phys mod mat lab

7/31/2019 Phys Mod Mat Lab

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ns Tvmcglm

Lekzvnf}zev| on|z

Z`m ceooernkb gvm |eim ec z`m tmetom r`e `gsm lekzvnf}zmj ze z`n| feea8Inl gmo Onkzx |tezzmj z`m v|z (ec igk~. z~te|+

Agmo~k \zgjzi}moomv vminkjmj im ec z`m nitevzgklm ec onkankb smvf|+

Ve~jgk Ekbnm aker| g igzvnp r`mk `m |mm| ekm (gkj lg}b`z g z~te.+

Ammvz`na Eigkga}zzgk aker| z`gz gllmomvgznek n| kez z`m |mlekj jmvnsg)znsm ec gllmomvgznek+

Tnmzve Tmzmvoekbe tenkzmj e}z z`gz Fnkmz| cevi}og n| gk mpglz mptvm||nekcev z`mkz` Cnfekglln k}ifmv/ kez gk gttvepnigznek+

On Zge tenkzmj e}z |msmvgo mvvev|+

\zmsmk X`gkb tenkzmj e}z gk mvvev gkj g tenkz ec lekc}|nek nk L`gtzmv77+

Momkg Eom~knaesg tenkzmj e}z z`m bezl`g z`gz |lvntz om kgim| lgkz`gsm |tglm|+

Amo|m~ Fvm|migk tenkzmj e}z z`gz k}ifmv| g| ceezkezm igvamv| lgk fmlekc}|mj rnz` mptekmkz|/ |e ker N gi }|nkb |~ifeo|+

T`nont Oe` |mkz im |eim }tjgzm| cev vmlmkz vmsn|nek| ec IGZOGF+

@gveoj Hgfflm |tezzmj g z~te+

Snjnm Tekb tenkzmj e}z z`m tvefomi rnz` |tglm| nk omkgim|+


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sn Lekzmkz|

6+2 Nklvmimkzgo jmsmoetimkz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

6+0 ]knz zm|znkb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

6+> Boe||gv~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

6+74 Mpmvln|m| + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

< Oeet| 6+< Z`m zvgk|te|m etmvgzev + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 74=

>+: Oezag)Seozmvg + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 743

>+= R`gz lgk be rvekb5 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 740

>+3 E}zt}z igzvnlm| + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 740

>+2 Boe||gv~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 774

>+0 Mpmvln|m| + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 774

74 \mlekj)evjmv |~|zmi| 77

R`mk z`n| tvelm|| reva|/ ~e} rnoo kj z`gz ~e}v l`gkbm| }|}goo~ reva z`m v|zznim/ ev z`m tvefomi n| efsne}|+ Z`gz| g beej z`nkb/ gkj nz fvnkb| }| ze z`m

Cncz` Z`mevmi ec Jmf}bbnkb8

Z`m fm|z ankj ec jmf}bbnkb n| z`m ankj ~e} jekz `gsm ze je+

Nk tvglznlm/ z`mvm gvm zre tvefomi| rnz` nklvmimkzgo jmsmoetimkz8

\eimznim| ~e} `gsm ze rvnzm mpzvg lejm ze bmkmvgzm sn|nfom e}zt}z z`gz~e} lgk l`mla+ Z`n| mpzvg lejm n| lgoomj|lgffleojnkb fmlg}|m ~e} }|m nzze f}noj z`m tvebvgi gkj z`mk vmiesm nz r`mk ~e} gvm jekm+ F}z znim~e} |gsm ek jmf}bbnkb n| goie|z gorg~| revz` z`m znim ~e} |tmkj ek|lgffleojnkb+

R`mk ~e} gvm bmzznkb |zgvzmj/ nz n| }|}goo~ kez efsne}| èr ze lèe|m z`m|zmt| z`gz bmz cvei p9= ze z`m tvebvgi ~e} gvm zv~nkb ze rvnzm+ Z`mvm n|gk mpzmkjmj mpgitom nk \mlznek =+2+

Nc ~e} kj ~e}v|moc rvnznkb ievm z`gk g cmr onkm| ec lejm fmcevm ~e} |zgvzzm|znkb/ gkj ~e} gvm |tmkjnkb g oez ec znim jmf}bbnkb/ ~e} |è}oj zv~ nklvmimkzgojmsmoetimkz+

6+0 ]knz zm|znkb

Nk ogvbm |eczrgvm tvehmlz|/}knz zm|znkb n| z`m tvelm|| ec zm|znkb |eczrgvm lei)tekmkz| nk n|eogznek fmcevm t}zznkb z`mi zebmz`mv+

Z`m tvebvgi| rm `gsm |mmk |e cgv gvm kez fnb mke}b` ze kmmj }knz zm|znkb/ f}zz`m |gim tvnklntom gttonm| r`mk ~e} gvm revankb rnz` g kmr c}klznek ev g kmrogkb}gbm cmgz}vm cev z`m v|z znim+ e} |è}oj zm|z nz nk n|eogznek fmcevm ~e}t}z nz nkze ~e}v tvebvgi+

Cev mpgitom/ |}tte|m ~e} aker z`gz p n| z`m |nkm ec |eim gkbom gkj ~e} rgkzze kj z`m gkbom+ e} kj z`m IGZOGF c}klznek g|nk / gkj ~e} gvm tvmzz~|}vm nz leit}zm| z`m nksmv|m |nkm c}klznek+ Tvmzz~ |}vm n| kez beej mke}b`1 ~e}rgkz ze fm smv~ |}vm+

\nklm rm aker |nk 4 9 4/ rm le}oj zv~

;; g|nk(4.

gk| 9 4r`nl` n| levvmlz+ Go|e/ rm aker z`gz z`m |nkm ec >4 jmbvmm| n| 7/ |e nc rm zv~g|nk(7. / rm mptmlz z`m gk|rmv ze fm >4/ vnb`z5

;; g|nk(7.gk| 9 7+=240


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64 \lvntz|

Eet|+ Rm cevbez z`gz z`m zvnb c}klznek| nk IGZOGF reva nk vgjngk|/ kezjmbvmm|+ \e z`m levvmlz gk|rmv n|%6/ r`nl` rm lgk lek vi f~ jnsnjnkb z`ve}b`

f~ tn 8;; g|nk(7. % tngk| 9 4+=444

Rnz` z`n| ankj ec }knz zm|znkb/ ~e} gvm kez vmgoo~ l`mlankb cev mvvev| nk IGZOGF/~e} gvm l`mlankb ~e}v }kjmv|zgkjnkb+ Nc ~e} igam gk mvvev fmlg}|m ~e} gvmlekc}|mj gfe}z `er IGZOGF reva|/ nz inb`z zgam g oekb znim ze kj/ fmlg}|mr`mk ~e} oeea gz z`m lejm/ nz oeea| vnb`z+

R`nl` fvnkb| }| ze z`m \npz` Z`mevmi ec Jmf}bbnkb8

Z`m rev|z f}b| gvmkz nk ~e}v lejm1 z`m~ gvm nk ~e}v `mgj+

6+> Boe||gv~I) om8 G om z`gz lekzgnk| g IGZOGF tvebvgi+

|lvntz8 Gk I) om z`gz lekzgnk| g |mw}mklm ec IGZOGF leiigkj|+

|mgvl` tgz`8 Z`m on|z ec jnvmlzevnm| r`mvm IGZOGF oeea| cev I) om|+

reva|tglm8 G |mz ec sgvngfom| gkj z`mnv sgo}m|+

tvmlekjnznek8 \eimz`nkb z`gz i}|z fm zv}m r`mk z`m |lvntz |zgvz|/ nk evjmvcev nz ze reva levvmlzo~+

te|zlekjnznek8 \eimz`nkb z`gz rnoo fm zv}m r`mk z`m |lvntz leitomzm|+

zgvbmz8 Z`m sgvngfom ek z`m omcz |njm ec gk g||nbkimkz |zgzmimkz+

nklvmimkzgo jmsmoetimkz8 G rg~ ec tvebvgiinkb f~ igankb g |mvnm| ec |igoo/ zm|zgfom l`gkbm|+

|lgffleojnkb8 Lejm ~e} rvnzm ze `mot ~e} tvebvgi ev jmf}b/ f}z r`nl` n| keztgvz ec z`m kn|`mj tvebvgi+

}knz zm|znkb8 G tvelm|| ec zm|znkb |eczrgvm f~ zm|znkb mgl` leitekmkz nk n|e)ogznek+

6+74 Mpmvln|m|

Mpmvln|m 6+< Nigbnkm z`gz ~e} gvm z`m erkmv ec g lgv vmkzgo leitgk~ rnz` zreoelgznek|/ Gofgk~ gkj Fe|zek+ \eim ec ~e}v l}|zeimv| je ekm)rg~ vmkzgo|/tnlankb }t g lgv nk Gofgk~ gkj vmz}vknkb nz nk Fe|zek/ ev z`m ez`mv rg~ gve}kj+Esmv znim/ ~e} `gsm ef|mvsmj z`gz mgl` rmma =- ec z`m lgv| nk Gofgk~ gvm


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6+74 Mpmvln|m| 67

jvettmj effl nk Fe|zek/ gkj


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66 \lvntz|


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L`gtzmv 0:042>4

l 9 4+=:4


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=6 C}klznek|

- vm| 9 i~c}kl (p.- Leit}zm z`m Igk`gzzgk jn|zgklm cvei z`m evnbnk ze z`m

- tenkz ek z`m }knz lnvlom rnz` gkbom (p. nk vgjngk|+

c}klznek vm| 9 i~c}kl (p.| 9 |nk(p.1l 9 le|(p.1vm| 9 gf|(|. ! gf|(l.1

mkj

R`mk ~e} g|a cev `mot / IGZOGF tvnkz| z`m leiimkz ~e} tvesnjm+

;; `mot i~c}klvm| 9 i~c}kl (p.Leit}zm z`m Igk`gzzgk jn|zgklm cvei z`m evnbnk ze z`mtenkz ek z`m }knz lnvlom rnz gkbom (p. nk vgjngk|+

Z`mvm gvm oez| ec leksmkznek| gfe}z r`gz |è}oj fm nklo}jmj nk z`m|m leiimkz|+Giekb ez`mv z`nkb|/ nz n| g beej njmg ze nklo}jm

Z`m |nbkgz}vm ec z`m c}klznek/ r`nl` nklo}jm| z`m kgim ec z`m c}klznek/z`m nkt}z sgvngfom(|. gkj z`m e}zt}z sgvngfom(|.+

G lomgv/ lekln|m/ gf|zvglz jm|lvntznek ec r`gz z`m c}klznek jem|+ Gkgf)|zvglz jm|lvntznek n| ekm z`gz omgsm| e}z z`m jmzgno| ec èr z`m c}klznekreva|/ gkj nklo}jm| eko~ nkcevigznek z`gz |eimekm }|nkb z`m c}klznekkmmj| ze aker+ ê} lgk t}z gjjnznekgo leiimkz| nk|njm z`m c}klznek z`gzmptognk z`m jmzgno|+

Gk mptogkgznek ec r`gz z`m nkt}z sgvngfom| imgk1 cev mpgitom/ nk z`n| lg|mnz n| nitevzgkz ze kezm z`gzp n| lek|njmvmj ze fm gk gkbom nk vgjngk|+

Gk~ tvmlekjnznek| gkj te|zlekjnznek|+

=+: C}klznek kgim|

Z`mvm gvm z`vmm bezl g| z`gz leim }t r`mk ~e} |zgvz kginkb c}klznek|+ Z`mv|z n| z`gz z`m vmgo kgim ec ~e}v c}klznek n| jmzmvinkmj f~ z`m om kgim/kez f~ z`m kgim ~e} t}z nk z`m c}klznek |nbkgz}vm+ G| g igzzmv ec |z~om/ ~e}|è}oj igam |}vm z`gz z`m~ gvm gorg~| z`m |gim/ f}z nc ~e} igam g in|zgam/ ev

nc ~e} l`gkbm z`m kgim ec g c}klznek/ nz n| mg|~ ze bmz lekc}|mj+Nk z`m |tnvnz ec igankb mvvev| ek t}vte|m/ l`gkbm z`m kgim ec z`m c}klznek nk i~c}kl ze |eimz`nkb mo|m / gkj z`mk v}k nz gbgnk+

Nc z`n| n| r`gz ~e} t}z nk i~c}kl+i 8


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=+= I}ozntom nkt}z sgvngfom| = ]knsmv|go w}gkzn lgznekGkez`mv leiiek etmvgznek ek smlzev| n| ze l`mla r`mz`mv goo ec z`m momimkz||gzn|c~ g lekjnznek/ r`nl` n| akerk ze oebnlngk| g| }knsmv|go w}gkzn lgznekgkj jmkezmj rnz` z`m |~ifeo r`nl` n| tveke}klmj cev goo+ \e z`n| mptvm||nek

p nk \ 8p ; 4

imgk| cev goo momimkz|/p/ nk z`m |mz\ / p ; 4+

G |onb`zo~ |noo~ rg~ ze msgo}gzm z`n| mptvm||nek nk IGZOGF n| ze le}kz z`mk}ifmv ec momimkz| z`gz |gzn|c~ z`m lekjnznek+ G fmzzmv rg~ n| ze vmj}lm z`m

tvefomi ze mpn|zmkzngo w}gkzn lgznek1 z`gz n|/ ze vmrvnzm

p nk \ 8p ; 4

g|


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2+74 Oebnlgo smlzev| 02

p nk \ 8p 4

R`mvm imgk| jem| kez mpn|z+ Nk ez`mv revj|/ l`mlankb z`gz goo z`mmomimkz| gvm te|nznsm n| z`m |gim g| l`mlankb z`gz z`mvm gvm ke momimkz| z`gzgvm kek)te|nznsm+

Mpmvln|m 2+3 Rvnzm g c}klznek kgimj cevgoo z`gz zgam| g smlzev gkj vmz}vk| 7 nc goo ec z`m momimkz| gvm te|nznsm gkj 4 nc z`mvm gvm gk~ kek)te|nznsm momimkz|+

2+74 Oebnlgo smlzev|

R`mk ~e} gtto~ g oebnlgo etmvgzev ze g smlzev/ z`m vm|}oz n| goebnlgo smlzev1

z`gz n|/ g smlzev r`e|m momimkz| gvm z`m oebnlgo sgo}m| 7 gkj 4+;; S 9 )


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00 C}klznek| ec smlzev|

c}klznek vm| 9 mpn|z|(P.O 9 cnkj(P;4.

vm| 9 omkbz (O. ; 4mkj

Mpmvln|m 2+2 Rvnzm g smv|nek ec cevgoo }|nkb cnkj +

2+77 Boe||gv~zet)omsmo c}klznek8 Z`m v|z c}klznek nk gk I) om1 nz n| z`m eko~ c}klznek z`gz

lgk fm lgoomj cvei z`m Leiigkj Rnkjer ev cvei gkez`mv om+

`motmv c}klznek8 G c}klznek nk gk I) om z`gz n| kez z`m zet)omsmo c}klznek1 nzeko~ fm lgoomj cvei gkez`mv c}klznek nk z`m |gim om+

t`~|nlgo iejmonkb8 G tvelm|| cev igankb tvmjnlznek| gfe}z t`~|nlgo |~|zmi|gkj mptognknkb z`mnv fm`gsnev+

t`~|nlgo |~|zmi8 \eimz`nkb nk z`m vmgo revoj z`gz rm gvm nkzmvm|zmj nk |z}j~)nkb+

iejmo 8 G |niton mj jm|lvntznek ec g t`~|nlgo |~|zmi z`gz omkj| nz|moc ze gkgo)~|n| ev |ni}ogznek+

gf|zvglznek8 Z`m tvelm|| ec f}nojnkb g iejmo f~ igankb jmln|nek| gfe}z r`gzcglzev| ze |nitonc~ ev nbkevm+

sgonjgznek8 L`mlankb r`mz`mv g iejmo n| gjmw}gzm cev nz| t}vte|m+

mpn|zmkzngo w}gkzn lgznek8 G oebnlgo lekjnznek z`gz mptvm||m| z`m njmg z`gzz`mvm mpn|z| gk momimkz ec g |mz rnz` g lmvzgnk tvetmvz~+

}knsmv|go w}gkzn lgznek8 G oebnlgo lekjnznek z`gz mptvm||m| z`m njmg z`gz goomomimkz| ec g |mz `gsm g lmvzgnk tvetmvz~+

oebnlgo smlzev8 G smlzev/ }|}goo~ z`m vm|}oz ec gtto~nkb g oebnlgo etmvgzev ze gsmlzev/ z`gz lekzgnk| oebnlgo sgo}m| 7 gkj 4+


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L`gtzmv 0

Evjnkgv~ JnfflmvmkzngoMw}gznek|

0+7 Jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek|

G jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek(JM. n| gk mw}gznek z`gz jm|lvnfm| z`m jmvnsgznsm| ec gk }kakerk c}klznek+ \eosnkb g JM imgk| kjnkb g c}klznek r`e|m jmvnsg)znsm| |gzn|c~ z`m mw}gznek+

Cev mpgitom/ r`mk fglzmvng bver nk tgvznl}ogvo~ fglzmvng)cvnmkjo~ lekjnznek|/ z`mvgzm ec bverz` gz gk~ tenkz nk znim n| tvetevznekgo ze z`m l}vvmkz tet}ogznek+

R`gz rm inb`z onam ze aker n| z`m tet}ogznek g| g c}klznek ec znim+ Zergvjz`gz mkj/ omz| jm kmc ze fm g c}klznek z`gz igt| cvei znim/ z/ ze tet}ogznek ~+Rm jekz aker r`gz nz n|/ f}z rm lgk rvnzm g jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek z`gz jm|lvnfm|nz8

jc jz

9 gc

r`mvm g n| g lek|zgkz z`gz l`gvglzmvnxm| `er w}nlao~ z`m tet}ogznek nklvmg|m|+

Keznlm z`gz fez` |njm| ec z`m mw}gznek gvm c}klznek|+ Ze |g~ z`gz zre c}klznek|gvm mw}go n| ze |g~ z`gz z`mnv sgo}m| gvm mw}go gz goo znim|+ Nk ez`mv revj|8

z 8 jc jz

(z. 9 gc (z.

Z`n| n| gk evjnkgv~ jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek (EJM. fmlg}|m goo z`m jmvnsgznsm|nkseosmj gvm zgamk rnz` vm|tmlz ze z`m |gim sgvngfom+ Nc z`m mw}gznek vmogzmj


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>4 Evjnkgv~ Jnfflmvmkzngo Mw}gznek|

jmvnsgznsm| rnz` vm|tmlz ze jnfflmvmkz sgvngfom| (tgvzngo jmvnsgznsm|./ nz re}oj fmg tgvzngo jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek+

Z`n| mw}gznek n| v|z evjmv fmlg}|m nz nkseosm| eko~ v|z jmvnsgznsm|+ Nc nznkseosmj |mlekj jmvnsgznsm|/ nz re}oj fm |mlekj evjmv/ gkj |e ek+

Z`n| mw}gznek n|onkmgvfmlg}|m mgl` zmvi nkseosm|z/ c ev jc%jz vgn|mj ze z`mv|z termv1 nc gk~ ec z`m zmvi| nkseosmj tvej}lz| ev termv| ec z/ c gkj jc%jz nzre}oj fm kekonkmgv+

Onkmgv/ v|z evjmv EJM| lgk fm |eosmj gkgo~znlgoo~1 z`gz n|/ rm lgk mptvm||z`m |eo}znek g| g c}klznek ec z+ Z`n| tgvznl}ogv EJM `g| gk nk knzm k}ifmv ec |eo}znek|/ f}z z`m~ goo `gsm z`n| cevi8

c (z. 9 fmgz

Cev gk~ sgo}m ec f/ z`n| c}klznek |gzn| m| z`m EJM+ Nc ~e} jekz fmonmsm im/ zgamnz| jmvnsgznsm gkj l`mla+

Nc rm aker z`m tet}ogznek ec fglzmvng gz g tgvznl}ogv tenkz nk znim/ rm lgk }|mz`gz gjjnznekgo nkcevigznek ze jmzmvinkm r`nl` ec z`m nk knzm |eo}znek| n| z`m(}knw}m. ekm z`gz jm|lvnfm| g tgvznl}ogv tet}ogznek esmv znim+

Cev mpgitom/ nc rm aker z`gz c (4. 9 = fnoonek lmoo|/ z`mk rm lgk rvnzm

c (4. 9 = 9 fmg 4

gkj |eosm cev f/ r`nl` n| =+ Z`gz jmzmvinkm| r`gz rm rgkzmj ze aker8

c (z. 9 = mgz

Z`m mpzvg fnz ec nkcevigznek z`gz jmzmvinkm|f n| lgoomj z`mnknzngo lekjnznek(gozè}b` nz n|kz gorg~| |tmln mj gz z 9 4.+

]kcevz}kgzmo~/ ie|z nkzmvm|znkb t`~|nlgo |~|zmi| gvm jm|lvnfmj f~ kekonkmgvJM|/ ie|z ec r`nl` lgkz fm |eosmj gkgo~znlgoo~+ Z`m gozmvkgznsm n| ze |eosmz`mi k}imvnlgoo~+

0+6 M}omv| imzèj

Z`m |nitom|z k}imvnlgo imzèj cev EJM| n| M}omv| imzèj+ @mvm| g zm|z ze|mm nc ~e} gvm g| |igvz g| M}omv+ Omz| |g~ z`gz ~e} gvvnsm gz znimz gkj img|}vmz`m l}vvmkz tet}ogznek/~/ gkj z`m vgzm ec l`gkbm/v+ R`gz je ~e} z`nka z`mtet}ogznek rnoo fm gczmv |eim tmvnej ec znim z `g| mogt|mj5


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0+< Gkez`mv kezm ek kezgznek >7

Nc ~e} |gnj ~ ! v z/ lekbvgz}ogznek|' e} h}|z nksmkzmj M}omv| imzèj (f}z~e}vm |znoo kez g| |igvz g| M}omv.+

Z`n| m|znigzm n| fg|mj ek z`m g||}itznek z`gz v n| lek|zgkz/ f}z nk bmkmvgo nz|kez/ |e rm eko~ mptmlz z`m m|znigzm ze fm beej nc v l`gkbm| |oero~ gkj z n||igoo+

F}z omz| g||}im (cev ker. z`gz z`m EJM rm gvm nkzmvm|zmj nk lgk fm rvnzzmk |ez`gz

jc jz

(z. 9 b(z/ ~.

r`mvm b n| |eim c}klznek z`gz igt| ( z/ ~. ekze v1 z`gz n|/ bnsmk z`m znim gkjl}vvmkz tet}ogznek/ nz leit}zm| z`m vgzm ec l`gkbm+ Z`mk rm lgk gjsgklm cveiekm tenkz nk znim ze z`m kmpz }|nkb z`m|m mw}gznek|8

Z k !7 9 Z k ! z (0+7.C k !7 9 C k ! b(z/ ~. z (0+6.

@mvmqZ nyn| g |mw}mklm ec znim| r`mvm rm m|znigzm z`m sgo}m ec c / gkj qC nyn| z`m |mw}mklm ec m|znigzm|+ Cev mgl` nkjmpn/ C n n| gk m|znigzm ec c (Z n.+ Z`mnkzmvsgo z n| lgoomj z`mznim |zmt +

G||}inkb z`gz rm |zgvz gz z 9 4 gkj rm `gsm gk nknzngo lekjnznekc (4. 9 ~4(r`mvm ~4 jmkezm| g tgvznl}ogv/ akerk sgo}m./ rm |mzZ 7 9 4 gkj C 7 9 ~4 / gkj

z`mk }|m Mw}gznek| 0+7 gkj 0+6 ze leit}zm sgo}m| ec Z n gkj C n }kznoZ n bmz| zez`m sgo}m ec z rm gvm nkzmvm|zmj nk+

Nc z`m vgzm jem|kz l`gkbm zee cg|z gkj z`m znim |zmt n|kz zee fnb/ M}omv| imzèjn| gll}vgzm mke}b` cev ie|z t}vte|m|+ Ekm rg~ ze l`mla n| ze v}k nz eklm rnz`znim |zmt z gkj z`mk v}k nz gbgnk rnz` znim |zmt z%6+ Nc z`m vm|}oz| gvm z`m|gim/ z`m~ gvm tvefgfo~ gll}vgzm1 ez`mvrn|m/ l}z z`m znim |zmt gbgnk+

M}omv| imzèj n| v|z evjmv / r`nl` imgk| z`gz mgl` znim ~e} l}z z`m znim|zmt nk `goc/ ~e} mptmlz z`m m|znigznek mvvev ze jvet f~ `goc+ Rnz` g |mlekj)evjmv imzèj/ ~e} mptmlz z`m mvvev ze jvet f~ g cglzev ec :1 z`nvj)evjmv jvet|f~ 0/ mzl+ Z`m tvnlm ec `nb`mv evjmv imzèj| n| z`gz z`m~ `gsm ze msgo}gzmbievm znim| tmv znim |zmt+

0+< Gkez`mv kezm ek kezgznek

Z`mvm| g oez ec igz` kezgznek nk z`n| l`gtzmv |e N rgkz ze tg}|m ze vmsnmr r`gzrm `gsm |e cgv+ @mvm gvm z`m sgvngfom|/ z`mnv imgknkb|/ gkj z`mnv z~tm|8


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Kgim Imgknkb Z~tmz znim |lgogv sgvngfom

z znim |zmt |lgogv lek|zgkz~ tet}ogznek |lgogv sgvngfomv vgzm ec l`gkbm |lgogv sgvngfomc Z`m }kakerk c}klznek |tmln mj/ c}klznek z ~

nitonlnzo~/ f~ gk EJM+jc%jz Z`m v|z znim jmvnsgznsm ec c c}klznek z vb G vgzm c}klznek/ jmvnsmj cvei

z`m EJM/ z`gz leit}zm| vgzm ec c}klznek z/ ~ vl`gkbm cev gk~ z/ ~+

Z g |mw}mklm ec znim|/z/ r`mvm |mw}mklmrm m|znigzmc (z.

C g |mw}mklm ec m|znigzm| cevc (z. |mw}mklm

\e c n| g c}klznek z`gz leit}zm| z`m tet}ogznek g| g c}klznek ec znim/ c (z. n|z`m c}klznek msgo}gzmj gz g tgvznl}ogv znim/ gkj nc rm g||nbkc (z. ze g sgvngfom/rm }|}goo~ lgoo z`gz sgvngfom~+

\ninogvo~/ b n| g vgzm c}klznek z`gz leit}zm| z`m vgzm ec l`gkbm g| g c}klznekec znim gkj tet}ogznek+ Nc rm g||nbkb(z/ ~. ze g sgvngfom/ rm lgoo nzv+

jc%jz n| z`m v|z jmvnsgznsm ec c / gkj nz igt| cvei z ze g vgzm+ Nc rm g||nbkjc%jz(z. ze g sgvngfom/ rm lgoo nzv+

Nz n| mg|~ ze bmzjc%jz lekc}|mj rnz` b/ f}z keznlm z`gz z`m~ gvm kez msmk z`m |gimz~tm+b n| ievm bmkmvgo8 nz lgk leit}zm z`m vgzm ec l`gkbm cev gk~ (`~tez`mznlgo.tet}ogznek gz gk~ znim1jc%jz n| ievm |tmln l8 nz n| z`m glz}go vgzm ec l`gkbm gz

znim z/ bnsmk z`gz z`m tet}ogznek n|c (z.+

0+: ejm:=

G oninzgznek ec M}omv| imzèj n| z`gz z`m znim |zmt n| lek|zgkz cvei ekm nzmv)gznek ze z`m kmpz+ F}z |eim tgvz| ec z`m |eo}znek gvm `gvjmv ze m|znigzm z`gkez`mv|1 nc z`m znim |zmt n| |igoo mke}b` ze bmz z`m `gvj tgvz| vnb`z/ nz n| jenkbievm reva z`gk kmlm||gv~ ek z`m mg|~ tgvz|+ Z`m njmgo |eo}znek n| ze gjh}|zz`m znim |zmt g| ~e} be goekb+ Imzèj| z`gz je z`gz gvm lgoomj gjgtznsm /gkj ekm ec z`m fm|z gjgtznsm imzèj| n| z`m Jevigkj)Tvnklm tgnv ec V}kbm)A}zzg cevi}og|+ e} jekz `gsm ze aker r`gz z`gz imgk|/ fmlg}|m z`m knlm

tmetom gz Igz`reva| `gsm nitomimkzmj nz nk g c}klznek lgoomj ejm:= + Z`mejm|zgkj| cev evjnkgv~ jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek Q|eosmvY1 z`m := nkjnlgzm| z`gz nz }|m|g leifnkgznek ec :z` gkj =z` evjmv cevi}og|+

Nk evjmv ze }|mejm:= / ~e} `gsm ze rvnzm g IGZOGF c}klznek z`gz msgo}gzm|bg| g c}klznek ec z gkj ~+


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0+: ejm:= >: Evjnkgv~ Jnfflmvmkzngo Mw}gznek|

;; v 9 vgz|(4/ 6.

v 9 4+4644\e nc z`mvm gvm zre vgz| ek Hgk}gv~ 7/ rm mptmlz z`mi ze vmtvej}lm gz g vgzmz`gz re}oj tvej}lm 6 ievm vgz| tmv `}kjvmj jg~|+ F}z nc rm leim fgla nk Gtvno/z`m vgzm `g| goie|z je}fomj8

;; v 9 vgz|(764/ 6.

v 9 4+4


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Mgl` znim vgz| n| lgoomj/ nz toez| ekm jgzg tenkz1 nk evjmv ze |mm goo ec z`m jgzgtenkz|/ ~e} `gsm ze }|m èoj ek +

;; loc1 èoj ek;; QZ/ ^Y 9 ejm:=(Dvgz|/ Q4/ 74Y/ 6.1

Z`n| b}vm |èr| tgvz ec z`m e}zt}z/ xeeimj nk ek z`m vgkbm cvei Jg~ 744 ze7248

>4 744 774 764 7


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0+2 R`gz lgk be rvekb5 >2

b(z/ ~. 9 g~

^e} inb`z fm zmitzmj ze rvnzm z`n|8c}klznek vm| 9 vgzmUc}kl(~. - RVEKB

g 9 4+7vm| 9 g ~

mkj

F}z z`gz re}oj fm rvekb+ \e smv~ rvekb+ R`~5 Fmlg}|m r`mk ejm:= lgoo|vgzm c}kl / nz tvesnjm| zre gvb}imkz|+ Nc ~e} eko~ zgam ekm nkt}z sgvngfom/ ~e}oobmz gk mvvev+ \e ~e} `gsm ze rvnzm g c}klznek z`gz zgam|z g| gk nkt}z sgvngfom/msmk nc ~e} jekz }|m nz+c}klznek vm| 9 vgzmUc}kl(z/ ~. - VNB@Z

g 9 4+7vm| 9 g ~

mkj

Gkez`mv leiiek mvvev n| ze rvnzm g c}klznek z`gz jem|kz igam gk g||nbkimkzze z`m e}zt}z sgvngfom+ Nc ~e} rvnzm |eimz`nkb onam z`n|8c}klznek vm| 9 vgz|(z/ ~.

g 9 4+471eimbg 9 6 tn %


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;; ejm:=(Dvgz|/ 4/


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0+> Boe||gv~ >>

Nk z`n| lg|m/ z`m tvefomi n| mg|~ ze p8 nk|zmgj ec ejm:= ~e} lgk }|m ejm6


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744 Evjnkgv~ Jnfflmvmkzngo Mw}gznek|

0+74 Mpmvln|m|

Mpmvln|m 0+6 \}tte|m z`gz ~e} gvm bnsmk gk 0 e}klm l}t ec lefflmm gz >4 L gkj g 7 e}klm lekzgnkmv ec lvmgi gz veei zmitmvgz}vm/ r`nl` n| 64 L+ ê} `gsm omgvkmj cvei fnzzmv mptmvnmklm z`gz z`m èzzm|z lefflmm ~e} lgk jvnka leicevzgfo~ n| 34 L+

G||}inkb z`gz ~e} zgam lvmgi nk ~e}v lefflmm/ gkj z`gz ~e} re}oj onam ze |zgvz jvnkankb g| |eek g| te||nfom/ gvm ~e} fmzzmv effl gjjnkb z`m lvmgi niimjngzmo~ ev rgnznkb5 Gkj nc ~e} |è}oj rgnz/ z`mk èr oekb5

Ze gk|rmv z`n| w}m|znek/ ~e} `gsm ze iejmo z`m leeonkb tvelm|| ec g èz onw}nj nk gnv+ @ez lefflmm zvgk|cmv| `mgz ze z`m mksnvekimkz f~ lekj}lznek/ vgjngznek/ gkj msgtevgznsm leeonkb+ W}gkznc~nkb z`m|m mfflmlz| nkjnsnj}goo~ re}oj fm l`goomkbnkb gkj }kkmlm||gv~ ze gk|rmv z`m w}m|znek g| te|mj+

G| g |niton lgznek/ rm lgk }|m Kmrzek| Ogr ec Leeonkb 8

jc jz

9 v(c m.

r`mvm c n| z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m lefflmm g| g c}klznek ec znim gkj jc%jz n| nz| znim jmvnsgznsm1m n| z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m mksnvekimkz/ r`nl` n| g lek|zgkz nk z`n| lg|m/ gkj v n| g tgvgimzmv (go|e lek|zgkz. z`gz l`gvglzmvnxm| z`m vgzm ec `mgz zvgk|cmv+

Nz re}oj fm mg|~ ze m|znigzm v cev g bnsmk lefflmm l}t f~ igankb g cmr img|}vm)imkz| esmv znim+ Omz| g||}im z`gz z`gz `g| fmmk jekm gkj v `g| fmmk ce}kj ze

fm 4+447 nk }knz| ec nksmv|m |mlekj|/7%|+

]|nkb igz`migznlgo kezgznek/ rvnzm z`m vgzm c}klznek/b/ g| g c}klznek ec ~/ r`mvm ~ n| z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m lefflmm gz g tgvznl}ogv tenkz nk znim+

Lvmgzm gk I) om kgimj leccmm gkj rvnzm g c}klznek lgoomj leccmm z`gz zgam| ke nkt}z sgvngfom| gkj vmz}vk| ke e}zt}z sgo}m+ T}z g |nitom |zgzm)imkz onam p9= nk z`m fej~ ec z`m c}klznek gkj nkseam leccmm(. cvei z`m Leiigkj Rnkjer+

Gjj g c}klznek lgoomj vgzm c}kl z`gz zgam| z gkj ~ gkj leit}zm| b(z/ ~. +Keznlm z`gz nk z`n| lg|m b jem| kez glz}goo~ jmtmkj ek z1 kmsmvz`mom||/ ~e}v c}klznek `g| ze zgam z g| z`m v|z nkt}z gvb}imkz nk evjmv ze reva rnz` ejm:= +Zm|z ~e}v c}klznek f~ gjjnkb g onkm onam vgzm c}kl(4/>4. ze leccmm / z`m lgoo leccmm cvei z`m Leiigkj Rnkjer+

`zzt8%%mk+rnantmjng+evb%rnan%@mgzUlekj}lznek


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0+74 Mpmvln|m| 747

Eklm ~e} bmz vgzm c}kl(4/>4. revankb/ iejnc~ leccmm ze }|m ejm:= zeleit}zm z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m lefflmm (nbkevnkb z`m lvmgi. cev 34 ink}zm|+

Lek vi z`gz z`m lefflmm leeo| w}nlao~ gz v|z/ z`mk ievm |oero~/ gkj vmgl`m| veei zmitmvgz}vm (gttvepnigzmo~. gczmv gfe}z gk è}v+

Rvnzm g c}klznek lgoomj inp c}kl z`gz leit}zm| z`m kgo zmitmvgz}vm ec g inpz}vm ec zre onw}nj|+ Nz |è}oj zgam z`m seo}im| gkj zmitmvgz}vm| ec z`m onw}nj| g| tgvgimzmv|+Nk bmkmvgo/ z`m kgo zmitmvgz}vm ec g inpz}vm jmtmkj| ek z`m |tmln l `mgz ec z`m zre |}f|zgklm| + F}z nc rm igam z`m |nitonc~nkb g||}itznek z`gz lefflmm gkj lvmgi `gsm z`m |gim jmk|nz~ gkj |tmln l `mgz/ z`mk z`m kgo zmitmvgz}vm n| (s7 ~7 ! s6 ~6 . %(s7 ! s6 . / r`mvm s 7 gkj s6 gvm z`m seo}im| ec z`m onw}nj|/ gkj ~7 gkj ~6 gvm z`mnv zmitmvgz}vm|+Gjj lejm ze leccmm ze zm|z inp c}kl +

]|m inp c}kl gkj ejm:= ze leit}zm z`m znim }kzno z`m lefflmm n| jvnkagfom nc ~e} gjj z`m lvmgi niimjngzmo~+

Iejnc~ leccmm |e nz zgam| gk nkt}z sgvngfom z z`gz jmzmvinkm| èr igk~ |mlekj| z`m lefflmm n| gooermj ze leeo fmcevm gjjnkb z`m lvmgi/ gkj vmz}vk| z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m lefflmm gczmv inpnkb+

]|m cxmve ze kj z`m znim z z`gz lg}|m| z`m zmitmvgz}vm ec z`m lefflmm gczmv inpnkb ze fm 34 L+

R`gz je z`m|m vm|}oz| zmoo ~e} gfe}z z`m gk|rmv ze z`m evnbnkgo w}m|znek5 N| z`m gk|rmv r`gz ~e} mptmlzmj5 R`gz |nitonc~nkb g||}itznek| jem| z`n| gk|rmv jmtmkj ek5 R`nl ec z`mi je ~e} z`nka `g| z`m fnbbm|z mfflmlz5 Je

~e} z`nka nz n| fnb mke}b` ze gfflmlz z`m e}zleim5 Esmvgoo/ èr lek jmkz gvm ~e} z`gz z`n| iejmo lgk bnsm g jm knznsm gk|rmv ze z`n| w}m|znek5 R`gz inb`z ~e} je ze nitvesm nz5

`zzt8%%mk+rnantmjng+evb%rnan%@mgzUlgtglnz~


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746 Evjnkgv~ Jnfflmvmkzngo Mw}gznek|


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L`gtzmv >

\~|zmi| ec EJM|

>+7 Igzvnlm|

G igzvnp n| g zre)jnimk|nekgo smv|nek ec g smlzev+ Onam g smlzev/ nz lekzgnk|momimkz| z`gz gvm njmkzn mj f~ nkjnlm|+ Z`m jnfflmvmklm n| z`gz z`m momimkz| gvmgvvgkbmj nk ver| gkj leo}ik|/ |e nz zgam| zre nkjnlm| ze njmkznc~ gk momimkz+

Ekm ec igk~ rg~| ze lvmgzm g igzvnp n| z`m igbnl c}klznek/ r`nl` vmz}vk| gigbnl igzvnp rnz` z`m bnsmk |nxm8

;; I 9 igbnl( 6

Nc ~e} jekz aker z`m |nxm ec g igzvnp/ ~e} lgk }|mr`e| ze jn|tog~ nz8;; r`e|

Kgim \nxm F~zm| Log||I


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74: \~|zmi| ec EJM|

;; I(6/7.

gk| 9 +3 E}zt}z igzvnlm| 74>

ê} lgk z`nka ec z`m omcz |njm ec z`n| g||nbkimkz g| g smlzev ec sgvngfom|+

G| nk tvmsne}| mpgitom|/ Z n| g smlzev ec znim sgo}m| r`mvmejm:= igjm m|zn)igzm|+ F}z }konam tvmsne}| mpgitom|/ z`m |mlekj e}zt}z sgvngfom n| g igzvnplekzgnknkb ekm leo}ik cev mgl` sgvngfom (nk z`n| lg|m/V gkj C . gkj ekm ver cevmgl` znim sgo}m+;; |nxm(I.

gk| 9 70= 6

Z`n| |zv}lz}vmekm leo}ik tmv sgvngfomn| g leiiek rg~ ze }|m igzvnlm|+toez }kjmv|zgkj| z`n| |zv}lz}vm/ |e nc ~e} je z`n|8;; toez(Z/ I.

IGZOGF }kjmv|zgkj| z`gz nz |è}oj toez mgl` leo}ik cvei I smv|}| Z+

ê} lgk let~ z`m leo}ik| ec I nkze ez`mv sgvngfom| onam z`n|8;; V 9 I(8/ 7.1;; C 9 I(8/ 6.1

Nk z`n| lekzmpz/ z`m leoek vmtvm|mkz| z`m vgkbm cvei 7 zemkj / |e I(8/ 7. imgk|goo z`m ver|/ leo}ik 7 gkj I(8/ 6. imgk| goo z`m ver|/ leo}ik 6+

;; |nxm(V.

gk| 9 70= 7

;; |nxm(C.

gk| 9 70= 7

\e V gkj C gvm leo}ik smlzev|+Nc ~e} toez z`m|m smlzev| gbgnk|z mgl` ez`mv/ onam z`n|;; toez(V/ C.

ê} bmz g t`g|m toez z`gz oeea| onam z`n|8

64 4 744 774:

3

0

74

76

7:

73

70

64

66


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774 \~|zmi| ec EJM|

Mgl` tenkz ek z`n| toez vmtvm|mkz| g lmvzgnk k}ifmv ec vgffnz| (ek z`m p gpn|.gkj g lmvzgnk k}ifmv ec cepm| (ek z`m ~ gpn|.+

\nklm z`m|m gvm z`m eko~ zre sgvngfom| nk z`m |~|zmi/ mgl` tenkz nk z`n| togkmjm|lvnfm| z`m leitomzm |zgzm ec z`m |~|zmi+

Esmv znim/ z`m |zgzm iesm| gve}kj z`m togkm1 z`n| b}vm |èr| z`m tgz` zvglmjf~ z`m |zgzm j}vnkb z`m znim nkzmvsgo+ Z`n| tgz` n| lgoomj gzvghmlzev~+

\nklm z`m fm`gsnev ec z`n| |~|zmi n| tmvnejnl/ z`m vm|}oznkb zvghmlzev~ n| g oeet+

Nc z`mvm gvm < sgvngfom| nk z`m |~|zmi/ rm kmmj < jnimk|nek| ze |èr z`m |zgzmec z`m |~|zmi/ |e z`m zvghmlzev~ n| g +2 Boe||gv~ver smlzev8 Nk IGZOGF/ g igzvnp z`gz `g| eko~ ekm ver+

leo}ik smlzev8 G igzvnp z`gz `g| eko~ ekm leo}ik+

zvgk|te|m8 Gk etmvgznek z`gz zvgk|cevi| z`m ver| ec g igzvnp nkze leo}ik|(ev z`m ez`mv rg~ gve}kj/ nc ~e} tvmcmv.+

|~|zmi ec mw}gznek|8 G |mz ec mw}gznek| rvnzzmk nk zmvi| ec g |mz ec sgvngfom||}l` z`gz z`m mw}gznek| gvm nkzmvzgkbomj+

tgvgbvgt`8 G l`}ka ec lejm z`gz igam| }t tgvz ec g c}klznek/ }|}goo~ rnz`gk mptogkgzev~ leiimkz+

}ktgla8 Ze let~ z`m momimkz| ec g smlzev nkze g |mz ec sgvngfom|+

tgla8 Ze let~ sgo}m| cvei g |mz ec sgvngfom| nkze g smlzev+

|zgzm8 Nc g |~|zmi lgk fm jm|lvnfmj f~ g |mz ec sgvngfom|/ z`m sgo}m| ec zè|msgvngfom| gvm lgoomj z`m |zgzm ec z`m |~|zmi+

t`g|m toez8 G toez z`gz |èr| z`m |zgzm ec g |~|zmi g| tenkz nk z`m |tglm ec te||nfom |zgzm|+

zvghmlzev~8 G tgz` nk g t`g|m toez z`gz |èr| èr z`m |zgzm ec g |~|zmil`gkbm| esmv znim+

>+0 Mpmvln|m|

Mpmvln|m >+6 Fg|mj ek z`m mpgitom| rm `gsm |mmk |e cgv/ ~e} re}oj z`nka z`gz goo EJM| jm|lvnfm tet}ogznek g| g c}klznek ec znim/ f}z z`gz| kez zv}m+


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>+0 Mpmvln|m| 777

Gllevjnkb ze z`m Rnantmjng / Z`m Oevmkx gzzvglzev/ nkzvej}lmj f~ Mjrgvj Oevmkx nk 7>3+7.~z 9 p(v x. ~ (>+6.xz 9 p~ fx (>+


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L`gtzmv 74

\mlekj)evjmv |~|zmi|

74+7 Km|zmj c}klznek|Nk z`m \mlznek 2+7/ rm |gr gk mpgitom ec gk I) om rnz` ievm z`gk ekm c}klznek8c}klznek vm| 9 j}la(.

mvvev 9 mvvevUc}kl(74.mkj

c}klznek vm| 9 mvvevUc}kl(`.v`e 9 4+


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77: \mlekj)evjmv |~|zmi|

Nk z`n| mpgitom/ }|nkb g km|zmj c}klznek igam| nz te||nfom ze iesm z`m tgvgim)zmv|vè gkj v e}z ec mvvev c}kl +

c}klznek vm| 9 j}la(vè.v 9 741mvvev 9 mvvevUc}kl(74.

c}klznek vm| 9 mvvevUc}kl( .vm| 9 +++

mkjmkj

Fez` vè gkj v lgk fm gllm||mj cvei mvvev c}kl + F~ igankb vè gk nkt}zgvb}imkz/ rm igjm nz mg|nmv ze zm|zj}la rnz` jnfflmvmkz tgvgimzmv sgo}m|+

74+6 Kmrzekngk ieznekKmrzek| |mlekj ogr ec ieznek n| eczmk rvnzzmk onam z`n|

C 9 ig

r`mvm C n| z`m kmz cevlm glznkb ek g efhmlz/i n| z`m ig|| ec z`m efhmlz/ gkjg n| z`m vm|}oznkb gllmomvgznek ec z`m efhmlz+ Nk g |nitom lg|m r`mvm z`m efhmlzn| iesnkb goekb g |zvgnb`z onkm/C gkj g gvm |lgogv|/ f}z nk bmkmvgo z`m~ gvmsmlzev|+

Msmk ievm bmkmvgoo~/ nc C gkj g sgv~ nk znim/ z`mk z`m~ lgk fm zè}b`z ec g|c}klznek| z`gz vmz}vk smlzev|1 z`gz n|/C n| g c}klznek gkj z`m vm|}oz ec msgo}gznkbC (z. n| g smlzev z`gz jm|lvnfm| z`m kmz cevlm gz znimz+ \e g ievm mptonlnz rg~ze rvnzm Kmrzek| ogr n|

z 8 C (z. 9 ig (z.

Z`m gvvgkbmimkz ec z`n| mw}gznek |}bbm|z| z`gz nc ~e} akeri gkj g ~e} lgkleit}zm cevlm/ r`nl` n| zv}m/ f}z nk ie|z t`~|nlgo |ni}ogznek| nz n| z`m ez`mvrg~ gve}kj+ Fg|mj ek g t`~|nlgo iejmo/ ~e} aker C gkj i / gkj leit}zm g+

\e nc ~e} aker gllmomvgznek/g/ g| g c}klznek ec znim/ èr je ~e} kj z`m te|nznekec z`m efhmlz/t 5 Rmoo/ rm aker z`gz gllmomvgznek n| z`m |mlekj jmvnsgznsm ec te|nznek/ |e rm lgk rvnzm g jnfflmvmkzngo mw}gznek

t zz 9 g

R`mvm g gkj t gvm c}klznek| ec znim z`gz vmz}vk smlzev|/ gkjt zz n| z`m |mlekjznim jmvnsgznsm ec t +


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74+< Cvmmcgoo 77=

Fmlg}|m z`n| mw}gznek nklo}jm| g |mlekj jmvnsgznsm/ nz n| g |mlekj)evjmv EJM+ejm:= lgkz |eosm z`n| mw}gznek nk z`n| cevi/ f}z f~ nkzvej}lnkb g kmr sgvngfom/

s / cev smoelnz~/ rm lgk vmrvnzm nz g| g |~|zmi ec v|z)evjmv EJM|+

t z 9 ss z 9 g

Z`m v|z mw}gznek |g~| z`gz z`m v|z jmvnsgznsm ec t n| s1 z`m |mlekj |g~| z`gzz`m jmvnsgznsm ec s n| g+

74+< Cvmmcgoo

Omz| |zgvz rnz` g |nitom mpgitom/ gk efhmlz nk cvmmcgoo nk g sgl}}i (r`mvmz`mvm| ke gnv vm|n|zgklm.+ Kmgv z`m |}vcglm ec z`m mgvz`/ z`m gllmomvgznek ec bvgsnz~ n|b 9 >+0 i%| 6 / r`mvm z`m ink}| |nbk nkjnlgzm| z`gz bvgsnz~ t}oo|jerk+

Nc z`m efhmlz cgoo| |zvgnb`z jerk (nk z`m |gim jnvmlznek g| bvgsnz~./ rm lgk jm)|lvnfm nz| te|nznek rnz` g |lgogv sgo}m/ goznz}jm+ \e z`n| rnoo fm g ekm)jnimk|nekgotvefomi/ gz omg|z cev ker+

@mvm n| g vgzm c}klznek rm lgk }|m rnz`ejm:= ze |eosm z`n| tvefomi8c}klznek vm| 9 cvmmcgoo(z/ P.

t 9 P(7.1 - z`m cnv|z momimkz n| te|nzneks 9 P(6.1 - z`m |mlekj momimkz n| smoelnz~

jtjz 9 s1jsjz 9 gllmomvgznek(z/ t/ s.1

vm| 9 Qjtjz1 jsjzY1 - tgla z`m vm|}oz| nk g leo}ik smlzevmkj

c}klznek vm| 9 gllmomvgznek(z/ t/ s.b 9 )>+01 - gllmomvgznek ec bvgsnz~ nk i%|[6vm| 9 b1

mkjZ`m v|z c}klznek n| z`m vgzm c}klznek+ Nz bmz|z gkj P g| nkt}z sgvngfom|/ r`mvmz`m momimkz| ec P gvm }kjmv|zeej ze fm te|nznek gkj smoelnz~+ Z`m vmz}vk sgo}m

cvei cvmmcgoo n| g (leo}ik. smlzev z`gz lekzgnk| z`m jmvnsgznsm| ec te|nznekgkj smoelnz~/ r`nl` gvm smoelnz~ gkj gllmomvgznek/ vm|tmlznsmo~+

Leit}znkb t z n| mg|~ fmlg}|m rm gvm bnsmk smoelnz~ g| gk momimkz ec P+ Z`m eko~z`nkb rm `gsm ze leit}zm n| gllmomvgznek/ r`nl` n| r`gz z`m |mlekj c}klznekjem|+


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773 \mlekj)evjmv |~|zmi|

gllmomvgznek leit}zm| gllmomvgznek g| g c}klznek ec znim/ te|nznek gkj smoelnz~+Nk z`n| mpgitom/ z`m kmz gllmomvgznek n| g lek|zgkz/ |e rm jekz vmgoo~ `gsm ze

nklo}jm goo z`n| nkcevigznek ~mz/ f}z rm rnoo |eek+@mvm| `er ze v}kejm:= rnz` z`n| vgzm c}klznek8

;; ejm:=(Dcvmmcgoo/ Q4/


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;; I(mkj/6.

gk| 9 )34+37:< - smoelnz~ nk i%|Mpmvln|m 74+7 Nklvmg|m z`m ig|| ec z`m |a~jnsmv/ gkj lek vi z`gz zmvinkgo smoelnz~ nklvmg|m|+ Z`n| vmogznek| nt n| z`m |e}vlm ec z`m nkz}nznek z`gz `mgs~ efhmlz| cgoo cg|zmv1 nk gnv/ z`m~ je'

74+= Tgvgl }zm'

Nk z`m tvmsne}| |mlznek/ rm |gr z`gz z`m zmvinkgo smoelnz~ ec g 2=ab |a~jnsmv n|gfe}z 34 i%| / r`nl n| gfe}z 7


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gl nmsm z`m vmlevj nb`z jn|zgklm ec 3=+3 imzmv|5 @nkz8 r`gz n| z`m etznigo og}kl` gkbom5

74+2 R`gz le}oj be rvekb5

R`gz le}oj be rvekb5 Rmoo/ smvzlgz cev ekm+ Ze mptognk r`gz z`gz imgk|/Noo |zgvz rnzlgzmkgznek / r`nl` n| z`m etmvgznek ec henknkb zre igzvnlm| nkzeg ogvbmv igzvnp+ Smvznlgo lgzmkgznek henk| z`m igzvnlm| f~ |zglankb z`mi ekzet ec mgl` ez`mv1 èvnxekzgo lgzmkgznek og~| z`mi |njm f~ |njm+

@mvm| gk mpgitom ec èvnxekzgo lgzmkgznek rnz` ver smlzev|8; ; p 9 78 Mpmvln|m|

Mpmvln|m 77+3 G beoc fgoo nz rnz` fgla|tnk bmkmvgzm| oncz/ r`nl` inb`z nk)lvmg|m z`m vgkbm/ f}z z`m mkmvb~ z`gz bem| nkze bmkmvgznkb |tnk tvefgfo~ leim| gz z`m le|z ec oermv nknzngo smoelnz~+ Rvnzm g |ni}ogznek ec z`m nb`z ec g beoc fgoo gkj }|m nz ze kj z`m og}kl` gkbom gkj gooelgznek ec |tnk gkj nknzngo smoelnz~ (cev g pmj mkmvb~ f}jbmz. z`gz igpninxm| z`m èvnxekzgo vgkbm ec z`m fgoo nk z`m gnv+

Z`m oncz ec g |tnkknkb fgoo n| j}m ze z`m Igbk}| cevlm / r`nl` n| tmvtmkjnl}ogv zez`m gpn| ec |tnk gkj z`m tgz` ec nb`z+ Z`m lem lnmkz ec oncz n| tvetevznekgo zez`m |tnk vgzm1 cev g fgoo |tnkknkb gz


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7


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L`gtzmv 76

Smlzev| g| smlzev|

76+7 R`gz| g smlzev5

Z`m revj smlzev imgk| jnfflmvmkz z`nkb| ze jnfflmvmkz tmetom+ Nk IGZOGF/ gsmlzev n| g igzvnp z`gz `g| mnz`mv ekm ver ev ekm leo}ik+ \e cgv rm `gsm }|mjIGZOGF smlzev| ze vmtvm|mkz

|mw}mklm|8 G |mw}mklm n| g |mz ec sgo}m| njmkzn mj f~ nkzmbmv nkjnlm|1 nz n|kgz}vgo ze |zevm z`m momimkz| ec z`m |mw}mklm g| momimkz| ec g IGZOGFsmlzev+

|zgzm smlzev|8 G |zgzm smlzev n| g |mz ec sgo}m| z`gz jm|lvnfm| z`m |zgzm ec g

t`~|nlgo |~|zmi+ R`mk ~e} lgoo ejm:= / ~e} bnsm nz nk z`m nknzngo lekjnznek|nk g |zgzm smlzev+ Z`mk r`mkejm:= lgoo| ~e}v vgzm c}klznek/ nz bnsm| ~e}g |zgzm smlzev+

jn|lvmzm igt|8 Nc ~e} `gsm zre smlzev| rnz` z`m |gim omkbz`/ ~e} lgk z`nka ec z`mi g| g igttnkb cvei z`m momimkz| ec ekm smlzev ze z`m levvm|tekjnkbmomimkz| ec z`m ez`mv+ Cev mpgitom/ nk \mlznek 0+=/ z`m vm|}oz| cveiejm:=gvm smlzev|/Z gkj ^ / z`gz vmtvm|mkz g igttnkb cvei z`m znim sgo}m| nkZze z`m tet}ogznek sgo}m| nk +

Nk z`n| l`gtzmv rm rnoo |mm gkez`mv }|m ec IGZOGF smlzev|8 vmtvm|mkznkb |tgzngosmlzev|+ G |tgzngo smlzev n| g sgo}m z`gz vmtvm|mkz| g i}oznjnimk|nekgo t`~|nlgow}gkznz~ onam te|nznek/ smoelnz~/ gllmomvgznek ev cevlm+

Z`m|m w}gkznznm| lgkkez fm jm|lvnfmj rnz` g |nkbom k}ifmv fmlg}|m z`m~ lekzgnki}ozntom leitekmkz|+ Cev mpgitom/ nk g


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7


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76+6 Jez gkj lve|| tvej}lz| 7

Ze vmtvm|mkz z`m gllmomvgznek ec bvgsnz~/ rm lvmgzm g smlzev rnz` zre leitekmkz|8Gb 9 Q41 )>+0Y

Z`m p leitekmkz ec bvgsnz~ n| 41 z`m ~ leitekmkz n| >+0i%| 6 +

Cnkgoo~ rm leit}zm zezgo gllmomvgznek f~ gjjnkb smlzev w}gkznznm|8G 9 Gb ! Gj1

Ekm knlm z`nkb gfe}z z`n| leit}zgznek n| z`gz rm jnjkz `gsm ze z`nka i}l`gfe}z z`m leitekmkz| ec z`m smlzev|+ F~ zvmgznkb |tgzngo smlzev| g| fg|nl w}gk)znznm|/ rm lgk mptvm|| leitomp leit}zgznek| lekln|mo~+

76+6 Jez gkj lve|| tvej}lz|

I}oznto~nkb g smlzev f~ g |lgogv n| g |zvgnb`zcevrgvj etmvgznek1 |e n| gjjnkb zre

smlzev|+ F}z i}oznto~nkb zre smlzev| n| ievm |}fzom+ Nz z}vk| e}z z`gz z`mvm gvmzre smlzev etmvgznek| z`gz vm|mifom i}ozntonlgznek8jez tvej}lz gkj lve||tvej}lz +

Z`m jez tvej}lz ec smlzev| G gkj F n| g |lgogv8

j 9 gf le|

r`mvm g n| z`m igbknz}jm ec G/ f n| z`m igbknz}jm ec F / gkj n| z`m gkbomfmzrmmk z`m smlzev|+ Rm govmgj~ aker èr ze leit}zm igbknz}jm|/ gkj ~e}le}oj tvefgfo~ b}vm e}z èr ze leit}zm / f}z ~e} jekz `gsm ze+ IGZOGFtvesnjm| g c}klznek/ jez / z`gz leit}zm| jez tvej}lz|+j 9 jez(G/ F.

jez reva| nk gk~ k}ifmv ec jnimk|nek|/ g| oekb g| G gkj F `gsm z`m |gimk}ifmv ec momimkz|+

Nc ekm ec z`m etmvgkj| n| g }knz smlzev/ ~e} lgk }|m z`m jez tvej}lz ze leit}zmz`m leitekmkz ec g smlzev G z`gz n| nk z`m jnvmlznek ec g }knz smlzev/n8| 9 jez(G/ n`gz.

Nk z`n| mpgitom/| n| z`m|lgogv tvehmlznek ec G ekze n+ Z`msmlzev tvehmlznekn| z`m smlzev z`gz `g| igbknz}jm | nk z`m jnvmlznek ec n8S 9 jez(G/ n`gz. n`gz

Z`m lve|| tvej}lz ec smlzev| G gkj F n| g smlzev rè|m jnvmlznek n| tmvtmkjnl}ogvze G gkj F gkj rè|m igbknz}jm n|

l 9 gf |nk

r`mvm (gbgnk. g n| z`m igbknz}jm ec G/ f n| z`m igbknz}jm ec F / gkj n| z`mgkbom fmzrmmk z`m smlzev|+ IGZOGF tvesnjm| g c}klznek/lve|| / z`gz leit}zm|lve|| tvej}lz|+


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7:4 Smlzev| g| smlzev|

L 9 lve||(G/ F.lve|| eko~ reva| cev


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76+: Gknigznek 7:7

76+: Gknigznek

Gknigznek n| g }|mc}o zeeo cev l`mlankb z`m vm|}oz| ec g t`~|nlgo iejmo+ Nc |eimz`nkb n| rvekb/ gknigznek lgk igam nz efsne}|+ Z`mvm gvm zre rg~| ze jegknigznek nk IGZOGF+ Ekm n| ze }|m bmzcvgim ze lgtz}vm g |mvnm| ec nigbm|gkj iesnm ze tog~ z`mi fgla+ Z`m ievm nkcevigo rg~ n| ze jvgr g |mvnm| ec toez|+ @mvm n| gk mpgitom N rvezm cev Mpmvln|m 76+


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7:6 Smlzev| g| smlzev|

Z`m nkt}z sgvngfom| gvm z`m te|nznek ec z`m \}k gkj H}tnzmv+jvgr c}kl }|m|toez ze jvgr z`m \}k g| g ogvbm vmj igvamv gkj H}tnzmv g| g |igoomv fo}m ekm+

Mpmvln|m 76+: Ze igam |}vm ~e} }kjmv|zgkj èr gknigzm c}kl reva|/ zv~ leiimkznkb e}z |eim ec z`m onkm| ze |mm r`gz `gttmk|+

Ekm oninzgznek ec z`n| ankj ec gknigznek n| z`gz z`m |tmmj ec z`m gknigznekjmtmkj| ek èr cg|z ~e}v leit}zmv lgk bmkmvgzm z`m toez|+ \nklm z`m vm|}oz|cvei ejm:= gvm }|}goo~ kez mw}goo~ |tglmj nk znim/ ~e}v gknigznek inb`z |oerjerk r`mvm ejm:= zgam| |igoo znim |zmt| gkj |tmmj }t r`mvm z`m znim |zmt n|ogvbmv+

Z`mvm gvm zre rg~| ze p z`n| tvefomi8

7+ R`mk ~e} lgooejm:= ~e} lgk bnsm nz g smlzev ec tenkz| nk znim r`mvm nz|è}oj bmkmvgzm m|znigzm|+ @mvm n| gk mpgitom8

mkjUznim 9 74441|zmt 9 mkjUznim%6441QZ/ IY 9 ejm:=(DvgzmUc}kl/ Q48|zmt8mkjUznimY/ R.1

Z`m |mlekj gvb}imkz n| g vgkbm smlzev z`gz bem| cvei 4 ze 7444 rnz` g|zmt |nxm jmzmvinkmj f~|zmt + \nklm|zmt n| mkj znim%644 / z`mvm rnoo fmgfe}z 644 ver| nk Z gkj I (647 ze fm tvmln|m.+Z`n| etznek jem| kez gfflmlz z`m gll}vgl~ ec z`m vm|}oz|1ejm:= |znoo }|m|sgvngfom znim |zmt| ze bmkmvgzm z`m m|znigzm|/ f}z z`mk nz nkzmvteogzm| z`mifmcevm vmz}vknkb z`m vm|}oz|+

6+ e} lgk }|m tg}|m ze tog~ z`m gknigznek nk vmgo znim+ Gczmv jvgrnkb mgl`

cvgim gkj lgoonkbjvgrker / ~e} lgk leit}zm z`m znim }kzno z`m kmpz cvgimgkj }|m tg}|m ze rgnz8

jz 9 Z(n!7. ) Z(n.1tg}|m(jz.1

G oninzgznek ec z`n| imzèj n| z`gz nz nbkevm| z`m znim vmw}nvmj ze jvgrz`m b}vm/ |e nz zmkj| ze v}k |oer/ m|tmlngoo~ nc z`m b}vm n| leitomp ev z`mznim |zmt n| |igoo+

Mpmvln|m 76+= ]|m gknigzm c}kl gkj jvgr c}kl ze snx}gonxm ~e}v |ni}ogznek ec H}tnzmv+ Iejnc~ nz |e nz |èr| ekm jg~ ec |ni}ogzmj znim nk 4+447 |mlekj| ec vmgo znimekm vmseo}znek |è}oj zgam gfe}z :+< |mlekj|+

76+= Lek|mvsgznek ec Mkmvb~

G }|mc}o rg~ ze l`mla z`m gll}vgl~ ec gk EJM |eosmv n| ze |mm r`mz`mv nzlek|mvsm| mkmvb~+ Cev togkmzgv~ ieznek/ nz z}vk| e}z z`gzejm:= jem| kez+


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76+3 R`gz n| g iejmo cev5 7:+: efflmv| g te||nfom mptogkgznek ec z`m j~kginl|ec gknigo tet}ogznek| |~|zmi| nk zmvi| ec nkzmvglznek| fmzrmmk tvmjgzevgkj tvm~ |tmlnm|+

Z`m mpmvln|m| gz z`m mkj ec z`n| l`gtzmv nklo}jm ekm iejmo ec mgl` z~tm+

76+2 Boe||gv~

|tgzngo smlzev8 G sgo}m z`gz vmtvm|mkz| g i}oznjnimk|nekgo t`~|nlgo w}gkznz~onam te|nznek/ smoelnz~/ gllmomvgznek ev cevlm+

kevi8 Z`m igbknz}jm ec g smlzev+ \eimznim| lgoomj omkbz`/ f}z kez ze fmlekc}|mj rnz` z`m k}ifmv ec momimkz| nk g IGZOGF smlzev+

}knz smlzev8 G smlzev rnz` kevi 7/ }|mj ze nkjnlgzm jnvmlznek+

jez tvej}lz8 G |lgogv tvej}lz ec zre smlzev|/ tvetevznekgo ze z`m kevi| ec z`m smlzev| gkj z`m le|nkm ec z`m gkbom fmzrmmk z`mi+

lve|| tvej}lz8 G smlzev tvej}lz ec zre smlzev| rnz` kevi tvetevznekgo ze z`mkevi| ec z`m smlzev| gkj z`m |nkm ec z`m gkbom fmzrmmk z`mi/ gkj jnvmlznektmvtmkjnl}ogv ze fez`+

tvehmlznek8 Z`m leitekmkz ec ekm smlzev z`gz n| nk z`m jnvmlznek ec z`m ez`mv(inb`z fm }|mj ze imgk |lgogv tvehmlznek ev smlzev tvehmlznek.+

76+0 Mpmvln|m|

Mpmvln|m 76+> Nc ~e} t}z zre njmkznlgo fero| ec rgzmv nkze g cvmmxmv/ ekm gz veei zmitmvgz}vm gkj ekm fenonkb/ r`nl` ekm cvmmxm| v|z5

@nkz8 ~e} inb`z rgkz ze je |eim vm|mgvl` ek z`m Itmifg mfflmlz+

Mpmvln|m 76+74 ^e} `gsm fmmk g|amj ze jm|nbk g kmr |agzmfegvj vgit1 }konam g z~tnlgo |agzmfegvj vgit/ z`n| ekm n| cvmm ze tnsez gfe}z g |}ttevz tenkz+ \agzm)fegvjmv| gttvegl` z`m vgit ek g gz |}vcglm gkj z`mk leg|z }t z`m vgit1 z`m~ gvm kez gooermj ze t}z z`mnv cmmz jerk r`nom ek z`m vgit+ Nc z`m~ be cg|z mke}b`/z`m vgit rnoo vezgzm gkj z`m~ rnoo bvglmc}oo~ vnjm jerk z`m vezgznkb vgit+ Zml`)knlgo gkj gvzn|znl jn|tog~ rnoo fm g||m||mj f~ z`m }|}go tgkmo ec zgomkzmj h}jbm|+


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76+0 Mpmvln|m| 7:=

^e}v hef n| ze jm|nbk g vgit z`gz rnoo gooer g vnjmv ze glleiton|` z`n| cmgz/ gkj ze lvmgzm g t`~|nlgo iejmo ec z`m |~|zmi/ g |ni}ogznek z`gz leit}zm| z`m fm`gsnev

ec g vnjmv ek z`m vgit/ gkj gk gknigznek ec z`m vm|}oz+Mpmvln|m 76+77 G fnkgv~ |zgv |~|zmi lekzgnk| zre |zgv| evfnznkb mgl` ez`mv gkj |eimznim| togkmz| z`gz evfnz ekm ev fez` |zgv| + Nk g fnkgv~ |~|zmi/ |eim evfnz| gvm |zgfom nk z`m |mk|m z`gz g togkmz lgk |zg~ nk evfnz rnz`e}z lvg|`nkb nkze ekm ec z`m |zgv| ev ~nkb effl nkze |tglm+

\ni}ogznek n| g }|mc}o zeeo cev nksm|znbgznkb z`m kgz}vm ec z`m|m evfnz|/ g| nk @eo)igk/ I+H+ gkj T+G+ Rnmbmvz/ 7>>>/ Oekb)Zmvi \zgfnonz~ ec Togkmz| nk Fnkgv~ \~|zmi|/ G|zvekeinlgo He}vkgo 772/ gsgnogfom cvei zzt8 %% lnzm|mmv+n|z+t|}+ mj}%

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