petrol_kimyası_ve_jeolojisi

7/30/2019 Petrol_kimyas_ve_jeolojisi

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Pe t r o l Kim yasve Jeo lo j i s i

Chem ist r y and Geo logy o f Pe t ro l eum

Oturum Yrtcleri / Conveners: Kadir Grgey & Zht Bat


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62. Trkiye Jeoloji Kurultay, 1317 Nisan 2009, MTA Ankara

556

GDA Snr Petrollerinin Jeokimyasal Deerlendirmesive Suriye Petrolleri ile Korelasyonu

Ayegl Canatal

Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa KemalMahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara (E-posta: [email protected])

Gneydou Anadolu (GDA) Suriye snrnda yer alan petrol sahalarndan (amurlu, Yolaan, B.Kozluca, vs.) derlenen toplam oniki adet petrol rnei eitli temel ve molekler parametrelerkullanlarak jeokimyasal adan deerlendirilmitir.

Blge petrolleri, dk API graviteli (9.114.9), yksek slfr ieren ar petrollerdir. Dk Pr/Ph,yksek Tm/Ts, NH/H, C24/C26 (S+R),C35/C34, dk yeniden dzenlenmi steran oranlar bu petrollerinkaynak kayasnn karbonat olduunu vurgulamaktadr. Ayrca yksek Tm/Ts oran ile birlikte yksek

pregnan konsantrasyonu, yksek gamaseran ve C27, C28, C28 steranlarn mevcudiyeti ( izomerleregre) kaynak kaya kelme ortamnn ok tuzlu evaporitik bir ortam olduunu da iaret etmektedir.Blgede bu zelliklere sahip sedimanlar Cudi Grubu birimlerine aittir. Fakat bugne kadar bu

birimlerin kaynak kaya potansiyeli tadn gsteren jeokimyasal bir veri elde edilememitir.

Bu almada ayrca, jeokimyasal karakterizasyonu yaplan GDA Snr Petrolleri ile KuzeydouSuriye petrollerini temsil eden Hamza Sahasna ait bir petrol jeokimyasal olarak karlatrlm, heriki petrol grubunun benzer olduu saptanmtr. Sahip olduu daha yksek olgunluk dzeyi nedeniyleHamza petrol, GDA Petrollerine gre daha yksek API (20) graviteye ve daha dk slfr (% 3)miktarna sahiptir. Her iki gruba ait molekler parametre ve oranlar ise hemen hemen ayn dr. Bunedenle Trkiye Snr Petrolleri ile Kuzeydou Suriye petrollerinin ayn kkene sahip olduu, baka

bir deyile ayn kaynak kayadan tredii kansna varlmtr.

Anahtar Szckler: GDA petrol, Suriye petrol, petrol-petrol korelasyonu, GC, GC/MS, CudiGrubu


3/19

62nd Geological Kurultai of Turkey, 1317 April 2009, MTAAnkara, Trkiye

557

Geochemical Evaluation of Southeast Anatolian Border Oilsand Correlation With Syrian Oils

Ayegl Canatal

Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa KemalMahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, ankaya, TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye (E-mail: [email protected])

Twelve oil samples collected from the oil fields (Camurlu, Yolacan, W. Kozluca, etc.) located inSoutheast Anatolia (SEA), near Surian border (Turkish Border Oils) have been characterized by usingseveral gross and molecular geochemical parameters.

Oils in this region are heavy, showing low API gravity (9.114.9) and high sulphur concentrations.Low Pr/Ph, high Tm/Ts, NH/H, C24/C26 (S+R), C35/C34 and low rearranged sterane ratios indicate thatthe source rock of these oils is carbonate in lithology. Also, high pregnane, high gammaceraneconcentrations and the presence of C27, C28, C28 steranes in higher abundances (compared to isomers) suggest highly saline evaporative depositional environment. The only unit in this regionhaving these distinct geological characters is Cudi Group units. However, no geochemical data have

been found to date that these units have source rock potential.

Moreover, the studied oils located near Surian border (Turkish Border Oils) have been correlatedgeochemically with the Hamza Field oil representing Northern Syria Oils and found that the oils arevery similar. Due to its higher maturity level, Hamza Field oil has higher API degree (23), lowersulphur (3%) concentrations compared to those of Turkish Border oils. However, the molecular

parameters are almost the same in two goup of oils. Thus, it has been concluded that the both group ofoils have the same origin, in other words, they have been generated from the same source rock.

Key Words: GDA oil, Syria oil, oil-oil correlation, GC, GC/MS, Cudi Group


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558

Bakk-Garzan(.) Petrol Sistemi, GD-Trkiye: Jeokimyasal ve Jeolojikalmalar, Bilinen, Bilinmiyen ve Bilinmesi Gerekenler

Kadir Grgey

Pamukkale niversitesi Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm, 20070 Knkl, Denizli(E-posta: [email protected])

Ekonomik petrol arama ve retim programlar yapabilmek iin iyi aranm petrol havzalarnda birpetrol sistemini oluturan herbir unsurun (element) tam olarak tanm ve tarifi gerekir. Bu kapsamdabakldnda yaklak 3.5 milyar yerinde petrol rezervine sahip Bakk-Garzan(.) petrol sistemi iingereken tanm ve tariflerin eksik kald grlmektedir. Sahip olunan bu byk rezerve ramenrnein, petrolleri treten ana kayann aktif trm alannn tarifi ve tanm yeterli deildir. Bu petrolsistemi Batman ve Nusaybin dolaylarnda ok-ar, ar, ve azda olsa kondensat sahalarn iine alr.Bu almann amac vardr: (1) nceki jeokimya almalarnn gzden geirilmesi, (2) zellikleRaman ve Bat Raman sahas petrollerinin jeokimyasal zelliklerinden yola karak ana kayayaynelik ipular elde edilmesi ve (3) Bakk-Garzan(.) petrol sisteminde bilinenleri, bilinmiyenleri veyaplacak almalarn tartlmas.

Grgey (1991) tarafndan yaplan jeokimyasal almaya gre Bakk-Garzan(.) petrol sistemi iindeyer alan petroller dk API graviteli (1218), yksek NSO lu (>%40), yksek kkrtl (1.237.20%)yksek viskozitelidir (30592 cp) ve kapiler gaz kromatogramlarnda rezervuarda olabilecek hibiralterasyon izi gstermezler. Molekler hopan (m/z 191) ve steran (m/z 217) kromatogramlar yksekC24*/C26, C29NH/C30H, Tm/Ts, dzenli steran / dzensiz steran ve dk C28/C29 oranlarna sahiptir veevaporit-karbonat ve TriasJura yal bir ana kayann izlerini tarlar. Bakk-Garzan(.) petrolsistemine ait corafik uzanm iinde bu zelliklere sahip tek kaya diziliminin TriaJura yal CudiGrubu olmas ilgintir. Cudi Grubu Nusaybinde 1600 m, Batmanda ise 400 m kalnla sahip

dolomit, karbonat, marn, eyl ve anhidrit ardalanmal bir seri olarak alt formasyondan olumaktadr.Bu dnemde Cudi Grubu ierisinde ana kaya seviyeleri bulabilmek amacyla yaplan aratrmalarn

byk blm TOC ye dayaldr.

Grgey (1997) ye ait petrol-ana kaya korelasyon almas, korelasyonlarn daha kabul edilebilirolmas amacyla sadece TriyasJura yal Cudi Grubu iinde yer alan formasyonlardan deil aynzamanda Ge Permiyen yal Gomaniibrik ve Ge Kretase yal Krada ve DerdereFormasyonlarndan seilen rnekleri kapsamaktadr. Bu almada, 312 kaya rnei ve 18 ar/okar petrol rnei zerinde yaplan piroliz, Iatro-Scan, sokslet ekstraksiyonu, GC ve GC-MSanalizlerinden elde edilen sonulara gre, Orta Triyas Bakk Formasyonu szkonusu petrollerin enuygun ana kayasdr. Ancak, bu bulgulara ramen Bakk Formasyonunun aktif trm alan

bilinmezliini hala korumaktadr.

Bu makalede Bakk Formasyonun aktif trm alan aratrlmaktadr. Blgenin stratigrafisi ve Ramanve Bat Raman petrollerinden kan jeokimyasal izler gznnde tutularak aada verilen 5 kriter testedilecektir: (1) Ar petrollerinin Cudi Grubu sfr hatt iinde yer almalar, (2) Cudi Grubunun

Nusaybinden Batmana doru incelmesi ve neticede Batmanda sadece Bakk Formasyonunungzlenmesi, (3) Nusaybin yresinde Bakk Formasyonu ztlerinin ilgili alan n petrolleriyle veayrca Batman yresi petrollerinin Nusaybin yresi petrolleriyle deneiyor olmas ve ayn kapsamdaBatman yresi petrolerinin Bakk Formasyonu ztleriyle deneebilme gereinin irdelenmesi, (4)Genel gzlemler gre bir petrol sistemine ait en yksek rezervli sahalarn aktif ana kaya trmalanlarna en yakn konumda bulunmalar ve (5) yzeyde yksek vizkositeli ar/ok ar Raman veBat Raman petrollerinin yer altnda uzun mesafeli g yapamama olaslnn var olmas.

Anahtar Szckler: GD-Trkiye, Raman, Bat Raman, petrol sistemi, ana kaya, Bakk Formasyonu


5/19


559

Bakk-Garzan (.) Petroleum System in SE-Turkey: Geochemicaland Geological Studies, Known, Unknown and Ought to be Known

Kadir Grgey

Pamukkale niversitesi Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm, Knkl, TR

20070 Denizli, Trkiye(E-mail: [email protected])

In mature petroleum bearing basins, exact completion, description and delineation of the each elementof a petroleum system is necessary in order to make profitable oil exploration and production

programs. In this context, one of the four petroleum systems of SE-Turkey, Bak-Garzan (.) petroleumsystem of its about 3.5 billion barrels of in-place oil reserves deserves more attention than presentlyshown. In spite of its huge oil reserves, for example description and delineation of active pod of sourcerock is not known. The system contains both extra heavy and heavy oils and minor condensates inBatman and Nusaybin areas. The purpose of this study is three folds: (1) Overview of previous

petroleum geochemical studies and (2) To study particularly geochemical attributes of Raman, BatRaman oils in order to obtain some clues relevant to pod of active source rock area and 3) To discussgeochemical and geological known, unknown and future studies relevant to Bakk-Garzan (.)

petroleum system.

Geochemical study by Grgey (1991) reported that the oils in the Bakk-Garzan (.) petroleum systemare low API gravity (1218), high NSO%, high sulfur content (1.237.20%), highly viscose (30592cp) oils and show no sign of reservoir alteration on the capillary gas chromatograms. Molecularhopane (m/z 191) and sterane (m/z 217) chromatograms exhibit high C24*/C26, C29NH/C30H, Tm/Tsand high regular sterane/diasterane ratios and low C28/C29 ratios implying evaporite-carbonate type ofsource rock with a TriassicJurassic age. Interestingly, the only rock succession which fulfills theseimplications in the geographic extension of this petroleum system is TriassicJurassic Cudi Group.

This group contains of series of carbonate, dolomite, marn, shale and anhydride intercalations andsubdivided into six formations by reaching the thickness of 1600 m in Nusaybin and 400 m in Batmanregions. In the following years, great amount of effort have been spent on the determination of specificsource rock horizon of the Cudi Group by looking at TOC contents.

Grgey (1997) accomplished an oil-to-source rock correlation study. In order to make a plausiblecorrelation study, rock samples were selected not only from the 6 formations present in the Triassic-Cudi Group but also from the Upper Permian Gomaniibrik, Upper Cretaceous Krada, and DerdereFormations. Results obtained from the pyrolysis, Iatro-Scan, soxhlet extraction, GC and GC-MSanalyses on the 312 rock samples and 18 heavy/extra heavy oils showed that Middle Triassic BakkFormation is the most suitable source rock unit for the SE-Turkey heavy oils. However, pod of activeBakk formation has still remained obscure.

In this communication, we investigate the pod of active Bakk area On the basis of geochemicalsignatures obtained from the Raman and Bat Raman oils and stratigraphy of the area, the following 5criteria will be examined: (1) Heavy oils are located in the Cudi Group zero lines, (2) Cudi Group isgetting thinner from the Nusaybin to Batman areas, as a consequence there is only Bakk Fm. in theBatman area, (3) The Bakk Formation extracts in the Nusaybin area correlate with the oils of thesame area. Oils in the Batman area, on the other hand, correlate to Nusaybin area oils. Hence, Ramanand Bat Raman oils should be correlated with the Bakk Formation, (4) it is a general believe that oilfields with their highest reserves (in this case, Raman and Bati Raman oil fields) are found closest tothe pod of active source rock area and lastly (5) at the surface, Raman and Bat Raman heavy/extraoils with their high viscose nature imply that these oils can not expose to long range migration in thesubsurface.

Key Words: SE-Turkey, Raman, Bat Raman, petroleum system, source rock, Bakk Formation


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560

eyl Kaynak Kayalardan Hidrokarbon retiminin JeokimyasalAdan Deerlendirilmesi ve Kantitatif Bir Yaklam

(Dada Formasyonu, Gney Dou Anadolu)

Hsn orbacolu1, Atilla Aydemir2, Nihat Bozdoan3 ve Aye Gzel4

1 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa KemalMahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara(E-posta: [email protected])

2 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Arama Dairesi Bakanl,Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara

3 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Aratrma Merkezi Daire Bakanl,Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara

4 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Aratrma Merkezi,Sedimantoloji Mdrl, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara

eyl, sedimanter kayalar ierisinde olduka yaygn bulunan, dk permeabilitesi ile petrol vedoalgazlarn hareketinde bariyer grevi yapan bir kayatr. eyl-gazlar ise hidrokarbon tretme

potansiyeli bulunan eyl kaynak kayann iinde, dk permeabiliteden dolay g edemeyerekhapsolmu gazlardr. zel yntemlerle retilebilen eyl-gazlarn, ekonomik boyutu ve artan enerjigereksinimi sektrde itibar kazanmasn salamtr.

retim operasyonlarnn yaplabilirlii, jeolojik bilgilerin yan sra baz jeokimyasal ve sedimantolojikparametrelere baldr. Potansiyel kaynak kaya zellikleri (organik madde miktar, organik madde tipi,olgunluu vb.) ile atlatlabilir litolojik zelliklere (kuvars, karbonat, kil ierii ve tipi vb.) sahipolmas, gerekli parametreleri kabaca tanmlamaktadr.

retim teknolojisi, kaynak kayann yatay bir sondaj ile kesilmesi ve geirimsiz olan eyllerin zel biryntemle atlatllarak rezervuar kayaca dntrlmesi ilkesine dayanmaktadr.

Birok akademik almann yapld ve halen yksek retim deerlerine sahip olan Barnett eyline,parametrik benzerlikler gsteren Dada Formasyonunda, eyl-gaz potansiyeli asndan kantitatif birdeerlendirme de yaplmtr.

Anahtar Szckler: eyl-gaz, organik madde, kaynak kaya, Barnett eyli, Gney Dou Anadolu,Dada Formasyonu


7/19


561

Geochemical Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Production from Shale Source Rocksand A Quantitative Approach (Dada Formation, South East Anatolia)

Hsn orbacolu1, Atilla Aydemir2, Nihat Bozdoan3 & Aye Gzel4

1 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa KemalMahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, ankaya, TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye(E-mail: [email protected])

2 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Arama Dairesi Bakanl,Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86 ankaya, TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye

3 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Aratrma Merkezi Daire Bakanl,Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, ankaya, TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye

4 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Aratrma Merkezi,Sedimantoloji Mdrl, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, ankaya,

TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye

Shale, an abundant sedimentary rock, acts as a natural barrier to migration of natural gas and oil withits very low permeability. Gas trapped in the shale source rock, with a potential of hydrocarbon

production due to low permeability, is called shale gas. Because of worlds economic constrains andincreasing energy demand, shale gas that can be produced only by specilized methods gain significantesteem in the market.

Applicability of production methods does not depend only on geological information but also somegeochemical and sedimentological parameters. Potential source rock properties (amount of organicmatter, type of organic matter, maturity,etc.) and lithological ability to get fractured (quvars,carbonate, clay content and clay type) may determine the preliminary requirements.

Production technology relies on source rock into reservoir rock transformation by means of cutting thesource rock via horizontal drilling and fracturing the impermeable shale with a distinctive method.Dadas Formation showing parametric similarities with Barnett Shale that takes significant place inliterature with its high production rates was also studied from the quantitative production perspective.

Key Words: shale gas, organic matter, source rock, Barnett Shale, Southeast Anatolia, DadaFormation


8/19


562

Piroliz ve CT Scan Analizleri le Bitml eyllerin Ekonomik Deerlendirmesi

Onur Mustafaolu1 ve Semih Eser2

1 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa Kemal

Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara (E-posta: [email protected])2 The Pennsylvania State University, Energy and Mineral Engineering Department,University Park, PA 16802, USA

Ham petrol rezervlerinde ve retiminde grlen srekli azalma ve uzun sreli belirsizliklerle birlikteartan fiyatlar, aratrmaclar ve irketleri uygun alternatifler gelitirme konusunda motive etmektedir.Bitml eyller, nkleer zmler dnda, en gelecek vaat eden alternatiflerden biri olarak gzearpmaktadr. Piroliz koullarnda yaplan deiikliklerin, bitml eyllerden piroliz neticesi eldeedilen sv rnlerin miktarna ve kompozisyonuna olan etkilerini anlamak, retorting proseslerininoptimizasyonu asndan byk nem tamaktadr. Bu almada ncelikli olarakstma hznn, sonstma scaklnn ve son scaklkta bekleme sresinin piroliz rnlerinin miktar vekompozisyonlarna olan etkileri incelenmitir. Analizlerde, Trkiyeden Himmetolu ve Hatlda

blgesi bitml eylleri (kerojen tip-I), Amerika Birleik Devletlerinden, Kolorado Green Riverblgesi bitml eylleri (kerojen tip-I, II) kullanlmtr.

Bitml eyl rnekleri elementer ve proximate analizleri, X-In Difraksiyonu (XRD),Termogravimetri-Ktle Spektroskopisi (TGA-MS) ve Fourier Transform Kzltesi (FTIR) analizleriile karakterize edilmi olup, Himmetolu rneinin dier rneklerden farkl zelliklere sahip olduu;yksek nem ve kerojen ierdii tespit edilmitir. lk analizler ayrca, rneklerin organik ve inorganik

bileenleri ile de birbirlerinden ayrldn ortaya koymutur.

tlm bitml eyl rnekleri borusal bir akm reaktrnde, nitrojen gaz atmosferinde pirolizedilmilerdir. 10 C/dkden 50 C/dkye kartlan stma hzyla birlikte Green River blgesirneklerinden elde edilen rnlerin miktarlarnda belirgin bir art grlrken, aynstma hz artyla

birlikte Trkiyeden alnan rneklerden elde edilen rnlerin miktarnda azalma gzlenmitir. Sonstma scaklnn 450 Cden 550 Cye ykseltilmesiyle, her iki tr rnekten elde edilen rnlerinmiktarlarnda art gerekleirken, 5 ila 15 dakika arasnda deien son scaklkta bekletmesrelerindeki deiimlerin rn miktar asndan kayda deer bir etkisi olmamtr. Deien pirolizkoullarnn kompozisyon zerindeki etkileri Gaz Kromatografisi Ktle Spektroskopisi (GC-MS)analizleri ile llm olup, rnlerin kompozisyonlar arasndaki farkllklarn, farkl tiptekikerojenler, farkl mineral matriks yaplar ve inorganik kompozisyonun farkllklarndankaynaklanabilmi olabilecei eklinde yorumlanmtr.

Bir balang almas olarak Green River blgesi bitml eyllerinden ikincisinin karot rneizerinde, bilgisayarl tomografi (CT) taramas yaplm ve eyl matriksi iinde bulunan kerojenin tamdalm grsel olarak baaryla tespit edilmitir. Ayn rnek daha sonra piroliz ncesi ve sonrastaranarak, kerojen dalmndaki deiimler incelenmi, kerojenin hidrokarbonlara dnmleriallmtr. Kullanlan bu yntemin yer st ve yeralt retim koullarnn laboratuvar leklialmalarnda kullanlabilecek stratejik bir ara olarak byk bir potansiyel tad grlmtr.

Anahtar Szckler: bitml eyl, piroliz, retorting, bilgisayarl tomografi taramas, kerojen, retortpetrol, Himmetolu, Green River


9/19


563

Economic Evaluation of Oil Shale Samples by Pyrolysis and CT Scan Analyses

Onur Mustafaolu1 & Semih Eser2

1 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Aratrma Merkezi, Jeokimya Mdrl, Mustafa Kemal

Mahallesi, 2. Cadde, No: 86, ankaya, TR

06100 Ankara, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected])2 The Pennsylvania State University, Energy and Mineral Engineering Department,University Park, PA 16802, USA

Continuous decline and long-term uncertainties in crude oil supplies and production, and increasingprices motivate researchers and companies to develop viable alternatives to crude oil. One of the mostpromising alternatives among non-nuclear sources is oil shale. Understanding the effects of varyingpyrolysis conditions on yield and composition of products from oil shales is a very important issue thatshould be addressed for retorting processes optimization. The principal objective of this study was toinvestigate impacts of heating rate, final heat treatment temperature and holding time at final

temperature on yield and composition of pyrolysis products. Turkish oil shale samples (kerogen typeI) from Himmetoglu and Hatildag regions and U.S. oil shale samples (kerogen type-I, II) from GreenRiver in Colorado were used in this study.

Oil shale samples were analyzed by ultimate and proximate analyses, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) , andFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Himmetoglu oil shale sample was found to be much different fromthe other samples in the two sets. Its high moisture and kerogen contents were revealed by proximateand ultimate analysis results as well as by FTIR and XRD data. The results from these analyses alsoshowed differences in chemical constitution of the oil shale samples (in organic and inorganiccomponents) with in both sample sets.

Ground samples of oil shales were pyrolyzed in a tubular reactor under flowing nitrogen atmosphere.Increasing the heating rate from 10 to 50C/min increased the liquid product yield from the U.S. oilshale samples, while the liquid yield from Turkish oil shale samples decreased with increasing heatingrate in the same range. Increasing the heat treatment temperature from 450 to 550 C generallyincreased the liquid product yield from the oil shale samples, while the holding time at finaltemperature (5 to 15 min) did not have any significant effect on the liquid yield. Changes in the

pyrolysis conditions which also possibly affect the composition of the liquid products investigated byGas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses. Different responses from oil shalesamples to the changes in pyrolysis conditions can be attributed to the differences in the nature ofkerogen, mineral matrix effect, and in the inorganic composition of the oil shale samples.

A preliminary computed tomography (CT) scan analysis of a selected core oil shale sample from

Green River successfully located kerogen in the shale matrix. The CT scanning of the same samplebefore and after pyrolysis showed changes in the distribution of kerogen in the the shale matrix,indicating the great potential of this technique for monitoring liquid evolution in ex-situ and in-situ

pyrolysis experiments in the laboratory. This information will be very useful particularly for designingin-situ retorting processes for commercial production of shale oil.

Key Words: oil shale, pyrolysis, retorting, computed tomography scan, kerogen, shale oil,Himmetoglu, Green River


10/19


564

Hidrokarbon Aramaclnda Bir Saysal Jeolojik ModelinAlma Bal Reflektivite (AVO) Analizi

Canan ifti1, Zafer zer2 ve Zheyr Kamac2

1 Sleyman Demirel niversitesi, Mhendislik-Mimarlk Fakltesi, Jeofizik Mhendislii Blm,32260 nr, Isparta (E-posta: [email protected])

2 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Arama Dairesi, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi,2. Cadde, No: 86, 06100 ankaya, Ankara

Yansma sismiindeki izler, yeralt modelini temsil eden yansma katsays serilerinin bir dalgacklaevriimi eklinde tanmlanabilir. Gerekte jeolojik farkllklar ieren herhangi bir sreksizlie gelensismik enerji, snr yzeyine farkl alarla gelen P ve tremi dalgalarn, hem P olarak hem de dierdalga tiplerine dnmesiyle yaylmaktadr. Ara yzeylerden etkilenen enerji yaylm ortamlarnyounluu, hz, poission oran gibi elastik zelliklerin farkllklarndan etkilenir. ki tabaka arayzeyden geen dalga yaylmnn tanmn Zoeppritz yapmtr. Yansma katsaylarnn genliinindeiimi geli asna bal olarak incelendiinde ise denklem olduka karmak bir hal almaktadr.Petrol sektrnde AVO analizi olarak bilinen aratrmalar daha ok denklemlerde ihmaller yaparaksadeletirilmi halini yaygn olarak kullanmakta ve belirli alara kadar geerli olmaktadr. Bu durumgz nnde bulundurularak litolojilerin ve kayalarn gzeneklerinde bulunan akkan zelliklerinintanmlanmasn aratran AVO analizi 1985 lerden bu zamana sismik aratrmaclarn gzde konusuhaline gelmitir. Bu yntem, hidrokarbon arama, gelitirme ve retim aamalarnda rezervuarkarakteristiinin belirlenmesinde kullanm asndan nemli yere sahiptir.

Bu yntemin her sahada ayn sonular vermesi mmkn deildir. Baar oran sahaya gre yntemingelitirilmesi ve kullanlan algoritmalarn, denklemlerin uyarlanmasna baldr. Bu almada, bu gibi

zellikleri arat

rmak iin zel bir jeolojik model oluturulmu ve bu model zerinde sismik dalgayaylm gerekletirilerek yapay sismik izler elde edilmitir. Ayrca sentetik kuyu bilgilerininkorelasyonu ile eyl, gazl kum ve kil-kum ardalanmal tabakalar ieren bir jeolojik modeloluturulmutur. Model zerinde 230 adet sentetik at yaplmtr. At sonrasnda 60 katlamal verielde edilmitir. Ayrca bu jeolojik model zerinde dey kaynak alc yntemi uygulanmtr.

Sentetik atlar ile elde edilen verilere eitli veri-ilem aamalar uygulanmtr. Elde edilen sismikkesitler ile dey kaynak alc kesiti arasnda uyum gzlenmitir. Veri-ilem aamalarndan sonraAVO analizine geilmitir. Analiz sonucunda hesaplanan AVO niteleyicilerinde, gazl kumseviyelerinde almla genliin artt saptanmtr. Ayrca yntemin uygulanabilirlii, gl ve zayfynleri ortaya konmutur.

Anahtar Szckler: jeolojik model, yansma genlii, yansma as, kritik a, hidrokarbon, kayafizii, AVO niteleyicileri


11/19


565

AVO Analysis of a Numerical Geology Model in Hydrocarbon Exploration

Canan ifti1, Zafer zer2 & Zheyr Kamac3

1 Sleyman Demirel niversitesi, Mhendislik-Mimarlk Fakltesi, Jeofizik Mhendislii Blm,

nr, TR

32260 Isparta, Trkiye, (E-mail: [email protected])2 Trkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl, Arama Dairesi, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi,2. Cadde No : 86, ankaya, TR06100 Ankara, Trkiye

Seismic trace in seismic reflection method can be defined by convolution of a wavelet with reflectioncoefficients that corresponds to subsurface model. Actually, seismic energy propapagetes as reflectedrefracted and converted waves from through geological boundaries. Energy affected at the layer

boundary propagation depends on elastic properties of layers such as density, velocity and Poissonratio. Zoeppritz defines waveform difference at a layer boundary between two layers. Equations arecomplex if we consider amplitude changes with incident angles. In hydrocarbon exploration AVO(Amplitude variations with offset) analysis, is done to detect amplitude changes with offset bydegrading equations to simplify them but they are correct for small angles. Considering this situationthe avo analysis method which searches the description of the fluid properties in the rock pores andlithologies has become popular for seismic specialists since 1985. This method has an important rolefor determining the reservoir characterization in the exploration, development and production ofhydrocarbon.

Obtaining same results at every hydrocarbon reservoir is impossible by this method. Success ratecorresponds to development of the method by adopting algorithms and equations. For this purposespecial numerical geological model is created and seismic waveform is calculated for this model andsynthetic seismic traces are created to observe these features effecting amplitudes. This is correlated

by a borehole for modeling gas sand and shale. 230 synthetic shot records and 60 fold data is created.Also, zero sources to receiver data are obtained.

The data processing has been applied to the synthetic records. Following this, it was seen that the finalsection well-matched with zero source-receiver section. AVO analysis has shown that the amplitudeincreases with increasing offset. The gassy sand anomalies were also obtained by the AVO attributes.In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of AVO analysis are defined.

Key Words: geological model, reflection amplitude, reflection angle, critical angle, hydrocarbon, rockphysics, AVO attributes


12/19


566

Zagros Kvrm-Bindirme Kuanda Yer Alan Lurestan da (ran)Deiik Mekaniksel Stratigrafiden Kaynaklanan Farkl Kvrm Trleri

Ali Farzipour-Saein1, Ali Yassaghi2, Shahram Sherkati1 ve Hemin Koyi3

1 National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate, Sheykh Bahaiee Square,Seoul Avenue, Tehran, Iran (E-posta: [email protected])

2 Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran

3 Hans Ramberg Tectonic Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University,Villavgen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden

Lurestan (Zagros Kvrm-Bindirme kuann kuzeybatsnda) hidrokarbon aramaclnda veretiminde uzun bir gemie sahiptir. Lurestann orta kesimindeki kvrmlarn yapsal trleri, sahaverilerinden yararlanarak izilmi blgesel dengeli enine kesitler, jeolojik haritalar, sismik profiller,stratigrafik yzey kesitleri, benzetme modellemesi ve kuyu verileri ile allmtr. Yksek ZagrosFayndan Da n Faylara doru hazrlanan local denge yapsal kesiti sz konusu alan iindekikvrm farklarn aka gsterir. Paleozoyik sedimanter birimleri alma alanndaki kvrmlarn tmgeometrisini (iskeletini) kontrol eder. Buna ramen, kvrm trlerinin yanal ve dikey deiimlerisedimanter kaya birimlerinin mekanik davran deiiklilerini gstermektedir. alma alanndakvrm trlerini ana yzey kvrm (decollement) birimi kontrol eder: taban yzey kvrm birimi (AltPaleozoyik sedimanlar), ara yzey kvrm birimi (Triyasik Dasttak Formasyonu) ve st yzey kvrm

birimi ( Pabdeh ve Gurpi Formasyonlar). Bu ana yzey kvrm birimleri kvrm trlerini st yapsalseviyeden derine kadar control eder ve st tabakalarda gelien kvrm geometrilerini alt tabakalardagelienlerden ayrr. Gerekten, formasyonlarn fasiyes ve kalnlk deiimleri (Sarvak, Pabdeh, veGurpi Formasyonlar) blgenin kuzeyinde ve gneyinde iki farkl kvrm organizasyonuna sebep olur

(polyharmonic ve disharmonic). Sonuta, blgedeki baar

s

z sondaj kuyular

n

n ana problemi,yzeyden derinlere kadar uzanan kvrmlara ait yapsal geometrilerin karklndan kaynaklanan veuygun verilmeyen kuyu lokasyonlardr, bu durum gelecekte Lurestan daki hidrokarbon aramaaktivitelerinde (yksek znrl sismik hatlar kullanlarak) gznnde tutulmaldr.

Anahtar Szckler: Zagros kvrm ve bindirme kua, Lurestan, ran, kvrm tr, yzey kvrm


13/19


567

Different Folding Style in Response to Varying Mechanical Stratigraphyof the Lurestan Region in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (Iran)

Ali Farzipour-Saein1, Ali Yassaghi2, Shahram Sherkati1 & Hemin Koyi3

1 National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate, Sheykh Bahaiee Square,Seoul Avenue, Tehran, Iran (E-mail: [email protected])

2 Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran

3 Hans Ramberg Tectonic Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University,Villavgen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden

The Lurestan salient (in the NW portion of the Zagros Fold Thrust Belt) has a long history ofhydrocarbon exploration and production. The structural style of the folds from the central part of theLurestan salient has been studied by drawing a regional balanced cross section from the field data,geological maps, seismic profiles, stratigraphic surface sections, analogue modeling and well data.Theregional balanced structural cross section which is constructed from the High Zagros Fault to theMountain Front Fault (the Simply Folded Belt) highlights the differences in the folding stylethroughout the area. The Palaeozoic competent sedimentary unit controls the whole geometry(skeleton) of the folding throughout the area. However, the lateral and vertical changes in the style ofthe folds in the area indicate the influence of variation in the mechanical behavior of the sedimentaryrock units. Three main decollement units controlled the folding style (laterally and vertically) withinthe area: the basal decollement unit (Lower Paleozoic sediments), the intermediate decollement unit(the Triassic Dashtak Formation) and the upper decollement unit (the Pabdeh and GurpiFormations).These major decollement units controlled the folding style from the upper structural levelto depth and separate fold geometries developed on the overlying layers from their underlying layers.

Indeed, the thickness and facies changes of the formations (e.g., the Sarvak, Pabdeh and GurpiFormations), cause two different folding pattern in the northern and southern part of the region(polyharmonic and disharmonic folding). Thus, the main problem for unsuccessful drilled wells in theregion is inappropriate well locations due to complexity in the structural geometry of the folds fromthe surface to depth that has to be taken into account (by using the high resolution seismic lines) infuture hydrocarbon exploration activity within the Lurestan.

Key Words: Zagroz fold-thrust belt, Lurestan, Iran, folding style, decollement


14/19


568

Depolanma Dzeninde Tempestitler

Mohammad Ali Kavoosi

National Iranian Oil Company Exploration Directorate, 1stDead-end, Seoul St.,NE Sheikh Bahaei Sq., P.O.Box 19395-6669 Tehran, Iran(E-posta: [email protected])

randaki Kopet Dagh Havzas, temel rezervuar birimlerini tekil eden Mozduran Fformasyonunun stJura karbonatlarnda yerlemi olan devasa Khangiran ve Gonbadli gaz alanlarna ev sahipliiyapmaktadr. Formasyon temel olarak kireta ve dolomitle birlikte minr dzeyde marl/eyl veevaporitlerden olumaktadr.

Kopet Dagh havzasndaki Mozduran Formasyonu alt istiften meydana gelmitir. Kimmerisiyendepolanmas tane 3c dereceden istiften olumaktadr. stif snrlar hem tektonik alalma hem de

sediman yknn birlikte neden olduklar deniz seviyesi deiimlerine dayandrlmtr. Khangiran veGonbadli gaz alanlarndaki ana hidrokarbon zonu, Kimmeridgiann 1. ve 2. istiflerinin HSTlerindemeydana gelmektedir. Bu almann ana konusu tempestitlerdir. Erozyon yzeyleri, oygular vedolgular, belirgin tabanl dereceli tabakalanma, geili st dokanak ve kt boylanm pellet kumta,

biyoklastik istifta and intraklastik kumta/istifta tempestitler olarak tanmlanmtr ki bunlarMozduran Formasyonunun st ksmnda ayrt edilmitir (genel olarak KIM2 and KIM3 istifininHSTsinde). Bu yorum intraklastik istif tann amurtai ile ardalanma gsterdii lokasyonlardaaka grlen kesintili fasiyes ilikileri ile desteklenmektedir. Az eitli faunal topluluklar tuzluluunartmas gibi zorlu paleo-ekolojik koullar anlatmaktadr.

Ge Kimmeridgian dneminde Rampa-benzeri profil, aamal olarak havza dolgusunun ilerlemesisonucunda geniler ve dzgn bir hal alr. Havzann kuzey ksmnda, gneydeki s platformdanitibaren aamal olarak ilerleyerek denize doru olan ksmlarn dolmas nedeni ile yukarya dorukalnlama ve slama eilimi gstermektedir. Amal ilerleme ve elf snr kaynakl ve daha sklklagrlen sediman girii, sonrasnda yukarya doru slama eilimine ve gelgit dzlkleri fasiyeskuann daha da ilerlemesine neden olmutur. kelme ortamnn kstlanmas (depolanma iinyeterli alann bulunmamas) nedeni ile platform slatka ve yayvanlatka, amal ilerlemeyukarya doru incelme ve tane boyunda kabalamas ile tanmlanr. Mozduran Formasyon istifinin(KIM2 ve KIM3 istiflerinin HSTsi), st ksmlarna doru, tempestitlerin varlnn artmasna balolarak yeniden ilenme oranda artmaktadr. klimin ok daha kurak koullara dnmesi, faunalarnkademeli olarak yok olmas ve iskeletsiz yaplarn ve evaporitlerin baskn hale gelmesi sonucunudourmutur. Yksek sistem koullarnda gelgit dzlklerinin ilerlemesi, daha dzgn topografyalkarbonat platformunun olumasna ve yaygn evaporitik depolanmaya neden olur. S, geni ve dz

st yzeyli karbonat platformlar

ndaki HSTler esnas

nda, bu koullar

n f

rt

nadan kaynaklananyounluk akmlarnn etkisiyle meydana gelen tempesit oluumlarn destektekledii dnlmektedir.

Anahtar Sckler: st Jura, ran, rezervuar, istif, tempestit


15/19


569

Tempestites in Depositional Sequences

Mohammad Ali Kavoosi

National Iranian Oil Company Exploration Directorate, 1stDead-end, Seoul St.,NE Sheikh Bahaei Sq., P.O.Box 19395-6669 Tehran, Iran(E-mail: [email protected])

The Kopet Dagh Basin in NE Iran hosts the giant Khangiran and Gonbadli gasfields at which UpperJurassic carbonates of the Mozduran Formation constitute the principal reservoir unit. The formation iscomposed mainly of limestone and dolomite with minor marl/shale and evaporites.

Mozduran Formation in the Kopet Dagh Basin is composed of six depositional sequences.Kimmeridgian deposits are composed of three 3rd-order depositional sequences. Sequence boundariesare attributed to sea level changes induced both by tectonic subsidence and sediment loading. The

main hydrocarbon pay zones at the Khangiran and Gonbadli gasfields occur in the HSTs of theKimmeridgian 1 and 2 depositional sequences. Tempestites are the focus of this study. Sedimentarystructures such as erosional surfaces, gutters and pots, graded bedding with sharp basal, gradationalupper contacts and poor sorting in peloid grainstone, bioclastic packstones and intraclastgrainstone/packstones are interpreted as tempestites, which were recognized in the upper part of theMozduran Formation (mainly in the HST of the KIM2 and KIM3 sequences). This interpretation issupported by the discontinuous facies relationships that are expressed at locations where the intraclast

packstones are intercalated with mudstones. The low diversity faunal assemblage implies stressedpalaeo-ecological conditions such as elevated salinities.

Ramp-like profile became wider and smoother as the result of in-filling of the basin by progressiveprogradation during the late Kimmeridgian. Thickening- and shallowing-upward trends in the northernpart of the basin are due to gradual filling of the seaways by progradation from the southern shallowplatform. Progressive progradation and more frequent sediment input from nearby shelf marginresulted in subsequent shallowing-upward trend and more progradation of tidal-flat facies belt.Progressive progradation is indicated by thinning-up and coarsening-upward as the platform shallowsand widens due to a loss of accommodation. Towards the top of the Mozduran Formation succession(HST of the KIM2 and KIM3 sequences), reworking increases as the result of increasing occurrence oftempestites. Climate changes to more arid conditions resulted in gradual extinction of fauna anddomination of non-skeletal grains and evaporites. During highstand systems tracts, tidal-flat

progradation led smoother topography of the carbonate platform and nd widespread deposition ofevaporites. It seems that this condition favoured tempestite formation by storm-generated densitycurrents during HSTs in the shallow, wide and flattop carbonate platform.

Key Words: Upper Jurassic, Iran, reservoir, sequence, tempestite


16/19


570

retim Serisinin Paleocorafyas ve Stratigrafik Pozisyonu, Azerbeycan

Shikhali A. Babayev ve Elza N. Efendiyeva

Geology Institute of ANAS, G. Javid Avenue 29A, Baku, Azerbaijan (E-posta: [email protected])

Azerbeycan da en nemli petrol-gaz retiminin yapld retim Serisi (S) yz yl akn bir sredirbirok aratrmacnn ilgi oda olmutur. Buna ramen stratigrafik serinin birok stratigrafik konusuhala tartlmaktadr. Makale, S ve S alt ve st sedimanlarn mikropaleontolojisi, kesin ya, ve

paleomanyetizma ile ilgili verileri sz konusu edecektir. 3.65.0 Ma nce depolanan S nin kesinya yaklak 1.4 Ma dr. Kimmeriyen benzeri olan S, alt Pliyosen ile ilgilidir (Akdenizst Zanclean).

Ayn zamanda, Miyosen ile Pliyosen arasndaki snr Pontiyennin stnden deil, st ksmn iindengeer.

S petrol-gaz potansiyeli ile ilgili problemlerin zm iin, Snin paleocorafik depolanmaortamn yeniden dzenlemek ok nemlidir. Bu amaca ulamak iin, ilgili kayalarn litolojikzellikleri detayl bir ekilde aratrlm ve mevcut veriler zetlenmitir. Birok S aratrmacs,Snin deltayik kkenli olduu hipotezini nermitir. Girdi materyeli eski nehirler (Paleo-Voga,Paleo-Ural vs.) ve Merkezi-Absheron (Kirmaki vadisi), Jeiranchekmez v.s ismi verilen zirve alt kanallar yoluyla olur. Bu duruma kanal istikamentinde blgesel olarak art gsteren kum boyumateryal ve orientasyona meilli olmak tanklk eder. S altndaki ve stndeki sedimanlardankompozisyonu, kalnl ve sedimantasyon oran (ok nemli) ayrlr. Yksek sedimantasyon oran,sedimantasyon sonras olan deiiklikleri nemli derecede etkilemitir ve katajenetik ilemlerin gerikalmasna sebeb olmutur. ok derindeki rezervuarlarn kapasite-filtrasyon ve byk yataklarn

korunmas

n

belirlemitir. Kaya-su doygunluu-eser organik madde aras

ndaki ilikiler havzadakijeolojik-jeokimyasal ilemleri etkilemitir.

Makalede retim serisinin (S), Azerbeycan (alt PliyosenZanclean) daki stratigrafik pozisyonudorulanmtr.

Anahtar Szckler: Azerbeycan, stratigrafi, paleocorafya, mikropaleontoloji, kanal, Kirmaki,petrol-gaz potansiyeli, rezervuar, paleomanyetizma


17/19


571

About Stratigraphic Position and Palaeogeographyof the Productive Series (Pliocene) in Azerbaijan

Shikhali A. Babayev & Elza N. Efendiyeva

Geology Institute of ANAS, G. Javid Avenue 29A, Baku, Azerbaijan (E-mail: [email protected])

Productive Series (PS) as a main object of oil-gas recovery in Azerbaijan, more than one hundredyears is an object of a close attention of numerous investigators. Despite this, a lot of issues of itsstratigraphy have remain still debatable ones. The paper considered data on micropalaeontology,absolute age and palaeomagnetism both of underlying and overlying deposits and the PS. The absoluteage of the PS was dated ~1.4 Ma and it was formed 3.65.0 Ma ago. The PS being the Kimmeriananalogue, is related to the lower Pliocene (large upper part of Zanklia of the Mediterranean Sea).

At the same time, the boundary between Miocene and Pliocene passes not above the Pontianregiostage but inside its upper part.

To solve problems linked with oil-gas potential of the PS, it is very important to reconstruct thepalaeogeographical setting of its accumulation. To achieve the objective, there has been conducteddetailed investigation of lithologic properties of the composing rocks and there has been summarizedexisting geological data. Most of the PS investigators proposed a hypothesis about its deltaic genesis.The input of material was performed by palaeorivers (Palaeo-Voga, Palaeo-Ural etc.) bysubmeridional chutes called the Central-Absheron (Kirmakin valley), Jeiranchekmez etc. This iswitnessed by the presence of local zones of the increased arenosity, inclined to the oriented, in thesame direction as the chutes. The PS differs from the underlying and the overlying deposits by itscomposition, thickness and by the sedimentation rate (the most important). The high sedimentation

rate significantly affected the character of postsedimentation changes and became the reason ofretardation of katagenetic processes. This determined preservation of capacity-filtration parameters inreservoirs even at big depth and formation of large deposits. The interrelation rock saturating water trace organic matter, determined geological-geochemical processes in sedimentary rock basin.

In the paper there has been verified stratigraphic position of the Productive Series (PS) in Azerbaijan(the lower PlioceneZenklian) and there has also been characterized in terms of its formation.

Key Words: Azerbaijan,stratigraphy, palaeogeography, micropalaeontology, chute, Kirmaki, oil-gaspotential, reservoir, palaeomagnetism


18/19


572

Trkiyedeki Petrol Szntlarnn Organik Jeokimyasal Deerlendirmesi

Orhan Kavak1, Nazan Yaln Erik2, M. Namk Yaln3 ve Jacques Connan4

1Dicle niversitesi, Mhendislik-Mimarlik Fakltesi, Maden Mhendislii Blm,

21280 Diyarbakr2 Cumhuriyet niversitesi, Mhendislik Fakltesi, Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm,58140 Sivas (E-posta: [email protected])

3stanbul niversitesi, Mhendislik Fakltesi, Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm,34320 Avclar,stanbul

4Laboratoire de Biogeochimie Moleculaire, UMR 7177, Universite de Strasbourg,25 rue Becquerel, 67087-Strasbourg Cedex 02, France

Gnmzde lkelerin stratejik ve ekonomik geliimlerinde byk neme sahip olan hidrokarbonlar(Petrol/Bitm), Trkiyede binlerce yl ncesinden itibaren ekonomik ve kltrel adan nemini

korumaktadr. Trkiye gibi ekonomik, kltrel ve bilimsel adan gelimekte olan lkelerde artannfus ve teknolojik gelimeler enerjiye olan talebin de artmasna neden olmutur. Trkiye gibi fosilenerji kaynaklar bakmndan fakir denecek kadar az potansiyele sahip lkeler bu kaynaklarsalayabilmek iin yeni arama sahalar ve arama yntemleri denemek zorundadr. zelliklehidrokarbon aramaclna ilikin yerst ve yeralt gelimi arama yntemleri ile byk petrol alanlar

belirlenmi ancak artan enerji talebi yeni ve daha kk rezervlerinde bulunmasn gerekli klmtr.Bu nedenle hidrokarbonlarn aranmasnda yllardan beri fazla ilgi ekmeyen hidrokarbon szntlarnnaratrlmas ve bunlarn organik jeokimyasal yntemlerle aratrlmas bu alma iin temel tekiletmitir.

Gneydou Anadolu ve Trakya Havzas Trkiyenin hidrokarbon potansiyeli olan, petrol ve gazretimi yaplan balca alanlardr. Bunlarn dnda lkenin dier alanlarnda detayl aratrmalararamen henz ekonomik gelime salayacak bir saha bulunamamtr. Ancak lkedeki farkl alanlardanemli sayda petrol ve doal gaz szntlar izlenmitir. Bu szntlarn en nemlileri; Sinop-Boyabat-Ekinveren, Erzurum-Pasinler-Erzurum-Tekman-Katranl, Rize-ayeli (denizde) petrol szntlar, BatToros-Antalya-Olimpos (ral/Yanarta) Da, Hatay-Kzlda doal gaz sznts, Haymana-Polatlsahasnda petroll kumtalar, Mut-Ermenek-Silifkede petroll kiretalar ve Diyarbakr (Hazro),Isparta (Akseki), Van (Kurzot), Adyaman (Besni), Batman (Raman)daki asfaltitlerdir.

Bu almann amac yeniden rneklenen Trkiyedeki petrol szntlarnn gelimi organikjeokimyasal yntemler yardm ile srasyla kken, olas kaynak kaya ve kefedilmemi hidrokarbonpotansiyelinin her bir inceleme alan iin ayr ayr deerlendirmesidir.

Yararlan

lan organik jeokimyasal yntemler; Termo gravimetrik analiz, RE-Pirolizi, GazKromatografi (GC), GC-Ktle Spektrometre (MS), Izotop Oran-MS dir. Kimyasal bileim, n-alkandalm, steran ve triterpanlar ve izotopik bileim incelenen alandaki petrol sistemi ile ilgili olarakdeerlendirilmitir. Ankara (Kzlcahamam ve Haymana), Amasya-Gmhacky, orum-Sungurlu,ankr-Orta, ankr-Eldivan, Sinop-Boyabat, Samsun-Bafra, Erzincan-Plk, Tokat-Niksar, Bolu-Gynk, Bolu-Mudurnu, Diyarbakr-Urfa, Gaziantep, Kilis, Adyaman, Antakya, Van, Erzurum, Mu,Batman-Diyarbakr alanlarndaki arazi almalarna ait ilk deerlendirmeler ve alnan rneklere aitanaliz sonular sunulacaktr.

Anahtar Szckler:petrol sznts, gaz sznts, organik jeokimya, Gneydou Anadolu Blgesi


19/19


573

Geochemical Evaluation of Oil Seeps in Turkey

Orhan Kavak1, Nazan Yaln Erik2, M. Namk Yaln3 & Jacques Connan4

1Dicle niversitesi, Mhendislik-Mimarlik Fakltesi, Maden Mhendislii Blm,

TR

21280 Diyarbakr, Trkiye2 Cumhuriyet niversitesi, Mhendislik Fakltesi, Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm,TR58140 Sivas, Trkiye (E-mail: [email protected])

3stanbul niversitesi, Mhendislik Fakltesi, Jeoloji Mhendislii Blm,Avclar, TR34320stanbul, Trkiye

4Laboratoire de Biogeochimie Moleculaire, UMR 7177, Universite de Strasbourg,25 rue Becquerel, 67087-Strasbourg Cedex 02, France

Hydrocarbons (petroleum, bituminous), posses great importance on strategically and economicallydevelopments of a country, have been known since ancient ages in Turkey. In developing countrieslike Turkey; energy demand is increasing due to rapid population growth and technologicaldevelopments. The countries have limited or insufficient natural resources should explore andinvestigate new resources to supply their energy demand. Most of the big natural resources of thehydrocarbons have been explored previously but small and deep resources needs to be explored forthis purpose. Therefore, organic geochemical method, exploration technique for hydrocarbons, is usedin this study to investigate hydrocarbon oil seeps.

South-eastern Anatolia and the Thrace basin are the only regions in Turkey, where a certain potentialfor hydrocarbons does exist and oil and gas production is currently made. The rest of country does not

provide any economical resources until yet, even though detailed studies have been conducted.However, a remarkable number of petroleum and natural gas seeps have been reported in different

regions of the entire country. The most important ones are; Sinop-Boyabat-Ekinveren, Erzurum-Pasinler- Erzurum-Tekman-Katranl, Rize-ayeli (at sea) oil seeps, West Taurus-Antalya-Olimpos(ral/Yanarta) Mountain, Hatay-Kzlda natural gas seeps, sandstones impregnated with oil atHaymana-Polatl region, limestones impregnated with oil in Mut-Ermenek- Silifke and asphaltites atDiyarbakr (Hazro), Isparta (Akseki), Van (Kurzot), Adyaman (Besni), Batman (Raman).

The aim of this study is to investigate resampled oil seeps in Turkey with the help of advanced organicgeochemical methods, in order to determine the origin, the possible source rocks and to figure outundiscovered hydrocarbon potential of the respective regions. Utilized organic geochemical methodsare Thermo gravimetric analysis, RE-Pyrolysis, Gas Chromatography (GC), GC-Mass spectrometry(MS), Isotope Ratio-MS. Properties such as, chemical composition, n-alkan distribution, steranes andtriterpanes and the isotopic composition were assigned to the related petroleum system of the

particular area. Results of field studies and sample analyses in Ankara (Kzlcahamam ve Haymana),Amasya-Gmhacky, orum-Sungurlu, ankr-Orta, ankr-Eldivan, Sinop-Boyabat, Samsun-Bafra, Erzincan-Plk, Tokat-Niksar, Bolu-Gynk, Bolu-Mudurnu, Diyarbakr-Urfa, Gaziantep, Kilis,Adyaman, Antakya, Van, Erzurum, Mu, Batman-Diyarbakr regions will be presented.

Key Words: oil seep, gas seep, organic geochemistry, Southeastern Anatolia

petrol_kimyası_ve_jeolojisi

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