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The Armed Forces of the Philippines(AFP) (Filipino:Sandatahang Lakas ng

Pilipinas;Spanish:Fuerzas Armadas de Filipinas) is composed of thePhilippine Army,Philippine

NavyandPhilippine Air Force.The AFP is avolunteer force.In 2012 a senior AFP officer reported

its manpower strength to be 125,000, of which 85,000 were in the Army and the rest in the Navy and

Air Force.[6]In 2012, the AFP Chief of Staff said that there had been no increase in the number of

soldiers over a long period, and that the military aims to hire 20,000 troops in three-years.[7]

Contents

[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 Philippine-American War

o 1.2 Philippine Commonwealth, the Cold War and Present

2 Organization and branches

o 2.1 Former branches

o

2.2 Unified commandso 2.3 Former Unified Commands

o 2.4 AFP-wide support and affiliate units

3 AFP Leadership

o 3.1 Ceremonial Officers

o 3.2 AFP General Headquarters (AFPGHQ) Leadership

o 3.3 Major Services Commanding Officer

4 Military ranks

o 4.1 Five Star General/Admiral

o 4.2 Rank insignia

5 Philippine Defense Reform

6 Handling Threats

7 National Policies 8 Modernization

9 Recognitions and Achievements

10 Gallery

11 See also

12 References

13 External links

History[edit]

Main article:Military History of the Philippines

Philippine-American War[edit]Main article:PhilippineAmerican War

This article's factual accuracy

isdisputed.Please help to ensure that

disputed statements arereliably sourced.

See the relevant discussion on thetalk
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page.(January 2014)

In 1901, the United States established thePhilippine Constabularyfor purpose of assisting in

combating the remnants of the revolutionaries, and after the war served as the state gendarmerie

force composed of, from the start, both Americans and Filipinos. The AFP was formally organizedduring the American Commonwealth era through the National Defense Act of 1935. The new

Philippine Army was initially organized from among former holders of Reserve Commissions in the

United States Army, from among former officers of the Philippine Scouts and Constabulary, and

othersforces involved in the defeat of the revolutionary forces which Ricarte led. Ricarte was the

only revolutionary general who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the U.S. and that he lived in

exile in Hong Kong and later in Japan. Ricarte was one of the leaders of an organization termed

"MAKAPILIS", calledMakabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino, and characterized as having been a

"fanatical pro-Japanese organization" during the Second World War Japanese occupation.

Philippine Commonwealth, the Cold War and Present[edit]This section does

notciteanyreferences or

sources.Please help improve this

section byadding citations to reliable

sources.Unsourced material may be

challenged andremoved.(August 2011)

During the Philippine Commonwealth era, PresidentManuel L. Quezon,the first president of the

Commonwealth, renamed thePhilippine Armyto theArmed Forces of the Philippineson December21, 1935, in accordance with the National Defense Act of 1935 (thus, December 21 of every year is

designated as AFP Day) and asked GeneralDouglas MacArthurto be its first commanding officer

after the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. MacArthur accepted the offer and became

the only person of foreign citizenship to be in the ranks of the AFP. MacArthur held the rank of Field

Marshal, a rank no other person has since held in the AFP. As stated in the law, the AFP, under the

Department of National Defense, would only be composed of a revitalized Philippine Army, with

naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters, and the Philippine Constabulary, later

part of the ground forces proper as a division. But after 3 years, the PC in 1938 returned this time as

a branch of the armed forces. MacArthur expanded the Philippine Armed Forces with the revival ofthe Navy in 1940 and the formation of the Philippine Army Air Corps (formerly the Philippine

Constabulary Air Corps), but they were not ready for combat at the start of thePacific Warin

December 1941 and unable to defeat the 194142 Japanese invasion of thePhilippines.

DuringWorld War II,all soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the U.S. Army Forces

Far East (USAFFE), with MacArthur appointed as its commander. USAFFE made its last stand on
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Corregidor Island in the Philippines, after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining

Filipino and American troops to surrender. Those who survived the invasion but escaped from the

Japanese formed the basis of guerilla units that continued the fighting against the enemy all over the

islands. AfterJapanwas defeated in World War II, the Philippines, in 1946, gained its independence

at long last (its second independencethe Philippines recognizes Aguinaldo's declaration ofindependence in 1898 as its original year of independence). 1947 saw the birth of the modern day

AFP with the upgrading of the PAAC into today'sPhilippine Air Force.

During theKorean Warfrom 1951 to 1953, the Philippines sent various AFP battalions, known as

the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) to fight as part of the US-led United Nations

forces in liberatingSouth Koreafrom the invading North Korean troops, reinforced then by various

units of the Communist ChinesePeople's Liberation Army.At the same time the armed forces,

including the established Marine company under the PN, fought against Communist elements of

theHukbalahap(by then the Bagong Hukbong Bayan, the Philippine counterpart of the PLA) in

Central Luzon, two Southern Tagalog provinces and several Visayan provinces, with great

successes.

And in 1966, an AFP battalion was also sent intoSouth Vietnamduring theVietnam Warto

ameliorate the economic and social conditions of its people there. AFP units were also sent in the

same time to theSpratly Islands.

1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the armed forces with the raising of the Women's

Auxiliary Corps.

Upon the declaration ofMartial Lawin 1972, then-PresidentFerdinand Marcosused the AFP,

through the regime's secret police force, the National Intelligence and Security Authority to arrest,

torture or kill his political opponents. Marcos politicized the officer corps with officers from his home

province ofIlocos Nortebeing promoted to higher rank and given top command positions in order to

further consolidate his control over the military. Therefore, the military had gained a bad reputation

and in effect, served as Marcos' private army. The promotion system was based only on the loyalty

to the President and the national government.

However, Marcos did good things for the AFP by instituting series of self-reliance programs for it to

enable to construct its weapons, warplanes, tanks, ships and planes locally aside from buying from

foreign sources. Missile program known as "Sta. Barbara project" was initiated by the AFP and soon

it has its own missiles to meet an external threat and the AFP itself was undergoing an expansion

program too.

In 1981, when Marcos' trusted military officer, GeneralFabian Verbecame the AFP chief of staff,

favoritism was attached to the military organization due to the fact that the general only placed his

favorites in most sensitive positions, to the dismay of the qualified officers. Ver and Marcos also
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extended the tour of duty of those military officers who shall have been effectively retired, to the

dismay also of the younger officers. Thus, discontent in the AFP ensued.

The AFP also at that time, waged a military campaign against the secessionistMoro National

Liberation Frontin the island ofMindanaoandNew People's Armyunits under theCommunist Party

of the Philippinesnationwide, growing to a 200,000 strong force.

In 1986, a faction of AFP headed by then Defense MinisterJuan Ponce Enrileand AFP vice-chief of

staff Lt. GeneralFidel V. Ramostook a stand against Marcos, ushering in the bloodlessPeople

Power Revolutionthat removed Marcos from power and installedCorazon Aquinoas the new

president of the Philippines.

During Aquino's term, most of the military units remained loyal to her as she dealt with various coup

attempts against her by other military factions that remained loyal to the former dictator and those

military officers who helped her to assume power. The 1989 coup attempt, the bloodiest of all coup

attempts against her was crushed with US help. The AFP, during her term also launched a massivecampaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus and also against the MNLF in the south.

In 1991, the major services of the AFP was reduced from four to three, when the Philippine

Constabularyor PC, an AFP major service tasked to enforce the law and to curb criminality was

formally merged with the country'sIntegrated National Police,a national police force on the cities

and municipalities in the country attached to the PC to become thePhilippine National Police,thus

removing it from AFP control and it was civilianized by a law passed by Congress, therefore

becoming under the Department of the Interior and Local Government as a result.

In 2000, then PresidentJoseph Estradaordered the AFP to launch an "all-out war" against theMoro

Islamic Liberation Front,a breakaway group of the MNLF that wants to proclaim Mindanao an

independent state.

One year later, due to the political crisis the Philippines faced, Estrada was removed from power in

the two-dayEdsa DosPeople Power revolt, in which the AFP played a key role. The revolution

installed then Vice-PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyointo the presidency.

At the height of theCold War,the Philippines was one of the most well-equipped militaries in Asia,

because of a tight diplomatic-relationship with theUnited Statesin battling the threat

ofCommunism.[citation needed]Since 2001, the Philippine armed forces has been active in supporting

theWar on terror.

Organization and branches[edit]

The1987 Philippine Constitutionplaced the AFP under the control of a civilian, thePresident of the

Philippines,who acts as itsCommander-in-Chief.All of its branches are part of theDepartment of

National Defense,which is headed by the Secretary of National Defense.
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a_Doshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estradahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_National_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People%27s_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front


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The AFP has three major services:[8]

Philippine Army(PA)Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas

Philippine Navy(PN)Hukbong Pandagat ng Pilipinas

Philippine Air Force(PAF)Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas

These three major services are unified under aChief of Staffwho normally holds the rank of

General/Admiral. He is assisted by a Vice Chief of Staff, normally holding the rank of Lieutenant

General/Vice Admiral. Each of the three major branches are headed by an officer with the following

titles:Commanding General of the Philippine Army(Lieutenant General), Flag Officer in Command

of the Philippine Navy (Vice Admiral), and Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force

(Lieutenant General).

Former branches[edit]

ThePhilippine Constabulary(PC) was agendarmerietype para-military police force of thePhilippines established in 1901 by the United States-appointed administrative authority, replacing

theGuardia Civilof the Spanish regime. On December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. 6975 was

approved, organizing thePhilippine National Police(PNP) consisting of the members of

theIntegrated National Police(INP) and the officers and enlisted personnel of the PC. Upon the

effectivity of that Act, the PC ceased to be a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

and the INP ceased to be the national police and civil defense force.[9]On January 29, 1991, the PC

and the INP were formally retired and the PNP was activated in their place.[10]

Unified commands[edit]

Units from these three services may be assigned to one of several "Unified Commands", which are

multi-service, regional entities:[11]

Northern Luzon Command (NOLCOM)

Southern Luzon Command (SOLCOM)

Central Command (CENTCOM)

Western Command (WESCOM)

Eastern Mindanao Command (EASTMINCOM)

Western Mindanao Command (WESTMINCOM)

Former Unified Commands[edit]

National Capital Region Command (NCRCOM)

National Development Support Command (NADESCOM)

Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)

National Capital Region Defense Command (NCRDC)
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Central Luzon Command (CELCOM)

AFP-wide support and affiliate units[edit]

Several service-wide support services and separate units report directly to the AFP General

Headquarters (AFP GHQ), these include:

General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command (GHQ & HSC)(acts since 1990 as

the fourth Major Service Command representing the support, technical and independent

services of the Armed Forces)

Technical and Administrative Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (TASAFP)

Presidential Security Group (PSG)

Philippine Military Academy (PMA)

Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College (AFPCGSC)

Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM)

Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)

Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center(AFPMC)

Armed Forces of the Philippines Commissary and Exchange Service(AFPCES)

Communications, Electronics and Information System Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines

(CEISSAFP)

Civil Relations Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (CRSAFP)

Armed Forces of the Philippines, Dental Service Center (AFPDSC)

National Defense College of the Philippines(NDCP)

Armed Forces of the Philippines - Joint Special Operations Group (AFP-JSOG) AFP Peacekeeping Operations Center(AFP-PKOC)

AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region(AFP JTF-NCR) - Replaced the deactivated NCR

Command

AFP Leadership[edit]Ceremonial Officers[edit]

Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines- Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III

Secretary of National Defense- Sec. Voltaire T. Gazmin

AFP General Headquarters (AFPGHQ) Leadership[edit]

Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (CSAFP)- Gen. Emmanuel T. Bautista, AFP

Vice Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (VCSAFP) - Lt. Gen. Alan R. Luga, AFP
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The Deputy Chief of Staff Armed Forces of the Philippines (TDCSAFP) - Lt. Gen. Gregorio E.

Macapagal, AFP

Sergeant Major of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (SMAFP) - FCMS Guillermo C.

Francisco, PA

Major Services Commanding Officer[edit]

Commanding General of the Philippine Army(CG-PA) - Lt. Gen. Hernando Delfin C. Iriberri, AFP

Flag Officer-in-Command of the Philippine Navy (FOIC-PN) - Vice Adm. Jesus C. Millan, AFP

Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force (CG-PAF) - MGen. Jeffrey F. Delgado, AFP

Military ranks[edit]

Airmen of thePhilippine Air Forcewith the6th SOSunit of theUSAFduring a bilateral exercise

See also:Military ranks of the Philippinesfor the full set of ranks

Ranks of officers in the Philippine Military are usually pronounced inFilipino,[citation needed]in which they

adapt the military ranks from the U.S. Military forces. The officer ranks are as follows:[12][13]

Himagat(Second Lieutenant/2LT)

Pulimagat(First Lieutenant/1LT)

Kamagat(Captain/CPT)

Magat(Major/MAJ),

Kalakan(Lieutenant Colonel/LTCOL)
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Lakan(Colonel/COL)

BrigadyerHeneral (Brigadier General/BGEN)

Magat Heneral(Major General/MGEN)

Tenyente Heneral(Lieutenant General/LTGEN)

Heneral(General/GEN)

These ranks are officially used in the Philippine Army, Air Force and Marine Corps. Also, the

pronunciations of these ranks are actually adaptations from the Spanish and English languages

except, for the words "pangalawang" and "unang" which came from original Tagalog pronunciation.

In the Philippine Navy however, the pronunciation in Filipino of the officer's ranks, is just the same as

in English since these ranks were adopted from the ranks of U.S. and British navies. There are some

ranks though (placed in parenthesis) that can be translated and officially pronounced in Filipino. The

ranks are as follows:[citation needed]

Ensign(Ensign(ENS))

Tenyenteng Mabababa ang Baitang(Lieutenant (junior grade)/LTJG)

Tenyenteor Tenyenteng Mataas ang Baitang(Lieutenantor Lieutenant Senior Grade/LT or

LTSG)- The latter rank of Lieutenant Senior Grade is a unique rank in the Philippine Navy, thus

it is used instead of just Lieutenant.

Tenyente Kumander(Lieutenant Commander/LCDR)

Kumander(Commander/CDR)

Kapitan(Captain/CAPT)

Komodor(Commodore/COMMO) - The rank of Commodore instead ofRear Admiral (lowerhalf)is used in the Philippine Navy

Rir Admiral(Rear Admiral/RADM)

Bise Admiral(Vice Admiral/VADM)

Admiral(Admiral/ADM)

The alternative style of address for the ranks of Lieutenant Junior Grade and Lieutenant Senior

Grade in Filipino is simplytenyentederived from the Spanish Tenientebecause it is too redundant if

one addresses them fully in Filipino. It is also the same as Second and First Lieutenants in the Army,

Air Force and Marine Corps.
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APhilippine Marine Corpsinstructor teaches US Marines "Pekiti-Tirsia Kali", a Philippine martial art during military

exercises

The ranks of enlisted personnel in Filipino are just the same as their U.S. counterparts but, they

never use the ranks of "Specialist", "Sergeant First Class", "First Sergeant" (for Philippine Army and

Air Force except Marine Corps), "Lance Corporal", "Gunnery Sergeant" and "Master Gunnery

Sergeant" in the Philippine Army and Marine Corps. They simply start to address their ranks fromPrivate Second Class up to Sergeant Major. Sergeant Majors in the AFP are only appointments for

senior ranked NCOs rather than ranks, examples of such appointment being the Command

Sergeant Major, AFP (held by a First Chief Master Sergeant or a First Master Chief Petty Officer)

and theCommand Master Chief Petty Officer,Philippine Navy (held by an either MCPO or CMS or a

SCPO or SMS).

In the Philippine Air Force, they also use Airman Second Class up to Chief Master Sergeant, the

same as in its U.S. counterparts. (The PAF ranks of Senior Master Sergeant and Chief Master

Sergeant are also now used as enlisted ranks in the Army and Marine Corps.)

In the Philippine Navy, they also use enlisted ranks which come from the U.S. Navy with their

specialization, e.g. "Master Chief and Boatswain's mate Juan Dela Cruz, PN" (Philippine Navy).

In effect the AFP uses the pre-1950s US armed forces enlisted ranks, with several minor changes,

especially in the Navy.

The alternative style to address the non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel in Filipino are

as follows

from Privates up to Privates First Class,pribeytor mga pribeytfor a group of privates, adopted

from the English language.

Kabofor corporals which is adopted from the word "cabo" in Spanish, but the most common

is korporal(except air force they use airman or airmen and airwoman or airwomen from Airman

up to Senior Airman).

Sarhentofor sergeants in the Army, Air Force and Marine Corps which is also adopted from the

word "sargento" from the Spanish language.
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In the Navy, the original Filipino alternative style for Seaman or Seawoman Apprentice up to

Seaman or Seawoman First Class is mandaragator mga mandaragatfor a group of seamen and

seawomen. For petty officers, they are called P.O.'s and tsipfor Chief (Petty) Officers up to (First)

Master Chief (Petty) Officers.[citation needed]

There are no warrant officers in between officer ranks and enlisted ranks.

The uniqueness of Philippine military ranks can be seen in the new ranks ofFirst Chief Master

Sergeant(for the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force) andFirst Master Chief Petty Officer(for the

Navy) both created in 2004, and since then has become the highest enlisted rank of precedence.

Formerly Chief Master Sergeant and Master Chief Petty Officer were the highest enlisted ranks and

rates, the former being the highest rank of precedence for Army, Air Force and Marine NCOs. Today

only the rank of First Master Chief Petty Officer is unused yet but the rank of First Chief Master

Sergeant is now being applied.

Five Star General/Admiral[edit]PresidentFerdinand Marcos,who acted also as national defense secretary (from 19651967 and

19711972), issued an order conferring the five-star general/admiral rank to thePresident of the

Philippines,making himself as its first rank holder.[citation needed]Since then, the rank of five-star

general/admiral became an honorary rank of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces whenever

a new president assumes office for a six-year term thus, making the President the most senior

military official.[14]

The only career military officer who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral is PresidentFidel

V. Ramos(USMA 1950) (president from 19921998) who rose from second lieutenant up to

commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[15][not in citation given]

Rank insignia[edit]

The AFP, like the military forces of Singapore and Indonesia, uses unitary rank insignia for enlisted

personnel, in the form of raised chevrons increasing by seniority, save for the Philippine Air Force

which uses inverted chevrons from Airman 2nd Class onward only since recently.[16]In the Philippine

Navy these are supplemented by rating insignia by specialty, similar to the United States Navy. Like

the British and Spanish armed services, however, senior ranked NCOs (especially in the Philippine

Navy) also wear shoulder rank insignia only on the mess, semi-dress and dress uniforms, and in

some cases even collar insignia. Like the US military all NCOs wear sleeve stripes to denote yearsof service in the enlisted ranks. Sleeve insignia for enlisted personnel in the Army and the Navy are

similar but are different from those used in the US while those in the Marine Corps mirror its US

counterpart but with special symbols from Master Sergeants onward.

Officer ranks in the AFP are inspired by revolutionary insignia used by the Philippine Army after the

1898 declaration of independence. These are unitary rank insigina used in the everyday, combat,
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duty and technical uniforms both on shoulders and collars (the latter in the khaki uniforms of the

Navy), but in the semi-dress, dress and mess uniforms are different: The Army, Air Force and

Marine Corps use unitary rank insignia on the shoulder board but the Navy uses the very same rank

insignia format as in the US Navy except for the star (for Ensigns to Captains) in almost all officer

uniforms and all general officer and flag officer shoulder boards in the full dress uniform are in goldcolored backgrounds with the rank insignia and the AFP seal (the star arrangement is the same in

the Army, Air Force and Marines but is different in the Navy). The Navy uses sleeve insignia only on

its dress blue uniforms. Lieutenants and Captains wear 1 to 3 triangles (and Navy Ensigns and

Lieutenants (junior and senior grades) in their working, duty and combat uniforms) while Majors,

Lieutenant Colonels and Colonels wear 1, 2, and 3 suns (both triangles and suns have the

ancientbaybayinletter ka(K) in the center) as well as Navy superior officers (Lieutenant

Commanders, Commanders and Captains) in their working, duty and combat uniforms respectively.

Philippine Defense Reform[edit]

Framework of the Philippine Defense Reform Program

In October 1999, the Joint Defense Assessment (JDA) began as a policy level discussion between

the Philippine Secretary of National Defense and the US Secretary of Defense. An initial JDA report

in 2001 provided an objective evaluation of Philippine defense capability. During a May 2003 state

visit to Washington DC, President Arroyo requested U.S. assistance in conducting a strategic

assessment of the Philippine defense system. This led to a follow-up JDA and formulation of

recommendations addressing deficiencies found in the Philippine defense structure.[17]

The results of the 2003 JDA were devastating. The JDA findings revealed that the AFP was only

partially capable of performing its most critical missions. Moreover, the results pointedoverwhelmingly toward institutional and strategic deficiencies as being the root cause of most of the

shortcomings. A common thread in all: the lack of strategy-based planning that would focus

DND/AFP on addressing priority threats and link capability requirements with the acquisition

process.

Specifically, the 2003 JDA revealed critical deficiencies in the following specific areas:[18]
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Systemic approach to policy planning

Personnel management and leadership

Defense expenditures and budgeting

Acquisition

Supply and maintenance

Quality assurance for existing industrial base

Infrastructure support

During a reciprocal visit to the Philippines in October 2003 by U.S. President Bush, he and President

Arroyo issued a joint statement expressing their commitment to embark upon a multi-year plan to

implement the JDA recommendations. The Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) Program is the result

of that agreement.

The JDA specifically identified 65 key areas and 207 ancillary areas of concern. These were reduced

to ten broad-based and inter-related recommendations that later became the basis for what becameknown as the PDR Priority Programs. The ten are:[19]1. Multi-Year Defense Planning System

(MYDPS) 2. Improve Intelligence, Operations, and Training Capacities 3. Improve Logistics Capacity

4. Professional Development Program 5. Improve Personnel Management System 6. Multi-year

Capabilities Upgrade Program (CUP) 7. Optimization of Defense Budget and Improvement of

Management Controls 8. Centrally Managed Defense Acquisition System Manned by a Professional

Workforce 9. Development of Strategic Communication Capability 10. Information Management

Development Program

From the perspective of the Philippine Department of National Defense (DND), the framework for

reforms is based on an environment of increasing economic prowess and a gradually decreasing

threat level over time, and seeks to make the following improvements:[20]1. Address AFP capability

gaps to enable the AFP to effectively fulfill its mission. 2. Implement capability for seamless

interoperability by developing proficiency in the conduct of joint operations, eliminating crisis

handleing by individual major services as done previously. 3. improve effectiveness of internal

security operations. 4. Enhance capability to counter terrorism and other transnational threats. 5.

Provide sustainment and/or long-term viability of acquired capabilities. 6. Improve cost-effectiveness

of operations. 7. Improve accountability and transparency in the DND. 8. Increase professionalism in

the AFP through reforms in areas such as promotions, assignments, and training. 9. Increase

involvement of AFP in the peace process.
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Steps of the Philippine Defense Reform Program

According to the goals stated in the Philippines Defense Reform Handbook:, "The PDR serves as

the overall framework to re-engineer our systems and re-tool our personnel."[21]The Philippine

Defense Reform follows a three step implementation plan:[22]1. Creating the environment for reform

(20042005); 2. Enabling the defense establishment (20052007); 3. Implementing andinstitutionalizing reform (20072010).

On September 23, 2003, President Arroyo issued Executive Order 240, streamlining procedures for

defense contracts for the expeditious implementation of defense projects and the speedy response

to security threats while promoting transparency, impartiality, and accountability in government

transactions. Executive Order 240, creating the Office of the Undersecretary of Internal Control in

the DND, mandated in part to institutionalize reforms in the procurement and fund disbursement

systems in the AFP and the DND.[23]On November 30, 2005, the Secretary of National Defense

issued Department Order No. 82 (DO 82), creating the PDR Board and formalizing the reform

organizational set-up between the DND and the AFP and defining workflow and decision-makingprocesses.[24]

Funding of the Philippine Defense Reform Program

The PDR is jointly funded by the U.S. and R.P. governments. from 2004 to 2008, funding amounted

to $51.8 million from the U.S. and $514.0 million from the RP.[25]Initial planning assumptioned that

the 18-year span of reform would encompass a period of steady rise in economic growth coupled

with equally steady decline in the military threat from terrorists and separatists. Neither of these
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projections have proven accurate. As of 2010, at the six-year mark of PDR, the Philippine economy

was internally strong, but suffering during a period of recession that crippled Philippine purchasing

power. Worse, the threat situation in the Philippines had not improved significantly, or as in the case

of the Sulu Archipelago, was deteriorating.[26]

During the Arroyo presidency, deliberate Rolodexing of senior leadership within the DND and AFP

constantly put U.S. PDR advocates in a position of re-winning previously won points and positions,

and gave U.S. observers a two steps forward, one step back impression of the program. As of

2010, U.S. observers were uncertain whether Arroyo's successor,Benigno Aquino III,chosen in

Philippine Presidential elections on May 10, 2010, will continue the tradition of rapid turnover of

senior leadership.[27]

U.S. observers have reported that overall progress of the PDR is unmistakable and has clearly

struck a wider swath of the Philippine defense establishment than originally hoped. However, they

see some troubling signs that the depth of the PDRs impact may not be as significant as originally

desired. For example, the Philippine legislature continues to significantly underfund the DND and

AFP, currently at .9 percent of GDP, compared to an average of 2 percent world-wide, and a 4

percent outlay by the U.S. Even with full implementation of all the PDRs programs and

recommendations, the defense establishment would not be able to sustain itself at current funding

levels. While this can be made up by future outlays, as of 2010 observers see no outward sign the

legislature is planning to do so.[27]One U.S. observer likened PDR process to the progress of

aJeepneyon a busy Manila avenueexplaining, "a Jeepney moves at its own pace, stops

unexpectedly, frequently changes passengers, moves inexplicably and abruptly right and left in

traffic, but eventually arrives safely."[28]President Aquino has promised to implement the PDR

program.[29]As of 9 March 2011, a major Philippine news organization tracking performance on his

promises evaluated that one as "To Be Determined."[30]

TheMutual Defense Treatybetween the Philippines and the United States has not been updated

since its signing in 1951. As of 2013, discussions were underway for a formal U.S.-Philippine

Framework Agreement detail how U.S. forces would be able to operate on Philippine military bases

and in Philippine territorial waters to help build Philippine military capacity in maritime security and

maritime domain awareness.[31]In particular, this Framework Agreement would which would

increase rotational presence of American forces in the Philippines.[32]

Longstanding treaties, such as the aforementioned 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty and the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982,[33]are of great importance to the

Philippines in supporting maritime security in particular; respectively, their legally binding nature

provides long-term effectiveness for mutual defense cooperation and for the development of the

Philippine maritime and archipelagic domain.
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Philippine defense operations are supported in part through U.S. Section 1206 ($102.3 million) and

1207 ($16.02 million) funds. These funds are aimed at carrying out security, counterterrorism

training and rule of law programs.[34]Overall, the United States is increasing U.S. funding for military

education and training programs in Southeast Asia. The most recent U.S. Department of Defense

budget for the region includes $90 million for programs, which is a 50 percent increased from fouryears ago.[35]

Handling Threats[edit]

In 2007,The Jamestown Foundation,aWashington, D.C.-basedthink tank,reported that the AFP is

one of the weakest military forces in Southeast Asia, saying that as the country's primary security

threats are land-basedseparatist, communist insurgent and terrorist groupsthe army has

received priority funding, and that the operational effectiveness of the Philippine Navy (PN)

andPhilippine Coast Guard(PCG) has suffered accordingly, leaving the country's sea lanes largely

unprotected.[36]In 2008,The Irrawaddyreported a statement byGeneralAlexander B. Yano,

thenChief of Staffof the AFP, that the Philippine military cannot fully defend the country from

external threats due to a lack of weapons and a preoccupation with crushing the long-running

communist and Muslim insurgencies. Yano went on to say that a more ambitious modernization of

the ill-equipped navy and air force to better guard the country from external threats will have to wait,

saying, "To be very frank with you, our capability as far as these aspects are concerned is a little

deficient," and "We cannot really defend all these areas because of a lack of equipment."

Corruption within the higher ranks are believed to be one of the main reasons why modernization of

the armed forces has remained stagnant for decades.[37]

As reported byThe Philippine Starin anop-edpiece, theCommission on Auditsaid in its 2010 audit

report for thePhilippine Air Force(PAF) that with only 31 aging airplanes and 54 helicopters, the PAF

"virtually has a non-existent air deterrent capability" and is "ill equipped to be operationally

responsive to national security and development."[38]

Since 1951, aMutual Defense Treatyhas been in effect between the Republic of the Philippines and

the United States.[37][39]

The country is highly prone to transnational crimes and territorial disputes, environmental

degradation, and disasters and crises, and there is a lack of cooperation to resolve these issues.

Transnational crimes include international terrorism, drug trafficking, piracy, small arms trafficking,

and human trafficking. Environmental degradation consists of hazardous waste and chemical spills

and marine resource exploitation and pollution. Major disasters and crises include typhoons and

floods.

The Philippines faces major technical and geospatial challenges in handling threats to maritime

surveillance operations and external defense. Having the eighth longest coastline (33,000 km) in the
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