Ang sanaysay ay isang maiksing komposisyon na kalimitang naglalaman ng personal na kuru-kuro ng may-akda.Dalawang Uri ng Sanaysay

Pormal o Maanyo

Ang sanaysay na pormal o baguhan - sanaysay na tinatawag din na impersonal - kung ito'y maimpormasyon. katulad ng Naghahatid ng mahahalagang kaisipan o kaalaman sa pamamagitan ng makaagham at lohikal na pagsasaayos ng mga materyales tungo sa ikalilinaw ng pinakapiling paksang tinatalakay.Maanyo rin ito kung turingan sapagkat ito'y talagang pinag-aaralan. Maingat na pinili ang pananalita kaya mabigat basahin. Pampanitikan kasi kaya makahulugan, matalinhaga , at matayutay. Mapitagan ang tono dahil bukod sa ikatlong panauhan ang pananaw ay obhektibo o di kumikiling sa damdamin ng may-akda. Ang tono nito ay seryoso, paintelektuwal, at walang halong pagbibiro.

Impormal o Di-pormal

Ang sanaysay na impormal o di-pormal ay mapang-lungkot, nagbibigay-lugod sa pamamagitan ng pagtatalakay sa mga paksang karaniwan, pang araw-araw at personal o isyung maaaring magpakilala ng personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mga mambabasa. Idinidiin nito dito ang mga bagay-bagay ,mga karanasan ,at mga isyung bukod sa kababakasan ng personalidad ng may-akda ay maaaring empatihayan o kasangkutan ng mambabasang medya. Ang pananalita ay parang pinaguusapan lamang, parang usapan lamang ng magkakaibigan ang may-akda, ang tagapagsalita at mga mambabasa at ang tagapakinig , kaya magaan at madaling maintindihan. Palakaibigan ang tono nito kaya pamilyar ang tono dahil ang paunahing gamit ay unang panauhan. Subhektibo ito sapagkat pumapanig sa damdamin at paniniwala ng may-akda ang pananaw.

A shrew or shrew mouse (family Soricidae) is a small mammal classified in the order Soricomorpha. True shrews are also not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.

Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are, and not closely related to rodents. Shrews have sharp, spike-like teeth, not the familiar gnawing front incisor teeth of rodents.

Shrews are distributed almost worldwide: of the major tropical and temperate land masses, only New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand do not have native shrews at all; in South America, shrews are relatively recent immigrants and are present only in the northern Andes. In terms of species diversity, the shrew family is the fourth most successful of the mammal families, being rivalled only by the muroid rodent families Muridae and Cricetidae and the bat familyVespertilionidae.

Characteristics

Water shrew skeleton

All shrews are comparatively small, most no larger than a mouse. The largest species is the House Shrew (Suncus murinus) of tropical Asia, which is about 15 cm long and weighs around 100 grams[citation needed]; several are very small, notably the Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus) which at about 3.5 cm and 2 grams is

the smallest living terrestrial mammal.

In general, shrews are terrestrial creatures that forage for seeds, insects, nuts, worms and a variety of other foods in leaf litter and dense vegetation, but some specialise in climbing trees, living underground, living under snow or even hunting in water. They have small eyes, and generally poor vision, but have excellent senses of hearing andsmell.[2] They are very active animals, with voracious appetites and unusually high metabolic rates. Shrews must eat 80-90 % of their own body weight in food daily.

They do not hibernate, but are capable of entering torpor. In winter, many species undergo morphological changes that drastically reduce the animal's body weight. Shrews can lose between 30% and 50% of their body weight, shrinking the size of bones, skull and internal organs.[3]

Whereas rodents have gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life, a problem made more extreme by the fact that they lose their milk teeth before birth, and therefore have only one set of teeth throughout their lifetime. Apart from the first pair of incisors, which are long and sharp, and the chewing molars at the back of the mouth, the teeth of shrews are small and peg-

like, and may be reduced in number. The dental formula of shrews is:

Shrews are fiercely territorial, driving off rivals, and only coming together to mate. Many species dig burrows for caching food and hiding from predators, although this is not universal.[2]

Female shrews can have up to ten litters a year, and the animals only stop breeding in the winter in temperate zones, and breed all year round in the tropics. Shrews have a gestation period of 17–32 days. The female often becomes pregnant within a day or so of giving birth, and lactates during her pregnancy, weaning one litter as the next is born.[2] Shrews live for between 12 and 30 months.[4]

Shrews are unusual among mammals in a number of respects. Unlike most mammals, some species of shrew are venomous. Shrew venom is not conducted into the wound by fangs, but by grooves in the teeth. The venom contains various compounds, and the contents of the venom glands of the American short-tailed shrew are sufficient to kill 200 mice by intravenous injection. One chemical extracted from shrew venom may be potentially useful in the treatment of blood pressure while another compound may be useful in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions and migraines.[5] The saliva of the Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) contains the peptide soricidin and has accordingly been studied for use in treating ovarian cancer.[6] Also, along with the bats and toothed whales, some species of shrew use echolocation. Unlike most other mammals, shrews lack a zygomatic bone (also called the jugal), and therefore have an incomplete zygomatic arch.

Shrews hold nearly 10% of their mass in their brain, which is the highest brain to body mass ratio of all animals (including humans).[7]

Echolocation

The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is known to echolocate

The only terrestrial mammals known to echolocate are two genera (Sorex and Blarina) of shrews and the tenrecs of Madagascar. These include the Vagrant Shrew (Sorex vagrans), the Common or Eurasian Shrew (Sorex araneus), and the Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda). The shrews emit series of ultrasonic squeaks.[8][9] The nature of shrew sounds unlike those of bats are low amplitude, broadband, multi-harmonic and frequency modulated.[9] They contain no ‘echolocation clicks’ with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple, close range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food.[9]

Except for large and thus strongly reflecting objects, such as a big stone or tree trunk, they will probably not be able to disentangle echo scenes, but rather derive information on habitat type from the overall call reverberations. This might be comparable to human hearing whether one calls into a beech forest or into a reverberant wine cellar.[9]

The word corrupt (Middle English, from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere, to destroy : com-, intensive pref. and rumpere, to break) when used as an adjective literally means "utterly broken".[1] In modern English usage the words corruption and corrupt have many meanings:

Political corruption , the abuse of public power, office, or resources by government officials or employees for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes[2]

Police corruption , a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest

Corporate corruption , corporate criminality and the abuse of power by corporation officials, either internally or externally, including the fact that police obstruct justice.

Corruption (philosophical concept) , often refers to spiritual or moral impurity, or deviation from an ideal

Corruption Perceptions Index , published yearly by Transparency International Putrefaction , the natural process of decomposition in the human and animal body following death Data corruption , an unintended change to data in storage or in transit Linguistic corruption , the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative

errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension Bribery  in politics, business, or sport Rule of law , governmental corruption of judiciary, includes governmental spending on the courts,

which is completely financially controlled by the executive in many transitional and developing countries

Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse ofgovernment power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties.

Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities.

The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually.[1] A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV, or Sonny to his relatives and friends, was born and raised in Caloocan City. He traces his roots to Ligao, Albay in Bicol where his late father, Antonio Sr.,

grew up. His mother, Estelita, hails from the province of Capiz.

Sonny is 35 years old; born on August 6, 1971. He is married to the former Arlene G. Orejana with two children namely: Francis Seth and Thea Estelle. Their third child, Alan Andrew, died of an illness while he was just twenty-one days old.

He studied at De La Salle University in Manila where he took up BS ECE from 1987 to 1991.

He formally entered into public service in 1991 as a cadet in the Philippine Military Academy where he graduated Cum Laude in 1995, while earning a degree in BS Naval System Engineering. Other awards he received while in PMA are the Mathematics Plaque, Physical Science Plaque, and the Tambuli Award for electrical/electronics engineering.

In 2002, Sonny took up graduate studies at the University of the Philippines and got his masters degree in Public Administration major in Public Policy and Program Management.  For the duration of the masteral program, he received two University Scholar Awards for obtaining two semestral GPAs of 1.0 to 1.25 and a College Scholar Award for obtaining a semestral GPA of 1.25 to 1.50.

After graduating from PMA, Sonny went through all shipboard assignments starting from Mess & Supply Officer; Deck & Gunnery Officer; Engineering & Damage Control Officer; Executive Officer; and, ultimately as Acting Commanding Officer of a patrol gunboat.

During his five-year sea duty experience, his unit apprehended dozens of smugglers, illegal loggers, poachers, human smugglers and illegal fishermen in numerous maritime law enforcement operations conducted in the waters off Batanes, Ilocos, Cagayan, Isabela, Zambales, Scarborough, Quezon, Bicol, Palawan, Mindoro, Romblon, Iloilo, Cebu, Zamboanga Peninsula, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Davao and Maguindanao.

Other shore positions he held were: Administrative/Personnel Officer of Philippine Fleet Patrol Force; and Procurement Officer/Instructor, Naval Education & Training Command.

Among the highlights of his military profession, was the daring search and rescue operation for the survivors of the ill-fated M/V Princess of the Orient at the height of a super typhoon in 1998. For this act of risking their own lives in the fulfillment of their duty, Sonny and his unit managed to rescue thirty-two (32) survivors.

He was also involved in numerous naval operations in support of ground operations directed against the Abu Sayyaf and other lawless elements.

As procurement officer of the Naval Training and Education Command, Philippine Navy, Sonny reformed the procurement system, which resulted to the accumulated savings of more than four million pesos in favor of the government.

He has participated in 22 naval exercises conducted with local and foreign navies.

For his meritorious service to his country, Sonny has been awarded a total of 23 assorted merit medals, campaign ribbons and badges.

Finally, during the recent May 14, 2007 mid-term Elections, Sonny successfully launched a nationwide campaign from his prison cell as he ran and won a seat in the Philippine Senate on a shoestring budget.  More than 11 million people voted him into office on a strong anti-corruption advocacy.

CONTRIBUTION

LEGAZPI CITY — Albay Governor Joey Salceda, is looking forward to working closely with Senator Antonio Trillanes IV for development policies in support of the Aquino administration following his release yesterday.

Salceda also said he believes the senator will make the mYst out of his eagerness to start working for his home province as well as the country.

“Even with four Bicolanos in the Senate, Trillanes is the only one from Albay, Joker Arroyo from Camsur and Honasan and Escudero from Sorsogon. Just like Senators Pedro Sabido, Tecla Ziga, Dominador Aytona and Victor Ziga, Senator Trillanes gives pride to Albay but more than that he will prove to be a big help to P-Noy in leading the country,” Salceda said.

Albayanos are now happy to see their biggest contribution to national leadership and to the task of nation building, he added.

Two months ago, Trillanes agreed to meet Salceda and Albay Board Members Ramon Alsua and Ireneo Sales, at his detention cell.

Salceda noted that even with access to information constrained by his detention, Trillanes still has robust grasp of national issues and that the latter’s policies are quite impressive.

The governor added now that Trillanes is free, he believes the latter would grow in stature and distinguish himself in the Senate and the national scene.

“Surely, his strong views and positions distilled in long contemplation will contribute significantly to the formation of robust consensus on national issues. But what struck me was his filial piety – that eagerness to get out and do his bit for his home province – Albay (being from Ligao City) – he insisted in knowing the priorities of Albay,” Salceda said.

ALEJANDRO G. ABADILLA

Alejandro G. Abadilla (March 10, 1906–August 26, 1969), commonly known as AGA, was a Filipino poet, essayist and fiction writer. Critic Pedro Ricarte referred to Abadilla as the father of modern Philippine poetry, and was known for challenging established forms and literature's "excessive romanticism and emphasis on rime and meter".[1] Abadilla helped found the Kapisanang Panitikan in 1935 and edited a magazine called Panitikan.[1] His Ako ang Daigdigcollection of poems is oneof his better known works.[1]

Abadilla was born to a humble household in Salinas, Rosario, Cavite. He attended elementary school at the local Sapa Barrio School, and also finished his secondary education in Cavite. Afterwards, Abadilla traveled to the United States. He went on to work at a small print shop in Seattle.

With his job came the opportunity to become an editor of the Philippine Digest, where he was initially responsible for the Filipino section. He also took the position of managing editor of the Philippine-American Review. Abadilla was also behind the establishment of Kapisanang Balagtas, an organization named after Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar, who is considered the father of Tagalog poetry. Abadilla founded Kapisanang Balagtas as an organization that sought to promote the the Tagalog language, and to push for the blossoming of Tagalog literature.

In 1931, Abadilla graduated from the University of Santo Tomas with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy. He also served in his hometown's local government as a municipal councilor until 1934. He then worked for the Philippine-American Life Insurance as an insurance sales agent.

Abadilla married Cristina Zingalava. The couple had eight children.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Abadilla was hailed by literary critic Pedro Ricarte as the “father of modern Tagalog poetry” because of the poet's nonconformity to the established tradition of Tagalog verse.

Before Abadilla's time, Tagalog poetry often followed a strict metrical structure. Classic Tagalog poetry, as typified by writers like Francisco Baltazar and Jose Corazon de Jesus (or Huseng Sisiw), was characterized by highly-romanticized works that were written in the popular forms called awit and korido.

Alejandro G. Abadilla paved the way for modern Tagalog poetry as he adapted free verse in his writings. His well-known poem “Ako ang Daigdig” may be considered his magnum opus to free verse. Abadilla's works influenced other modern Filipino literary figures such as Virgilio S. Almario, Pedro I. Ricarte and Rolando S. Tinio.

Lualhati Torres Bautista 

is one of the foremost Filipino female novelists in the history of contemporary Philippine Literature. Her novels include Dekada '70, Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa?, and Gapô.

Biography

She was born in Tondo, Manila on December 2, 1946 to parents Esteban Bautista and Gloria Torres. She studied in public schools, both in her elementary and high school years. She graduated from theEmilio Jacinto Elementary School in 1964 and from Torres High School in 1968. While studying in the Lyceum of the Philippines, she took the course of which she had no interest, and eventually stopped schooling. She started writing while she was still 16 years old, and was mainly influenced by her parents who were into composing and poem-writing. Her first stories were published in the magazine,Liwayway. She was the vice-president of the Screenwriters Guild of the Philippines and the chair of the Kapisanan ng mga Manunulat ng Nobelang Popular. She became a national fellow for fiction of theUniversity of the Philippines Creative Writing Center in 1986. She often joins in writing contests, only now she is one of the judges. Until now, Ms. Lualhati Bautista is one of the sought-after writers of our time.

Her works

Ms. Lualhati Bautista is known for her outstanding and award-winning novels. Among these, are Gapo (1980), Dekada '70 (1983), and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa? (1984). All of these won the grand prize in the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. Aside from this, she has written numerous poems and short stories, some of which were compiled in an anthology. In addition to being a novelist, Lualhati Bautista is also a movie and television scriptwriter and a short story writer. Her first screenplay is Sakada (Seasonal Sugarcane Workers), a story written in 1972 that exposed the plight of Filipino peasants. Copies of the script were even confiscated by the military. As a writer, Lualhati Bautista received recognition from the Philippine's Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature and then the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa in 1987. Her award-winning screenplays include Bulaklak sa City Jail (1984), Kung Mahawi Man ang Ulap (1984), Sex Object (1985). Among the screen play writing awards she received include recognition from the Metro Manila Film Festival (best story-best screenplay), Film Academy Awards (best story-best screenplay), Star Awards (finalist for best screenplay), FAMAS (finalist for best screenplay), and URIAN awards. Two of her short stories also won the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, namely: Tatlong Kuwento ng Buhay ni Julian Candelabra (Three Stories in the Life of Juan Candelabra), first prize, 1982; and Buwan, Buwan, Hulugan mo Ako ng Sundang (Moon, Moon, Drop Me a Sword), third prize, 1983. She was honored on 10 March, 2004 during the 8th Annual Lecture on Vernacular Literature by Women by the Ateneo Library of Women’s Writings (ALIWW). Among the television dramas she wrote include: Daga sa Timba ng Tubig (1975) and Isang Kabanata sa Libro ng Buhay ni Leilani Cruzaldo (1987). The latter won best drama story for television from the Catholic Mass Media Awards.

Her novels and Philippine cinema

Dekada '70

The defining but not subversive Filipino novel, Dekada '70 was made into a film by Star Cinema in 2003. It is a story about a family caught in the middle of a tumultuous decade of the 1970's. It details how a middle class family struggled with and faced the new changes that empowered Filipinos to rise against the Marcos government. These series of events all happened after the suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, the proclamation of Martial Law, the bombing of Plaza Miranda, the random arrests of political prisoners. The oppressiveness of the Marcos regime made people become more radical. This shaping of the decade are all witnessed by the female character, Amanda Bartolome (portrayed by the Filipino female actress, Vilma Santos), a mother of five boys. While Amanda's sons grow, form individual beliefs and lead different lives, Amanda awakens her identity to state her stand as a Filipino citizen, mother and woman. The film adaptation of Dekada '70 was directed by Chito S. Roño. Dekada '70 introduces the new generations of Filipino readers to a story and a family of a particular time in Philippine history. Its appeal lies in the evolution of its characters that embody the new generation of Filipinos.

Books

Dekada '70: Ang Orihinal at Kumpletong Edisyon, Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa?. Gapo, Desaparesidos

Jose Wendell P. Capili    Biography

Jose Wendell P. Capili graduated from the University of Santo Tomas , University of the Philippines , The University of Tokyo ( Japan ) and The University of Cambridge ( England ). He is currently a PhD candidate at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National University (ANU).

He is Associate Professor 4, and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines (UP). He was a holder of Carlos P. Romulo

Professorial Chair (1998-99; 2000-01) and was previously Program Development Associate to the UP Diliman Chancellor (1997-1999;1999-2001); and Associate Dean for Administration and Development, UP College of Arts and Letters (2000-2003;2003-2004). He has received Carlos Palanca, Cultural Center of the Philippines and University of the Philippines awards for his poetry and essays as well as scholarships/fellowships from the Cambridge Overseas Trust, British Council, Japan Ministry of Education, University of Hong Kong, Korea Foundation, University of Malaya Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya Cultural Centre, UP and ANU in the fields of creative writing, literature, social anthropology and history.

His books are: A Madness of Birds (poems, University of the Philippines Press, 1998); Bloom and Memory (essays, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2002), Mabuhay to Beauty! (pop culture, Milflores Publishing, 2003) and From the Editors: Migrant Communities and Emerging Australian Community (Casula Powerhouse, 2007). He has published and/or read over 300 poems, reviews, creative/critical essays, newspaper articles and academic papers in the Philippines, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Austria, Malaysia, Singapore, England, Australia and the United States including The Literary Review (Farleigh Dickinson University, NJ, USA), The Poet's Voice (University of Graz, Austria), Korea Times , Korea Herald , The Philippines Free Press , Manila Chronicle , The Philippine Daily Inquirer , Diliman Review (UP) , Solidarity , Caracoa , Anagram (Johns Hopkins University, USA), Mabuhay (Philippine Air Lines) , Budhi (Ateneo de Manila), Philippine Studies (Ateneo de Manila) and Westerly (University of Western Australia).

In 2005, Capili was a visiting scholar at the National University of Singapore, University of Sydney, University of Western Australia, University of Melbourne, and University of Queensland. He was a featured writer during the 2001 Hong Kong International Literary Festival and the 2007 Sydney Writers’ Festival.

 Administrative Positions

Associate Dean for Administration and Development, UP College of Arts and Letters

Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, UP College of Arts and Letters (2000-2003;2003-2004)

Program Development Associate to the UP Diliman Chancellor (1997-1999;1999-2001)

Courses handled

Publications

Books:

A Madness of Birds (poems, University of the Philippines Press, 1998)

Bloom and Memory (essays, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2002)

Mabuhay to Beauty! (pop culture, Milflores Publishing, 2003)

Adrian E. Cristobal (February 20, 1932 — December 22, 2007) was a Filipino writer who frequently touched on political and historical themes. Perhaps best known to the public for his "Breakfast Table" newspaper column, he was also a Palanca Award-winning playwright, fictionist and essayist. He likewise held several positions in government during the administration of President Ferdinand E. Marcos.

Upon his death from lung cancer on December 22, 2007, a Resolution was proposed in the Philippine Senate [1]  citing Cristobal as "a prolific journalist, a political satirist, a historical writer and lecturer, a well-respected columnist, a brilliant fictionist and essayist, a creative playwright, a literary genius and a hardworking publisher."[2]

[edit]Biography

Cristobal studied at the University of the East, though he would drop out of college. By age 15, he had won literary prizes for his fiction, and by 17, his byline was appearing in the pages of the country's leading newspapers such as the Manila Chronicle.[3] As a young writer, he became affiliated with a group of fellow writers based in U.P. Diliman known as the Ravens.

In the 1960 Palanca Awards, Cristobal garnered the Second Prize in the One-Act Play (English) category for his satirical play The Largest Crocodile in the World. All copies of the play have reputedly been lost upon the initiative of the politician believed to have been depicted in the work.[3] Cristobal again won the Second Prize in the 1983 Palanca Awards, this time in the essay category. Cristobal also authored two books on the national hero Andres Bonifacio; The Tragedy of the Revolution and The Trial.[4] In 1962, Cristobal was contracted to write the screenplay of Gerardo de Leon's film adaptation of El Filibusterismo, for which he won a FAMAS award for Best Screenplay.[2]

Cristobal was among the intellectuals enticed by Ferdinand Marcos to join his administration. During martial law, he headed the speech-writing office of the Office of the President. He was later appointed as the Chairman of the Social Security System and a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines.

After the ouster of Marcos in 1986, Cristobal joined the Philippine Daily Inquirer as a newspaper columnist. He left the Inquirer in 2000 to become the publisher of the Manila Times.[4] After a short stint with the Times, he joined the Manila Bulletin as an associate editor and columnist. He remained affiliated with the Bulletin, and was also the publisher of the Philippine Graphic magazine at the time of his death.[3]

Cristobal was an active member and organizer within the Philippine literary community. He founded the Unyon ng Mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas (UMPIL), a union of Filipino writers. As a member of the U.P. Board of Regents, he initiated efforts that led to the establishment of the U.P. Institute of Creative Writing.[3]

His daughter Celina, was publisher and editor-in-chief of a socio-political magazine The Review in the late 70s and later was the lifestyle editor of the daily paper the Manila Chronicle in the 90s. She was elected Vice-Chairman of UMPIL and presently sits as Secretary-General.

In 2005, Cristobal's son, Adrian Jr., was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the Director-General of the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines.

LEONA FLORENTINOThe first of the Philippines was Leona Florentino, of Ilocos Sur. She was to the Philippines as Sappho was to Greece, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz to Mexico, Elizabeth Barret Browning to England, and George Sand to France. Her exquisite poems in Spanish and in ILoko were exhibited in the Exposicion General de Filipinas in Madrid (1887) and in the International Exposicion in Paris (1889), where they attracted wide attention and won fame for her country and her self. In recognition of her literary ability, she was included in the Encyclopedia Internationale des Oeuvres des Femmes (International Encyclopedia of W omen’s Works) which was edited by Madame Andzia Wolkska in 1889. Leona Florentino was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on April 19, 1849, of rich Ilocano family. Her father, Don Marcelino Florentino, was one of the richest men in Ilocos; her mother, DoÑa Isabel Florentino, was an educated and civicminded lady. Since early childhood, Leona showed remarkable intelligence and imagination. She learned her first alphabet from her mother and rudiments of Spanish and religion from private tutors. At the age of ten, Leona could write poetry in Iloko and speak in Spanish. She was brightest child in the family. She could not enter any university because the portals of higher education were closed to all women during the Spanish regime. During her time, it was the prevailing belief that a woman place was either the home or nunnery. Without benefit of the university education, Leona improved her mind by voracious reading of books. A learned Ilokano priest, Father Evaristo Abaya, curate of Vigan, taught her advanced Spanish and encouraged her to write poetry. When Leona bloomed to womanhood, she married Elias de los Reyes, who at one time served as alcalde mayor of the province. Five children born to them, the eldest of whom was Isabelo de los Reyes, who later become distinguished man –of- letters, civic leaders, and senator. Evidently Don Belong, as senator Isabelo de los Reyes came to called, inherited his literary talent from his great mother.  Despite the heavy burden of her household work and the delicacy of her health, DoÑa Leona spent much time and energy in writing poems and dramas in both Spanish and Iloko languages. Among her known poems were Rucrunoy (Dedication), Naangaway a Cablaw (Good Greetings), Nalpay a Namnama (Vanishing Hope), Benigna, Para ken Carmen(For Carmen) Panagpacada (Farewell), Emilia, Leon XIII (dedicated to pope Leo XIII ), and castora, Unfortunately, many of her literary works had been lost. The few that have been preserved may still be found in the national libraries in Madrid, London, and Paris. Her poetical works were given international recognition at the expositions of Madrid (1887) and Paris (1889). The poems of Leona were characterized by their originality of thought and elegance of expression. In limpid, lyrical verses, she sang the customs and tradition of their race, the thoughts and ideals of her people, the glory of Filipino womanhood, and the romanticism of her nation. Her mastery of Spanish and Iloko was unsurpassed by any other woman writer of her time. Because she was a devout catholic, there was in her poems a vibrant spiritual undertone which blended harmoniously with their melodious overtones. Her poetry proves that art and religion can mix well to express the glories of God, beauty and fatherland. Leona’s melodious poems in the Iloko Language were widely quoted by the Filipinos of Ilokandia. In the words of one of her biographers: Passages from her works were quoted profusely in the theatres, in daily conversation and by suitors seeking the favors of their fair ladies. Leona died in Vigan, on October 4, 1884, at the age of 35. Her dedicate health broke down because of strain of her household chores and literary labors. Though she died rather young, her fame as a poetess was already established in the Philippines and in Europe. She was really the first Filipino poetess to win international recognition. Her memory is now preserved by a monument and a street in Vigan, and immortalized by the pens of historians and biographers.  

AMADO V. HERNANDEZ

Amado V. Hernandez is a renowned Filipino writer, labor leader and political activist. Hernandez is famous for his works that usually depict socio-political issues and which affect the country in one way or another - perhaps one of the grounds that bred suspicion of him being a member of the leftist communist group.

Due to Hernandez's alleged association with rebel forces in Northern Luzon, he was arrested but was acquitted after 13 years of imprisonment - a 13-year case that generated so much drama and social interest as Hernandez was seen by many as a champion of the masses.

Hernandez was born in Hagonoy, Bulacan but he grew up in Tondo, Manila - a perfect avenue where one can easily open his eyes to the social injustices and difficulties that are prevalent in the country.

Hernandez started writing during his teenage years while studying at Manila High School and at the American Correspondence School during the American colonization.

In 1922, Hernandez joined literary circles such as the "Aklatang Bayan." He also built connections to other writers including Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus - some of the best writers Philippine literature has to offer.

During his early writing career, Hernandez wrote extensively for the Tagalog newspaper "Watawat" (Flag.)

In the 1940's at the time of Japanese occupation, Hernandez joined the guerrilla forces in Sierra Madre. Hernandez was an intelligence operative of the guerrilla forces in Northern Luzon. Thus, his association with the guerrilla forces was brought up against him in his 13-year trial.

It was believed that collaborating with the HUKBALAHAP forces of Luis Taruc made Hernandez sympathetic with communist ideals.

After the war, Hernandez was appointed as one of the councilors of the city of Manila and was also elected as the President of the Philippine Newspaper Guild. Hernandez also started his active participation in labor rallies and advocated Marxism ideas. In an instant, Hernandez became an influential labor leader.

In 1951, Hernandez was arrested on charges of rebellion, murder, arson and robbery. The arrest sparked national interest and sympathizers of Hernandez grew tenfold.

While in prison, Hernandez wrote some of his best works including A Stretch of Heaven and his masterpiece Crocodile's Tears.

On May 30, 1964, the Supreme Court of the Philippines acquitted Hernandez. Upon his release, Hernandez continued his writing endeavors. He went back to teaching at the University of the Philippines.

In 1970, Hernandez died while at the middle of a class lecture. Then, came numerous posthumous awards and citations including a Doctor of Humanities from UP and a National Artist Award for Literature in 1973.

MAGDALENA JALANDONI GONZAGA

Magdalena Jalandoni Gonzaga (1891 in Jaro, Iloilo - 1978 in Jaro) was a Filipino feminist writer. She is now remembered as one of the most prolific Filipino writers in the Hiligaynon language. Hailing from Western Visayas, her works are said to have left permanent and significant milestones in Philippine literature.

[edit]Life and career

Born to an affluent family in the former city of Jaro (Salog), now a present day district of Iloilo City, she already began writing at tender age wherein she already had her poems published at the age of 12. She published her first novel Ang Mga Tunoc Sang Isa Ca Bulac (The Thorns of a Flower), which was later followed by many novels, compilations of poems and short stories. Jalandoni only wrote for publication purposes due to the male-dominated society at the time. Back then, female voices in literature were not taken seriously by the general public. Although her mother strictly forbade her to take literature seriously, she refused to do so and devoted her life entirely to literature.

In her childhood autobiography Ang Matam-is Kong Pagkabata (My Sweet Childhood), she cites: "I will be forced to write when I feel that my nose is being assaulted by the scent of flowers, when my sight is filled with the promises of the sun and when my soul is lifted by winged dreams to the blue heavens."

Her famous poem Ang Guitara (The Guitar) is read in classrooms all over the country today. Literary critics and historians claim that she has mastered a special talent for poetry and description as well as dramatic evocations of landscapes and events in her novels and short stories. Her works span from the coming of Malay settlers in the Middle Ages up to the Spanish and American colonial era as well as the Japanese occupation of World War II, all portraying the history of Panay and the evolution of the Ilonggo culture. According to Riitta Varitti of the Finnish-Philippine Society in Helsinki, "Jalandoni was the most productive Philippine writer of all time."

Other famous works include Anabella, Sa Kapaang Sang Inaway (In the Heat of War), Ang Dalaga sa Tindahan (The Young Woman in the Market) and Ang Kahapon ng Panay (The Past of Panay). Throughout her turbulent and displaced life, she still managed to publish 36 novels, 122 short stories, 7 novelettes, 7 long plays, 24 short plays and dialogos in verse complied in two volumes, seven volumes of personally compiled essays including some translations from Spanish and two autobiographies. She has been displaced from her hometown twice and has survived the Philippine Revolution, the Filipino-American War and the Japanese Occupation. In 1977, she received the prestigious Republic Cultural Heritage Award for her literary achievements from the government, about one year before her death. She is now survived by a few nieces as well as several other close relatives. Despite all this, she still remains relatively unknown up to this day. Her family's ancestral house still stands as a historical landmark and museum not far from the cathedral of Jaro.

A street at the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex in Pasay City, Philippines is named in her honor.

NESTOR MATA

Nestor Mata (born 1926)[1] is a Filipino journalist whose writing career has spanned six decades. He is perhaps best known as the lone survivor of the 1957 plane crash that killed the President of the Philippines Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others.[2]

Biography

Mata was a reporter with the Philippine Herald newspaper. He covered the Korean War as a war correspondent. In 1953, he was assigned by his newspaper to cover the newly-elected President Magsaysay.[1]

Beginning in the 1980s, Mata penned a regular newspaper column for the Manila Standard. As of 2008, he writes for the Malaya.

Plane crash survivor

On March 16, 1957, President Magsaysay, accompanied by several government officials and journalists, flew to Cebu for a speaking engagement. Later that evening, the presidential party took off for the return flight to Manila. Their plane crashed in Mount Manung-gal in Cebu at around 1:16 a.m, March 17, 1957.

Mata had been seated near the presidential compartment[2] and was half-asleep at the time of the crash.[3] He was initially rendered unconscious after the crash, and came to a few hours later. Mata later recounted:

I found myself on the side of a steep cliff among dried bushes…. Agonizing with pain, I was completely at a loss what to do. About three meters away from me were parts of the plane. They were still burning. Meanwhile, I heard the distant howling of a dog. It was only then that I felt hopeful of being rescued. Thinking that there were probably people living not far away from where I lay moaning with pain, I made an effort to shout. I noticed that my voice echoed in the nearby mountains. After that, I began shouting, ‘Mr. President! Mr. President! Mr. President!’ When no answer came, I shouted for Pablo Bautista, the reporter of the Liwayway magazine. ‘Pabling! Pabling!’ Still no answer. It began to dawn on me that there was no other survivor except me.[2]

Mata was rescued by Marcelino Nuya and several other farmers residing near the crash site.[4] He suffered second and third degree burns all over his body[2] and would be hospitalized for the next six months.[3] It took eighteen hours to transport the injured Mata down the mountain.[2] Upon his arrival at a Cebu City hospital, Mata was able to dictate through a nurse a press dispatch to his newspaper. It began with the sentence "President Magsaysay is dead."[2]

Together with Vicente Villafranca, Mata penned One Came Back (1957), a memoir detailing the last moments of President Magsaysay and his own ordeal after surviving the plane crash.[1