Payment for Payment for Environmental Services Environmental Services

(PES) Potential in (PES) Potential in Mzingwane: Possibilities Mzingwane: Possibilities

for Zhulubefor Zhulube

Bella NyamukureBella NyamukureCentre for Applied Social Centre for Applied Social Sciences Sciences University of Zimbabwe/TSBF-University of Zimbabwe/TSBF-CIATCIAT

IntroductionIntroduction PES initiative -Theme 2 (PN17) PES initiative -Theme 2 (PN17) Collaboration between TSBF/CIAT and CASS-UZCollaboration between TSBF/CIAT and CASS-UZ Assess feasibility of PES in Soil and Water Management Assess feasibility of PES in Soil and Water Management

in Mzingwanein Mzingwane

PESPES Voluntary transactionVoluntary transaction Well defined ES is being bought (land use likely Well defined ES is being bought (land use likely

to provide ES)to provide ES) Minimum one buyerMinimum one buyer Minimum one ES providerMinimum one ES provider Conditional (only if ES provider secures Conditional (only if ES provider secures

provision)provision)Wunder 2005 Wunder 2005 ES are benefits individuals and communities get ES are benefits individuals and communities get

from the environment (water quality, soil erosion from the environment (water quality, soil erosion and sedimentation control) and sedimentation control)

Problem Problem

Poor environmental Poor environmental practices upstream practices upstream have consequences have consequences for downstream for downstream resource users resource users

AimAim

PES studyPES study assess potential of locally designed assess potential of locally designed

incentives incentives (payment)(payment) to induce improved to induce improved land and water management practices land and water management practices upstream upstream (provision of ES) (provision of ES)

ObjectivesObjectives Characterize socio economic conditions of Characterize socio economic conditions of

Zhulube householdsZhulube households Examine relationships amongst different land Examine relationships amongst different land

and water users and quantify them.and water users and quantify them. Assess perceptions of resource users on current Assess perceptions of resource users on current

environmental problems.environmental problems. Examine possibilities for Payment for Examine possibilities for Payment for

Environmental Services (PES) in Zhulube. Environmental Services (PES) in Zhulube.

MethodsMethods

Qualitative and quantitative methodologiesQualitative and quantitative methodologies QualitativeQualitative (PRA-land use mapping, wealth (PRA-land use mapping, wealth

ranking, seasonal calendars)ranking, seasonal calendars) Key Informant InterviewsKey Informant Interviews FGDs (gold panners, irrigation farmers)FGDs (gold panners, irrigation farmers) Participant observations Participant observations QuantitativeQuantitative (questionnaire survey) 50 (questionnaire survey) 50

households, purposive sampling (location households, purposive sampling (location upstream/midstream/downstream)upstream/midstream/downstream)

AnalysisAnalysis SPSS 13.0 SPSS 13.0

Study areaStudy area

Results Demographics and Demographics and

Socio- EconomicsSocio- Economics Predominantly male Predominantly male

headed households headed households Literacy levels skewed Literacy levels skewed

towards males 78% literatetowards males 78% literate 18% of women - primary & 18% of women - primary &

secondarysecondary 4% of women illiterate4% of women illiterate Livelihoods are diversifiedLivelihoods are diversifiedrainfed agriculture, gold rainfed agriculture, gold

panning, gardening, field panning, gardening, field crop sales, brick moulding, crop sales, brick moulding, beer brewing, livestock beer brewing, livestock sales, carpentry and otherssales, carpentry and others

Socio Economics contSocio Economics cont Gold panning provides an income throughout Gold panning provides an income throughout

the yearthe year Access to income and inputs inhibits crop Access to income and inputs inhibits crop

farmingfarming no access to loans 82% , no access to loans 82% , access to loans is 18% (2% Agribank,16% GMB-seed access to loans is 18% (2% Agribank,16% GMB-seed

& fertiliser)& fertiliser) hyperinflationary climate discouraging for hyperinflationary climate discouraging for

farmingfarming Low possession of farming implementsLow possession of farming implements

Land/water use interactionsLand/water use interactions Water sourcesWater sources: dam, rivers, boreholes: dam, rivers, boreholes UsesUses: domestic, livestock, irrigation, gold panning: domestic, livestock, irrigation, gold panning AnalysisAnalysis water use by locationwater use by location

borehole water gold panning – upstream (p=0.001)borehole water gold panning – upstream (p=0.001) Dam water irrigation – downstream (p=0.07)Dam water irrigation – downstream (p=0.07) Practice of gold panning Practice of gold panning – upstream (p<0.05)– upstream (p<0.05)

Cropping systems by locationCropping systems by location Intercropping - downstream (p=0.046)Intercropping - downstream (p=0.046) Monocropping - upstream (p=0.063)Monocropping - upstream (p=0.063)

Perceptions on institutionsPerceptions on institutionsRegulated accessRegulated access Gold panning- viewed by 28% as regulatedGold panning- viewed by 28% as regulated village head, police, councillor-arrest/curb village head, police, councillor-arrest/curb

panningpanning Forest resources-20%,Forestry Commission Forest resources-20%,Forestry Commission

traditional leaderstraditional leaders Dams and rivers-10%Dams and rivers-10% Borehole -8%Borehole -8% Soil-AGRITEX ,village headsSoil-AGRITEX ,village heads Suggest weak regulatory power of institutionsSuggest weak regulatory power of institutions

Environmental problemsEnvironmental problems Household perceptions varyHousehold perceptions vary Decreased vs improved Decreased vs improved pasturespastures Water qualityWater quality a problem - 38% of respondents a problem - 38% of respondents

(some of which use dam water for drinking)(some of which use dam water for drinking) Siltation of rivers and damsSiltation of rivers and dams most worrying most worrying Constant fear of silting up of new dam like old Constant fear of silting up of new dam like old

oneone Environmental problems attributed to gold Environmental problems attributed to gold

panning (50% of respondents)panning (50% of respondents)

Willingness to payWillingness to pay Community aware of environmental Community aware of environmental

problemsproblems Expressed willingness to pay Expressed willingness to pay (money and (money and

services)services), 78% of respondents, 78% of respondents Financial capacity lackingFinancial capacity lacking Others do not see logicOthers do not see logic

Discussion –PES potentialDiscussion –PES potential

Demand for (ES) i.e. water quality and quantity, Demand for (ES) i.e. water quality and quantity, siltation and soil erosion control evident siltation and soil erosion control evident

Willingness to pay expressed (voluntary Willingness to pay expressed (voluntary transaction)transaction)

Potential providers of ESPotential providers of ES gold panners and farmers through improved gold panners and farmers through improved

land and water management land and water management If payment is to be made to gold panners If payment is to be made to gold panners ProblematicProblematic compensating an activity viewed as compensating an activity viewed as

illegal - Gold panners have “real but not legal illegal - Gold panners have “real but not legal choice” to land use DIIS Report 2007:21choice” to land use DIIS Report 2007:21

Conclusions and PossibilitiesConclusions and Possibilities

Environmental problems exist, undermining provision of ESEnvironmental problems exist, undermining provision of ES Education on importance of (ES), benefits sharingEducation on importance of (ES), benefits sharing Building from already existing institutions using incentives not Building from already existing institutions using incentives not

coercion (community visioning)coercion (community visioning) Incentives for organised and cleaner small scale gold panning e.g. Incentives for organised and cleaner small scale gold panning e.g.

organising legal production and linking to legal marketsorganising legal production and linking to legal markets incentives for soil conservation farming technologies upstreamincentives for soil conservation farming technologies upstream Increase plot level productivity-Increase plot level productivity-C.A. possible optionC.A. possible optionPotential for contextualised PES exists but……………………………Potential for contextualised PES exists but……………………………What technologies (with incentives) can be adopted by farmers What technologies (with incentives) can be adopted by farmers

upstream to manage land with minimal negative effects for farmers upstream to manage land with minimal negative effects for farmers downstream??downstream??

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