physiology of pain 疼痛生理學 · physiology of pain 疼痛生理學 wong sau ching stanley...

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Physiology of Pain 疼痛生理學 Wong Sau Ching Stanley Clinical Assistant Professor Dept of Anaesthesiology, HKU MBBS, FHKCA, FHKAM (Anaes), FANZCA, FHKCA (Pain Med) What is Pain? 甚麼是疼痛? Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.” 「疼痛是與實際或潛在的組織損 傷相關的不愉快的感覺和情緒體 驗,或類似這種損傷的描述。」 International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain. 1979;6:249.

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  • Physiology of Pain疼痛生理學

    Wong Sau Ching Stanley

    Clinical Assistant Professor

    Dept of Anaesthesiology, HKU

    MBBS, FHKCA, FHKAM (Anaes), FANZCA, FHKCA (Pain Med)

    What is Pain? 甚麼是疼痛?

    “Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.”

    「疼痛是與實際或潛在的組織損傷相關的不愉快的感覺和情緒體驗,或類似這種損傷的描述。」

    International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain. 1979;6:249.

  • Types of pain痛的類型

    • Acute pain

    • Cancer Pain

    • Chronic Non cancer Pain

    • 急性疼痛

    • 癌症疼痛

    • 慢性非癌症疼痛

    What is chronic pain甚麼是慢性疼痛

    • Generally defined as pain lasting 3 months or more

    • After normal tissue healing has occurred.

    • Can be neuropathic, non-neuropathic or mixed in nature

    • 一般定義為持續3個月以上的疼痛

    • 發生在正常組織愈合後

    • 可以是神經性的、非神經性的或混合性的

  • Adverse effects of pain疼痛的不利影響

    Adverse Effects不利影響

    • Quality of life

    • Functional capacity, daily activities

    • Ability to work, more sick leave

    • Healthcare utilisation, economic burden

    • 生活質量

    • 功能能力,日常活動

    • 工作能力,病假較多

    • 醫療使用率,經濟負擔

  • Adverse Psychological effects 不利的心理影響

    • Depression

    • Anxiety

    • Poor sleep

    • Helplessness

    • Demoralisation

    • 憂鬱

    • 焦慮

    • 睡眠不好

    • 無助

    • 士氣低落

    The Pathophysiology of Pain 疼痛的病理生理學

    • 3 components of the nociceptive

    process

    – The Nociceptor

    – Peripheral Nerve

    – Central Nervous system: Spinal

    Cord & Brain

    • 傷害性過程的3個組成部分

    – 痛覺感受器

    – 周圍神經

    – 中樞神經系統:脊髓和腦

  • The Pain Pathway 疼痛途徑Somatosensory cortex體感皮層

    Ascending pathway上升途徑

    脊髓Spinal cord

    額葉皮質 Frontal cortex

    降序路徑Descending pathway

    Peripheral Nociceptor 外圍痛覺感受器

    The Pain Pathway 疼痛途徑Somatosensory cortex 體感皮層

    Ascending pathway上升途徑

    脊髓 Spinal cord

    額葉皮質 Frontal cortex

    降序路徑 Descending pathway

    Peripheral Nociceptor外圍痛覺感受器

  • The Peripheral Nociceptor 外圍痛覺感受器

    • Nociceptor: Free unmyelinated terminal sensory receptor.

    • Activated by noxious stimuli

    • Noxious stimuli: a stimulus that can damage tissues

    • Located in different tissues e.g.muscle, skin, organs

    • 痛覺感受器:無髓末端感覺受體

    • 由有害的刺激激活

    • 有害的刺激:可以損害組織

    • 位於不同的組織,如肌肉、皮膚、器官

    The Periphery 神經未梢周圍

  • Types of Nociception 傷害的類型

    Temperature: heat, cold溫度:熱、冷

    Mechanical機械

    Chemical: acid化學:酸

    The ‘Sensitising Soup’

    • Tissue injury cell damage

    • Cell damage release of pain producing substances

    • This ‘chemical soup’ modifies sensitivity of nociceptorssensitises the nociceptor

    PAIN

    • 組織損傷細胞損傷

    • 細胞損傷釋放疼痛產生物

    • 這個「化學湯」改變傷害感受器的敏感度使傷害感受器敏感痛

  • Peripheral Sensitisation周邊過敏化

    Peripheral Sensitisation周邊過敏化

    • Amplification of pain signals

    from the peripheral pathways

    • Nociceptors respond to lower

    pain stimuli

    • Response to suprathreshold pain

    stimuli is enhanced

    • 來自外圍途徑的疼痛信號的放大

    • 傷害感受器對較低的疼痛刺激作出反應

    • 對超閾值疼痛刺激的反應增強

  • The Pain Pathway

    Somatosensory cortex體感皮層

    Ascending pathway上升途徑

    脊髓 Spinal cord

    額葉皮質Frontal cortex

    降序路徑 Descending pathway

    Peripheral Nociceptor外圍痛覺感受器

    The Spinal Cord 脊髓

    • Primary nerve fibre enters spinal cord

    • Connect with other nerve fibres

    • Transmit pain signal to the brain

    • Modulating influences come from higher centres in brain to act on spinal cord

    • 原代神經纖維進入脊髓

    • 連接其他神經纖維

    • 將疼痛信號傳遞給大腦

    • 調節的影響來自更高的大腦中樞作用於脊髓

  • Interconnections in the spinal cord 脊髓互連

    Pain modulation at the spinal cord 脊髓疼痛調節

    • Pain signals travel up from periphery to spinal cord

    • Nerve signals from the brain travel down to the spinal cordaffect the ascending pain signal

    • Descending pathways: can increase or decrease pain

    • 疼痛信號從外圍傳播到脊髓

    • 來自大腦的神經信號傳播到脊髓影響上行疼痛信號

    • 下行路徑:可以增加或減少疼痛

  • Pain modulation at the spinal cord脊髓疼痛調節

    Central Sensitisation中樞過敏化

    • Amplification of pain response signals in the spinal cord and brain

    • Nervous system produces greater pain signal in response to stimuli

    • Non painful stimuli also causes pain

    • 放大脊髓和大腦中的疼痛反應信號

    • 神經系統響應刺激產生更大的疼痛信號

    • 非疼痛刺激也會引起疼痛

  • Central Sensitisation中樞過敏化

    • Plays important role in various chronic pain disorders

    • Occurs when CNS repeatedly stimulated by peripheral pain signals

    • Progression of primary pain disorder central nervous system disorder

    • 在各種慢性疼痛疾病中發揮重要作用

    • 當中樞神經系統反覆刺激周圍疼痛信號時發生

    • 主要疼痛疾病的發展中樞神經系統疾病

    Allodynia: Postherpetic neuralgia and post amputation pain異痛:帶狀皰疹後神經痛和截肢後疼痛

  • The Pain Pathway

    Somatosensory cortex體感皮層

    Ascending pathway上升途徑

    脊髓 Spinal cord

    額葉皮質Frontal cortex

    降序路徑Descending pathway

    Brain大腦

    Brain大腦

    • Pain signal eventually reaches brain from spinal cord

    • Pain signal is processed perceived by patient as pain

    • Both physiological and emotional aspect

    • Different parts of the brain involved

    • 疼痛信號由脊髓到達大腦

    • 疼痛信號被處理病人感覺疼痛

    • 生理和情感方面

    • 涉及大腦的不同部分

  • No Brain no pain大腦在疼痛功能上的重要性是無庸置疑的

    Chronic Non Cancer Pain慢性非癌症疼痛

    • Chronic: Longer than 3 months

    • Beyond the time where tissue injury would have healed

    • Chronic pain becomes a disease on its own

    IASP

    • 慢性:超過3個月

    • 除了組織損傷已經愈合的時間

    • 慢性疼痛本身就成為一種疾病

  • Chronic Pain慢性疼痛

    • Complex Difficult to manage

    • Biological, psychological, social factors contribution varies in different patients

    • Cure↓ pain + learning to live + enjoy life with less pain

    • 複雜難以管理

    • 生物學、心理學、社會因素對不同患者的貢獻有所不同

    • 治療→↓痛苦+學習生活+享受生活,少痛苦

    Chronic Pain: The scope of the problem in HK慢性疼痛:問題的範圍 (香港)

    • Prevalence: 28.7% of people in Hong Kong

    • Neuropathic pain: 9%

    • Impairs daily activity in over 50% of people

    • Over 30% has had to take sick leave due to chronic pain

    Cheung et al 2016, Chen et al 2016

    • 患病率:28.7%香港人

    • 神經性疼痛:9%

    • 超過50%的人日常活動受影響

    • 超過30%因慢性疼痛而告假

  • What pain conditions? 甚麼是疼痛?

    Pain conditions we are managing 我們會管理的疼痛

    • Low back pain

    • Muscle pain

    • Joint pain

    • Persistent Post surgical pain

    • Trigeminal Neuralgia and other facial pain disorders

    • Neuropathic pain disorders, e.g. post herpetic neuralgia

    • Headache disorders

    • Chronic Regional Pain syndromes

    • The list goes on…………

    • 腰背疼痛

    • 肌肉疼痛

    • 關節疼痛

    • 持續的手術後疼痛

    • 三叉神經痛和其他面部疼痛疾病

    • 神經性疼痛疾病,例如皰疹後神經痛

    • 頭痛失調

    • 慢性局部疼痛綜合症

    • 名單以外............

  • Chronic Pain: Negative effects慢性疼痛:負面影響

    • Negative psychological consequence

    • 50% of chronic pain patientsdepression

    • Loss of functioning work, hobbies, self care

    • Social impairment, isolation, financial problems

    Maihofner et al 2011, Vadivelu N et al 2008

    • 負面的心理後果

    50%的慢性疼痛患者抑鬱症

    功能喪失工作、業餘愛好、自我照顧

    社會障礙、孤立、財務問題

    Chronic Pain: The vicious cycle慢性疼痛:惡性循環

    Pain疼痛

    Poor Mood壞心情

    Social impairment社會障礙

  • Pain Management Teams疼痛管理團隊

    • To reduce pain + improve quality of life

    • Improve function return to activities + work

    • Improve psychological well being

    • Improve self management

    • 減輕痛苦+提高生活質量

    • 改進功能返回活動+工作

    • 改善心理健康

    • 改善自我管理

    Chronic Pain: Management Approach慢性疼痛:管理方法

    • Multifactorial contribution to chronic pain

    • Biopsychosocial

    • Multidisciplinary Approach

    Goucke 2003

    • 多因素對慢性疼痛的貢獻

    • 身心社會綜合

    • 綜合學科研究

  • Multidisciplinary Pain team多學科的疼痛團隊

    • Pain doctors

    • Nurses

    • Clinical Psychologists

    • Allied health care workers: physiotherapists, occupational therapists

    • Social workers

    • 疼痛醫生

    • 護士

    • 臨床心理學家

    • 專職醫護人員:物理治療師、職業治療師

    • 社會工作者

    Role of Pain doctors疼痛醫生的作用

    • Establish rapport and trust with patients

    • Assess and rule out ominous pathology

    • Coordinate multidisciplinary team

    • Provide treatment: e.g. interventional, pharmacological

    • Help identify patients suitable for referral to other specific therapies e.g. CBT, physiotherapy, TCM

    • 建立與患者的關係和信任

    • 評估並排除不祥的病理

    • 協調多學科團隊

    • 提供治療:例如介入、藥理學

    • 幫助確定適合轉診至其他特定療法的患者,例如CBT、理療、中醫

  • Treatment options 治療方案CHRONIC PAIN 慢性疼痛• Pharmacological: analgesic drugs

    • Interventional Pain procedures

    • Psychological techniques

    • Non-pharmacological techniques

    • 藥理學:止痛藥物

    • 介入性疼痛程序

    • 心理技巧

    • 非藥物學技術

    Pharmacological 藥理

    • Simple analgesics: paracetamol, NSAID

    • Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants, duloxetine

    • Anti-epileptic: gabapentanoids

    • Opioids

    • 單純鎮痛藥:撲熱息痛、NSAID

    • 抗抑鬱藥:三環類抗抑鬱藥、度洛西汀

    • 抗癲癇藥:加巴噴丁

    • 鴉片類藥物

  • Strong Opioids 強鴉片類藥物

    Opioids: how they work?鴉片:他們是如何運作的?

    • Acts on opioid receptors

    • Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

    • Pain signal transmission

    • 對鴉片受體起作用

    • 大腦、脊髓和周圍神經

    • 疼痛信號傳輸

  • Analgesic medication: Strong opioid 鎮痛藥物:強鴉片類藥物• Increased use in United states

    unintentional opioid related deaths

    • Little evidence to show long term efficacy

    • Patients with opioids: Worse pain, more health care utilisation, lower activity level (Breivik H et al 2006, Eriksen J et al 2006)

    • Long term problems with chronic opioid use

    • 在美國增加使用鴉片類藥物相關的意外死亡

    • 沒有證據顯示長期療效

    • 鴉片類藥物的使用者:更嚴重的疼痛,更多的醫療保健利用,更低的活性水平(Breivik H et al 2006,Eriksen J et al 2006)

    • 長期使用鴉片類藥物的長期問題

    Adverse Effects of Opioids鴉片類藥物的不良反應

    • Respiratory depression (Rare but serious)

    • nausea, vomiting• Constipation• CNS depression, sedation,

    dizziness• Pruritus (especially neuroaxial

    opioids)• Urinary retention

    • 呼吸抑制(罕見但嚴重)

    • 噁心、嘔吐

    • 便秘

    • 中樞神經系統抑鬱症、鎮靜、頭暈

    • 瘙癢症(尤其是神經軸性鴉片類藥物)

    • 尿滯留

  • Opioids: Adverse effects with long term use鴉片類藥物:長期使用不良反應• Tolerance, physical dependence

    • Abuse potential, addiction

    • Hormonal effects hypogonadism

    • Immunosuppression

    • Opioid induced hyperalgesia

    • 耐受性、身體依賴

    • 濫用潛力、上癮

    • 荷爾蒙作用 -性腺機能減退

    • 免疫抑制

    • 鴉片樣物質引起的痛覺過敏

    Interventional Pain Procedures介入性疼痛程序

    • Targets different structures

    • Muscles, joints, nerve structures

    • 針對不同的結構

    • 肌肉、關節、神經結構

  • Interventional Pain Procedure介入性疼痛程序

    • Local anaesthetic and steroid: effect not long lasting

    • Neurolytic solution: rarely used for chronic non cancer pain

    • Radiofrequency ablation: Heat to modulate nerves

    • Neuromodulation

    • 局部麻醉和類固醇:效果不會持久

    • 神經溶解液:很少用於慢性非癌症疼痛

    • 射頻消融:熱調節神經

    • 神經調節

    Radiofrequency Therapy射頻治療

  • Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of trigeminal ganglion三叉神經節射頻熱凝術

  • Neuromodulation神經調節

    • Implanting electrical leads to stimulate the nervous system

    • Electrical stimulation of nervous system reduces pain signaling

    • Can produce effective long term pain control (Does not ‘cure’ pain)

    • 植入電導刺激神經系統

    • 神經系統的電刺激減少了疼痛信號

    • 可有效的長期控制疼痛(不能「治愈」疼痛)

    Spinal Cord Stimulation脊髓刺激療法

    • Use of electrical leads to stimulate spinal cord

    • May be indicated in certain chronic pain conditions:

    1) Failed back surgery syndrome

    2) Chronic regional pain syndrome

    3) Other neuropathic pain conditions

    • 使用電導線刺激脊髓

    • 可能會在某些慢性疼痛情況下顯示:

    1)背部手術失敗綜合症2)慢性局部疼痛綜合症3)其他神經性疼痛症狀

  • Spinal Cord Stimulation脊髓刺激療法

    Spinal Cord Stimulation 脊髓刺激療法

  • Spinal Cord Stimulation 脊髓刺激療法

    • Can be considered after failure of conventional treatment

    • Trial lead insertion satisfactory pain control and improvement in function during trial period

    • 常規治療失敗後可以考慮

    • 在試用期間試用導線插入令人滿意的疼痛控制和功能改善

    Psychological Technique心理技術

    • Relaxation, distraction, imagery

    • Clinical Psychologist

    • Multidisciplinary Pain Programs

    • 放鬆、分心、意象

    • 臨床心理學家

    • 多學科團隊疼痛計劃

    Carr DB, et al. AHCPR Pub. No. 92-0032. 1992.

  • Multidisciplinary Pain Program 多學科團隊疼痛計劃

    • Group format several weeks

    • Multidisciplinary team

    • Aim: 1) Manage pain better

    2) Improve quality of life

    3) Improve function

    • 小組形式幾個星期

    • 多學科團隊

    • 目的: 1)更好地管理疼痛

    2)提高生活質量

    3)改善功能

    Non Pharmacological Techniques 非藥理學技術

    • Application of superficial heat and cold

    • Massage

    • Exercise

    • Electroanalgesia (eg, TENS)

    • Chiropractic

    • Acupuncture

    • 熱敷和冷敷

    • 按摩

    • 鍛鍊

    • 電針鎮痛(例如TENS)

    • 脊椎按摩

    • 針灸

  • Thank you

  • 針刺中藥治療痛症

    December 09, 2017

    香港大學中醫藥學院教授、副院長(臨床)

    香港大學精神醫學系名譽教授

    香港大學家庭醫學及基層醫療學系名譽教授

    張樟進

    疼痛 痛症

    傷害性刺激、疼痛和痛症

    傷害性刺激:一切可能造成機體組織損傷的刺

    激。

    疼痛:機體對傷害性刺激所做出的生理防禦反

    應,表現為不愉快的感覺和心境體驗。

    痛症:當疼痛強度超出個體耐受,並影響生理

    功能、精神狀態和生活品質時,稱為痛症。

    傷害性

    刺激

  • 以疼痛為主訴,並伴有一系列軀體和

    精神症狀以及生活品質降低的綜合症。

    臨床痛症

    有幾多痛?

    生BB時的痛

  • 頭痛

    頭面部

    三叉神經痛

    牙痛

    頸部、軀幹和四肢

    腰痛

    肱骨外上髁炎(網球肘) 腕管綜合症

    肩周炎

    膝關節痛 足跟痛

    頸椎病

  • 內臟痛

    胃脘痛/腹痛 痛經胸口痛/心絞痛

    癌痛

  • 止痛藥治療及局限性

    依賴耐受 各種副反應/副作用

    不通則痛

    氣血虧虛,經脈失養氣血瘀滯,經脈受阻

    疼痛:中醫的觀點

    不榮則痛

  • 中藥止痛

    疏風止痛 疏風散寒:荊防敗毒散 疏風勝濕:羌活勝濕湯 疏風清熱:銀翹散 益氣解表:參蘇飲

    散寒止痛 解表散寒:麻黃附子細辛湯 溫中散寒:良附丸 溫經散寒:當歸四逆湯

    清熱止痛 解表清熱:清瘟敗毒散 清熱解毒:黃連解毒湯

    祛濕止痛 祛風除濕:獨活寄生湯 芳香化濕:藿香正氣水 利濕通淋:五苓散

    中藥止痛(續)

    理氣止痛:柴胡疏肝散

    活血止痛:桃紅四物湯

    化積止痛:保和丸

    益氣止痛:補中益氣湯

    補血止痛:當歸補血湯

    養陰止痛:六味地黃丸

    溫陽止痛:附子理中湯

    祛痰止痛:半夏白術天麻湯

    逐飲止痛:小陷胸湯

  • 針刺有效緩解各種痛症

    退行性關節炎 Joint osteoarthritis

    偏頭痛 Migraine

    緊張性頭痛 Tension-type headache

    風濕性關節炎 Rheumatoid arthritis

    腰痛 Low back pain

    外側肘關節痛 Lateral elbow pain

    纖維肌痛 Fibromyalgia

    顳下頜關節紊亂 TMD myofascial pain

    ……

    (Madsen et al., 2009)

    Lymph vessel

    Vein

    Artery and arterioles

    Nerve and branches

    Free nerve endings

    Merkel disc ending

    Meissner’s corpuscle

    Ruffini’s corpuscle

    Pacinian corpuscle ending

    Muscle spindles

    Cutaneous afferent nerve

    當針刺入穴位時,諸多鎮痛故事即開始

  • 針刺的三個層次效應

    局部效應 (Local response)

    脊髓節段效應 (Spinal segmental response)

    脊髓上中樞效應 (Supraspinalcentral response)

    Zhang et al, 2012

    針刺效應的神經通路

    針刺不僅緩解疼痛,還能緩解疼痛所引發的失眠和負面情緒

  • 嚴重偏頭痛患者

    張樟進減壓減痛穴位按摩操

    拿捏印堂 Knead Yintang

    壓揉太陽 Knead Taiyang

    按揉風池 Press Fengchi

    環抱腰部 Hold the waist

    揉摩中腹 Rub the abdomen

    尤其適用緊張性頭痛人群

  • Knead Yintang 拿捏印堂

    印堂穴:兩眉頭之中間

    Knead Taiyang 壓揉太陽

    太陽穴:眉毛外側端和外眼角連線中點後一寸

  • Press Fengchi 按揉風池

    風池穴:項部枕骨下凹陷處

    Holding the waist 環抱腰部

  • Rub the abdomen 揉摩中腹

    關元:肚臍下3寸

    地機:脛骨內側髁下3寸

    血海:屈膝在大腿內側,髕

    底內側端上2寸處

    三陰交:內踝上3寸

    穴位按摩緩解痛經

    灸關元

  • Prof. Zhang’s de-stress acupressure Exercise

    Chinese term English term Frequency Time (min)

    Step 1 猿臂罩百會 Press Bai-Hui (GV20, 百會) with the centre of the palm of the arms raised like ape’s.

    60 1

    Step 2 佛手明二陽 Rub Jing-Ming (BL1, 睛明), Tai-Yang (EX-HN-5, 太陽) and Yang-Bai (GB14, 陽白) with the fingers made as Buddhist’s.

    80 1

    Step 3 禪指聰雙耳 Cover both ear openings and gently massage the surrounding area with the thumb pulps

    80 1

    Step 4 弓掌按風池 Thumb-press Feng-Chi (GB20, 風池). 60 1

    Step 5 撐腰溫腎府 Warm the lumbar area with the palms bracing and kneading Shen-Shu (UB 23, 腎俞)

    60 1

    Step 6 交手定內關 Thumb-press Nei-Guan (PC6, 內關) 60 1

    Step 7 收腹揉中脘 Gently massage Zhong-Wan (CV12, 中脘) in the upper abdomen under holding breath with inhaler.

    60 1

    Step 8 探海摩關元 Rub Qi-Hai (CV6, 氣海) and Guan-Yuan (CV4, 關元) in the lower abdomen with palms together.

    60 1

    Step 9 馬步走三里 Thumb-press Zu-San-Li (ST36, 足三里) on the knees bent slightly.

    60 1

    Step 10 俯身尋三交 Thumb-press San-Yin-Jiao (SP6, 三陰交) with the body fully stooped down.

    60 1

    穴位按摩緩解纖維肌痛和癌痛

  • 謝 謝!

    問題和解答