDD ．． NavtexNavtex

The angular difference between the true meridianThe angular difference between the true meridian （（ great circle connegreat circle connecting the geographic polescting the geographic poles ）） and the magnetic meridianand the magnetic meridian （（ directiodirection of the lines of magnetic fluxn of the lines of magnetic flux ）） is called ______is called ______ ．．

AA．． deviationdeviationBB ．． variationvariationCC ．． errorerrorDD ．． differencedifference

The compass error of a magnetic compass that has no deviaThe compass error of a magnetic compass that has no deviation is ______tion is ______ ．．

AA．． ZeroZeroBB ．． Equal to variationEqual to variationCC．． Eliminated by adjusting the compassEliminated by adjusting the compassDD．． Constant at any geographical locationConstant at any geographical location

The difference between magnetic heading and compass heThe difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called ______ading is called ______ ．．

AA．． VariationVariationBB ．． DeviationDeviationCC．． Compass errorCompass errorDD．． DriftDrift

The error in a magnetic compass caused by the vessel's maThe error in a magnetic compass caused by the vessel's magnetism is called ______gnetism is called ______ ．．

AA．． VariationVariationBB ．． DeviationDeviationCC．． Compass errorCompass error

没有自差的磁罗差等于磁差。没有自差的磁罗差等于磁差。罗经差罗经差 == 磁差磁差 ++自差自差 , , 即：⊿即：⊿ cc

=var+dev=var+dev

The MOST important feature of the material used for making the binnaThe MOST important feature of the material used for making the binnacle of a standard magnetic compass is that it is ______cle of a standard magnetic compass is that it is ______ ．．

AA．． nonmagneticnonmagneticBB ．． weatherproofweatherproofCC ．． corrosion resistantcorrosion resistantDD ．． capable of being permanently affixed to the vesselcapable of being permanently affixed to the vessel

Variation in a compass is caused by ______Variation in a compass is caused by ______ ．．AA．． Worn gears in the compass housingWorn gears in the compass housingBB ．． Magnetism from the earth's magnetic fieldMagnetism from the earth's magnetic fieldCC ．． Magnetism within the vesselMagnetism within the vesselDD ．． Lack of oil in the compass bearingsLack of oil in the compass bearings

What is an advantage of the magnetic compass aboard vessels ______What is an advantage of the magnetic compass aboard vessels __________ ．．

AA．． Compass error is negligible at or near the earth's magnetic polesCompass error is negligible at or near the earth's magnetic polesBB ．． It does not have to be checked as oftenIt does not have to be checked as oftenCC ．． It is reliable due to it's essential simplicityIt is reliable due to it's essential simplicityDD ．． All points on the compass rose are readily visibleAll points on the compass rose are readily visible

Automatic identification systemsAutomatic identification systems （（ AISAIS ）） are required to ______are required to ______ ．．AA．． provide safety-related information automatically to shore stationsprovide safety-related information automatically to shore stations ，，

other vessels and aircraftother vessels and aircraftBB ．． receive safety-related information automatically from similarly equreceive safety-related information automatically from similarly equ

ipped vesselsipped vesselsCC ．． exchange safety-related information with shore-based facilitiesexchange safety-related information with shore-based facilitiesDD ．． All of the aboveAll of the above

It is dangerous for vessels without the use of radar ______ the estuaryIt is dangerous for vessels without the use of radar ______ the estuary ．．AA．． To getTo getBB ．． To approachTo approachCC ．． To proceedTo proceedDD ．． To closeTo close

It may be found thatIt may be found that ，， in certain circumstancesin certain circumstances ，， Radar Beacon can cRadar Beacon can cause unwanted interference particularly ______ause unwanted interference particularly ______ ．．

AA．． At close rangeAt close rangeBB ．． At end on situationAt end on situationCC ．． At head on situationAt head on situationDD ．． At crossing situationAt crossing situation

The ______ transmits own ship data cyclically via twThe ______ transmits own ship data cyclically via two defined VHF channels and receives the same dato defined VHF channels and receives the same data of the other ships and objects that are equipped a of the other ships and objects that are equipped with AIS systemswith AIS systems．．

AA．． AISAISBB ．． ECDISECDISCC．． GPSGPSDD．． VDRVDR

The GPS system was designed for ______ satellitesThe GPS system was designed for ______ satellites．．AA．． 33BB ．． 1212CC．． 1818DD．． 2424

When your vessel is proceeding to the area of traffic densityWhen your vessel is proceeding to the area of traffic density ，， _______ is used to determine the exact ranges of other ships or _____ is used to determine the exact ranges of other ships or objects in the vicinityobjects in the vicinity ．．

AA．． RadarRadarBB ．． GPSGPSCC ．． DFDF．．DD ．． Satellite NavigatorSatellite Navigator

Which one of the followings does not limit the effective range of Which one of the followings does not limit the effective range of radar ________radar ________ ．．

AA．． Pulse widthPulse widthBB ．． Pulse repetition frequencyPulse repetition frequencyCC ．． Peak powerPeak powerDD ．． Target brightnessTarget brightness

Which statement concerning GPS is TRUE ________Which statement concerning GPS is TRUE ________ ．．AA．． It cannot be used in all parts of the worldIt cannot be used in all parts of the worldBB ．． There are 12 functioning GPS satellites at presentThere are 12 functioning GPS satellites at presentCC ．． It may be suspended without warningIt may be suspended without warningDD ．． Two position lines are used to give a 2D fixTwo position lines are used to give a 2D fix

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding autoWhich of the following statements is TRUE regarding automatic identification systemsmatic identification systems （（ AISAIS ）） ________________ ．．

AA．． AIS is a global tracking system that relies upon INMARAIS is a global tracking system that relies upon INMARSAT C service to communicate vessel position and other SAT C service to communicate vessel position and other safety related information to similarly equipped vesselssafety related information to similarly equipped vessels ，，aircraft and shore stations within the areaaircraft and shore stations within the area

BB ．． AIS is a short-range 3 cm X-band radar system that auAIS is a short-range 3 cm X-band radar system that automatically sends a vessel's position and other safety retomatically sends a vessel's position and other safety related information to similarly equipped vesselslated information to similarly equipped vessels ，， aircraaircraft and shore stations within the areaft and shore stations within the area

CC．． AIS is a short-range VHF-FM system that automaticallAIS is a short-range VHF-FM system that automatically broadcasts a vessel's position and other safety related y broadcasts a vessel's position and other safety related information frequently to similarly equipped vesselsinformation frequently to similarly equipped vessels ，，aircraft and shore stations within the areaaircraft and shore stations within the area

DD．． AIS is a one-way centrally managed system that requiAIS is a one-way centrally managed system that requires the local VTS to send commands to instruct each veres the local VTS to send commands to instruct each vessel to broadcast position and other safety related inforssel to broadcast position and other safety related information to similarly equipped vesselsmation to similarly equipped vessels ，， aircraft and shoaircraft and shore stations within the areare stations within the area

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