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Enerji Verimliliği Derneği ve Gençlik Katılımı ve Kültürlerarası Diyalog Derneği tarafından AB Gençlik Programları Eylem 5.1 Projesi “Renewable Europe / Energy Efficiency & Green Economy Summit – Yenilenebilir Avrupa Zirvesi” Projesi kapsamında hazırlanmıştır. Bu proje T.C. Başbakanlık DPT AB Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı (http://www.ua.gov.tr) Gençlik Programı kapsamında ve Avrupa Komisyonu'ndan sağlanan hibeyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak burada yer alan görüşlerden AB Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı veya Avrupa Komisyonu sorumlu tutulamaz."

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INDEX

Preface ......................................................................................................................................................5

Energy Efficiency Association ...................................................................................................................6

Youth Participation and Intercultural Dialogue Association ....................................................................7

Project Team ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Youth in Action Programme and Action 5.1 ......................................................................................... 11

Summit Schedule ................................................................................................................................... 20

Renewable Europe Summit ................................................................................................................... 22

Participatory Countries and Organizations ........................................................................................... 26

Opening Speeches ................................................................................................................................. 34

Presentations ........................................................................................................................................ 41

Seminar Sessions .................................................................................................................................. 93

Country Presentations ........................................................................................................................ 122

Declaration .......................................................................................................................................... 236

Activities Pictures ................................................................................................................................ 238

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PREFACE The young is the future, energy is the future, too. The common ground of those two important facts is, as for, today. Today, the young should be provided the opportunity that they could express their ideas freely, they should perform the original ideas they express and we should give them important roles in the plans about the future.

Energy is the source of life and the future of the people. The lack of such an important source, the poverty of which is experienced even today, and the manner of procurement that source should be determined today.

It is very a significant gain in the name of human kindness that the people who will live tomorrow are doing something about an important problem of future. I can say that it is pleasure for us to present such a considerable issue with such a qualified team and to declare the expressions of the young internationally by that report.

Our thirty-five guests from nine European countries and twenty-five young from our country had been talking about “energy” for one week. The president of KOSGEB Mustafa KAPLAN, The Turkey Director of BM UNIDO Süleyman YILMAZ and many more privileged guests shared their experiences, their works at national and international stages and the works which should be performed in future within the frame of sessions and presentations.

In June 2011, we hosted young people from European. Within the frame of “International Green Economy Symposium and Expo”, which will be held in September 2012, together with our European guests, we will host young from all over the world, nearly from hundred countries. We will talk about “Green Economy” and the participation of young in that process. We will announce our common mind, the contribution that we can give that process and our desires to the world.

That report and the declaration which was eventually published are also important because of their being a new beginning. At the end of that event, the view of young from European about the world issues, the culture of collaboration, the common mind which they present for the solution, the practice and presentation of the roles in the practice gave us hope and encouraged us about our next event, about its productivity, its getting more participants and about its having more idea and more solution.

We decided with the ones who will live the future: We are in Turkey on May 2012. A more crowded youth group from all over the world will be with us, too.

If you care to join us, we will be waiting for you.

Erkan GÜRKAN The President of Enver Association The President of TEVEM Execution Committee

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Energy Efficiency Association (ENVER)

ENVER Association was formed as a non-governmental

organization. It’s primary purpose is to create awareness to be able

to use the energy efficiently and productive, besides, to be

researched scientifically and technically and to increase the

awareness by sharing the results with public enterprises and

citizens.

Turkey Energy Efficiency Assembly was founded with the aims of

contributing to constitute the policies about energy and energy

efficiency, creating awareness about using the energy efficiently

and co-operating with this target to realize.

A joint declaration was published, by TEVEM with the participants, which are charter members

ENVERDER, TOBB ,TİM, MÜSİAD, TÜSİAD, TUSKON, ASKON, URAK, TSE, TÜGİK, YBTB, EGD and

DEKTMK in 26.03.2009. The target was determined as ‘’ Billions of Dollars Savings Every Year’’ and

the slogan is ‘’ Turkey! Use Your Energy Efficiently and Save Your Billions of Dollar Per Year’’.

For the present, many activities have been arranged with the participation of civil society, public

authorities, academia, business world and youth and contributed to the studies of energy efficiency

as national.

As ENVERDER and TEVEM, we would like to organize an activity which is about Green Economy at the

date of September 2012 in Istanbul within the frame of schema concept founded in the appendix. By

doing this, we aim to enrich our national reservoir with international ones.

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Youth Participation and Intercultural Dialogue Association

YPIDA, was founded in Ankara, Turkey in 2008. The goals of our

association are:

• To develop the creativity of young people,

• To recognize problems releted with them,

• To find solutions for their problems,

• To provide support to them,

• To support them to join the decision of self-development in accordance with their interests,

• To conduct projects with other youth organizations and young people at national and international level related with world peace, global warming, environment, youth employment, community development and violence prevention,

• To create new project ideas, in order to develop intercultural dialogue, tolerance and conduct international projects and Youth Exchanges Programmes.

Furthermore, Youth Participation Association participates to the projects of Turkish National Agency and

other public agencies.

Our Mission

• Coaching young people to reach their goals.

• Training young people to produce new ideas and to share them.

• Helping young people to learn about another cultures.

• Helping to Increase their organizational awareness.

• Focusing on the problems of young people and supporting their relationship with civil society

• Performing studies directed to improve the youth employment in all areas.

Our Vision

• Supporting youth policies, preparing and supporting projects in related field. representing youth policies in several platforms.

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Performed Projects

• YOUTH & EMPLOYMENT; DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Action 1.1 Youth Exchanges

TR-11-210-2009-R2

02 – 09 August 2011

Ankara / TURKEY

Austria, Estonia, Finland, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey

32 youngsters

We had planned activities for those young people, whom were divided into five groups, each

group comprised one person for each country. They recorded five different short films about

“Youth and Employment”.

• WHAT IS YOUR OBSTACLE in TAKING PHOTO?

Action 1.1 Youth Exchanges

TR-11-143-2010-R1

01 – 16 July 2010 / İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara / TURKEY

Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey

32 youngsters

According to activities, we visited three cities with the participants. They tooked photographs

related with disabled people. We display our pictures and video in a exhibition which was held in

Ankara.

• RENEWABLE EUROPE / Energy Efficiency and Green Economy Summit

Action 5.1 Meetings of young people and those responsible for youth policy

TR – 51 – 14 -2011 – R1

27 June – 02 July 2011, Antalya / TURKEY

Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Portugal, Romania, Israel, England, Germany, Poland

50 youngsters

The subjects of depleted resources, renewable energy sources and green economy were discussed

in the seminar and workshops which were organized within the scope of project. With the project,

e-learning system was put into service to inform youth and youth workers, our European partners

made their presentations about good practice examples of energy efficiency and youth presented

to European Commission by signing a decleration which is about energy efficiency.

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Upcoming Project

• ADVANCED JOURNALISM and MEDIA TRAINING / MACBET

Action 3.1 Training and Networking

TR-31-112-2011-R4

09 – 15 January 2012

Ankara / TURKEY

Albania, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Egytp, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Kosovo, Macedonia, Palestine, Poland,

Romania, Slovenia, Spain

42 younsters

MACBET targets to take the first steps to make a network between 42 young journalists, media

workers and volunteers who come from 15 different NGOs and countries which are Middleat East,

Africa, Caucasus, Balkans, Europe ve Turkey. Because, the media has a key role on the intercultural

dialog and societies. We, who understand the importance of it, want to play host to coalesce the

different cultures and to bring together the east and west synthesis by setting up a network with

young journalists who have different geography, culture and life style.

Activities

• Speaking House

Speaking House from YPIDA is an interactive learning community based on the idea that active

language proficiency can be attained best by a familiar and authentic learning environment. We

develop sessions for youngsters where they can easly learn English, Spanish and German.

• Children Afternoon

YPIDA volunteers develop every two weeks a children activities that help them to get involve with

the responsabilities of active volunteerism, and gives the children participants an space to share

and learn all together.

• Social Activities

YPIDA organization creates one social activity per month.We bring people with social desabilities

and handycaps to our association center,where we develop games and trainings based in a non

formal education.

• We are organising conferences and meetings in universities such as Hacettepe, Atılım, Gazi,

Eskişehir Osmangazi and Maltepe on Youth Proogramme, EVS, project implementation and Project

Cycle Management (PCM).

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PROJECT TEAM

Mustafa Yalçın – Project Legal Representative

Onur Oğuz Dellal – Project Director

Tuğba Çanşalı – Project Coordinator

Kaan Güzelsu – Project Contact Person

Beren Erdemir – Communication Coordinator

Laura Mar Rosello Paz – Media Coordinator

Enver Umut Ülker – Project Assistant

İslam Güre – Summit Programme Speaker

İrem Ersoy – Country Mentor

Şeyma Piştav – Country Mentor

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YOUTH IN ACTION PROGRAMME

Action 5.1 meetings of young people and those

responsible for youth policy

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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT YOUTH IN ACTION PROGRAMME By Decision N° 1719/2006/EC of 15 November 2006, the European Parliament and the Council adopted the Youth in Action Programme for the period 2007 to 2013 which put into place the legal framework to support nonformal learning activities for young people. The Youth in Action Programme aims to respond at European level to the needs of young people from adolescence to adulthood. It makes an important contribution to the acquisition of competences through nonformal learning as well as to the promotion of young people's active participation in society. It supports the new youth policy framework for European Cooperation in the youth field adopted in 2009, which outlines a cross-sectoral approach to youth issues with a view not only to creating more and equal opportunities for all young people in education and in the labour market ("employability dimension") but also to promoting the active engagement, social inclusion and solidarity of all young people ("participation dimension"). It also contributes to supporting the 'Youth on the Move flagship initiative of the EU 2020 Strategy4 which puts young people at the centre of the EU's agenda to create an economy based on knowledge, innovation, high levels of education and skills, adaptability and creativity, inclusive labour markets and active involvement in society. Finally, Youth in Action also fits into the context of the new EU competences conferred by the Lisbon Treaty (article 165 (2)), which calls the European Union to encourage the participation of young people in democratic life in Europe. The Youth in Action Programme builds on the experience of the previous Youth for Europe Programme (l989-1999), the European Voluntary Service (1996-1999) and the YOUTH Programme (2000-2006). It has been adopted after wide consultation with the different stakeholders in the youth field. An interim evaluation of the YOUTH Programme was carried out in 2003, receiving input from a wide variety of specialists, stakeholders and individuals involved in the Programme. An ex ante evaluation was also used in putting together the Youth in Action Programme. The implementation of the present Programme Guide (and of the additional specific calls for proposals) of the Youth in Action Programme is subject to the following conditions:

• adoption by the Commission of the annual work plan for the implementation of the Youth in Action Programme, after its referral to the Programme Committee

• adoption by the European Parliament and the Council of the necessary appropriations for Youth in Action within the framework of the annual budget of the European Union.

• The participation of Croatia and Switzerland as Youth in Action Programme Countries as of 1 January 2011 is subject to the completion of all necessary formal steps that are pre-requisite for their participation.

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1. What are the objectives, the priorities and the important features of the Youth in Action Programme? Objectives The general objectives stated in the legal basis of the Youth in Action Programme are to:

• promote young people’s active citizenship in general and their European citizenship in particular

• develop solidarity and promote tolerance among young people, in particular in order to foster social cohesion in the European Union

• foster mutual understanding between young people in different countries • contribute to developing the quality of support systems for youth activities and the

capabilities of civil society organisations in the youth field • promote European cooperation in the youth field.

Priorities These general objectives shall be implemented at project level, taking into consideration permanent priorities and annual priorities. Permanent priorities European citizenship Making young people aware that they are European citizens is a priority of the Youth in Action Programme. The objective is to encourage young people to reflect on European topics and to involve them in the discussion on the construction and the future of the European Union. On this basis, projects should have a strong 'European dimension' and stimulate reflection on the emerging European society and its values. European dimension is a broad conceptual term. To reflect this, a Youth in Action project should offer young people the opportunity to identify common values with other young people from different countries in spite of their cultural differences. Projects should also stimulate young people to reflect on the essential characteristics of European society and, above all, encourage them to play an active role in their communities. To feel European, young people must become aware of the fact that they play a role in the construction of the current and future Europe. Therefore, a project with a European dimension should not only 'discover' Europe, but also - and most importantly - aim to build it.

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Participation of young people A main priority of the Youth in Action Programme is the active participation of young people in their daily life. The overall aim is to encourage young people to be active citizens. Participation takes the following dimensions, as laid down in the Council Resolution on the common objectives for participation by and information for young people:

• to increase the participation by young people in the civic life of their community • to increase participation by young people in the system of representative democracy • to provide greater support for various forms of learning to participate.

Projects funded under the Youth in Action Programme should reflect these three dimensions by using participatory approaches as a pedagogical principle for project implementation. The following points highlight key principles of participatory approaches in Youth in Action projects:

• offering space for inter-action of participants, avoid passive listening • respect for individual knowledge and skills • ensuring influence over project decisions, not simply involvement • participation is a learning process as much as an outcome • an approach and attitude rather than a specific set of technical skills.

Participatory approaches emphasise behavioural principles. These include:

• reversing the traditional roles of outside ‘experts’ (a reversal of learning - from extracting to empowering)

• facilitating young people to undertake their own analysis (handing over the stick) • self-critical awareness by facilitators • the sharing of ideas and information.

Participatory techniques are not just tools. The participatory approach is also a state of mind, an attitude. In a broad sense, this priority should be seen as a key method which will enable young people to take an active part in any Youth in Action project at all stages of its development. In other words, young people should be consulted and be part of the decision making process that may affect their projects. Moreover, the Youth in Action Programme encourages young people to get involved in projects that have a positive impact for the community in general. Cultural diversity The respect for cultural diversity together with the fight against racism and xenophobia are priorities of the Youth in Action Programme. By facilitating joint activities of young people from different cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds, the Programme aims to develop the intercultural learning of young people. As far as the development and implementation of projects are concerned, this means that young people participating in a project should become aware of its intercultural dimension. The project should stimulate awareness and reflection on the differences in values. Young people should be supported to respectfully and sensitively challenge viewpoints that perpetuate inequality or discrimination. Furthermore, intercultural working methods should be used to enable project participants to participate on an equal basis. Inclusion of young people with fewer opportunities An important priority for the European Union is to give access to all young people, including young people with fewer opportunities, to the Youth in Action Programme.

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Young people with fewer opportunities are young people that are at a disadvantage compared to their pers because they face one or more of the situations and obstacles mentioned in the non-exhaustive list below. In certain contexts, these situations or obstacles prevent young people from having effective access to formal and non-formal education, trans-national mobility and participation, active citizenship, empowerment and inclusion in society at large.

• Social obstacles: young people facing discrimination because of gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, etc.; young people with limited social skills or anti-social or risky sexual behaviours; young people in a precarious situation; (ex-)offenders, (ex-)drug or alcohol abusers; young and/or single parents; orphans; young people from broken families.

• Economic obstacles: young people with a low standard of living, low income, dependence on social welfare system; in long-term unemployment or poverty; young people who are homeless, young people in debt or with financial problems.

• Disability: young people with mental (intellectual, cognitive, learning), physical, sensory or other disabilities.

• Educational difficulties: young people with learning difficulties; early school-leavers and school dropouts; lower qualified persons; young people with poor school performance.

• Cultural differences: young immigrants or refugees or descendants from immigrant or refugee families; young people belonging to a national or ethnic minority; young people with linguistic adaptation and cultural inclusion problems.

• Health problems: young people with chronic health problems, severe illnesses or psychiatric conditions; young people with mental health problems.

• Geographical obstacles: young people from remote or rural areas; young people living on small islands or peripheral regions; young people from urban problem zones; young people from less serviced areas (limited public transport, poor facilities, abandoned villages).

Youth groups and organisations should take appropriate measures to avoid exclusion of specific target groups. However, it is possible that young people confronted by one specific situation or obstacle face a disadvantage compared to their peers in one country or region, but not in another one. The Youth in Action Programme is a Programme for all, and efforts should be made to include young people with special needs. Beyond accessibility to all, the Youth in Action Programme also aims at being a tool to enhance the social inclusion, active citizenship and employability of young people with fewer opportunities and to contribute to social cohesion at large. An Inclusion Strategy has been designed for the Youth in Action Programme, as the common framework to support the efforts and Actions which the Commission, Member States, National and Executive Agencies and other organisations undertake to make inclusion a priority in their work. Annual priorities In addition to the above-mentioned permanent priorities, annual priorities may be fixed for the Youth in Action Programme and communicated on the Commission, Executive Agency and National Agencies' websites.

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For 2011, the annual priorities are the following: • European Year of Volunteering

This priority is intended to encourage projects aimed at raising awareness of the value and importance of volunteering as a form of active engagement and as a tool to develop or improve competences for personal, social and professional development.

• Youth unemployment This priority is intended to encourage projects promoting the access of unemployed young people to the Youth in Action Programme. Priority will also be assigned to projects tackling the issues of youth unemployment and/or aimed at stimulating unemployed young people's mobility and active participation in society.

• Inclusive growth This priority is intended to encourage projects addressing the issue of poverty and marginalisation and encouraging young people's awareness and commitment to tackling these issues for a more inclusive society. In this context, special emphasis shall be placed in particular on the inclusion of young migrants, disabled young people, and where relevant Roma youth.

• Global environmental challenges and climate change This priority is intended to encourage projects aimed at raising young people's awareness and mobilization around global environmental challenges and climate change as means to encourage the development of "green" skills and behaviors among young people and youth workers and their commitment to a more sustainable growth.

• Creativity and entrepreneurship This priority is intended to encourage projects - especially youth initiatives - aimed at stimulating young people's spirit of initiative, their ability to think imaginatively and originally, their readiness to take risk and their ingenuity in order to achieve economic, political, social or environmental goals.

• EU-China Year of Youth (only for Action 2 and sub-Action 3.2) Additionally, within the Actions open to cooperation with other Partner Countries of the World, special attention will be devoted to projects aimed at encouraging dialogue, cooperation and exchanges in the field of youth between the European Union and China as a means to contribute to the EU-China Year of Youth 2011. Important features of the Youth in Action Programme The following features of the Programme deserve special attention. Some of them are presented in more detail on the Commission website. Non-formal learning The Youth in Action Programme provides important opportunities for young people to acquire competences. Therefore it is a key instrument for non-formal and informal learning in a European dimension.

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Non-formal learning refers to the learning which takes place outside formal educational curriculum. Non-formal learning activities involve people on a voluntary basis and are carefully planned, to foster the participants' personal, social and professional development. Informal learning refers to the learning in daily life activities, in work, family, leisure, etc. It is mainly learning by doing. In the youth sector, informal learning takes place in youth and leisure initiatives, in peer group and voluntary activities etc. Non-formal and informal learning enables young people to acquire essential competences and contributes to their personal development, social inclusion and active citizenship, thereby improving their employment prospects. Learning activities within the youth field provide significant added value for young people as well as for the economy and society at large such as capacity-building of organisations, benefits for communities, systems and institutions. Non-formal and informal learning activities within the Youth in Action Programme are complementary to the formal education and training system. They have a participative and learner-centred approach, are carried out on a voluntary basis and are therefore closely linked to young people's needs, aspirations and interests. By providing an additional source of learning and a route into formal education and training, such activities are particularly relevant to young people with fewer opportunities. A high-quality non-formal learning dimension is a key-aspect of all projects supported by the Youth in Action Programme. This is notably reflected in the award criteria of the different Actions and sub-Actions, the supportive approach of the Commission, Executive Agency and National Agencies towards the target groups of the Programme, the definition of rights and responsibilities in European Voluntary Service, and, finally, the emphasis put on recognition of the non-formal learning experience. Projects funded by the Youth in Action Programme have to adhere to the non-formal learning principles. These are:

• learning in non-formal contexts is intended and voluntary • education takes place in a diverse range of environments and situations for which training

and learning are not necessarily the sole or main activity • the activities may be staffed by professional learning facilitators (such as youth

trainers/workers) or volunteers (such as youth leaders or youth trainers) • the activities are planned but are seldom structured by conventional rhythms or curriculum

subjects • the activities usually address specific target groups and document learning in a specific, field

oriented way.

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ACTION 5.1 – MEETINGS OF YOUNG PEOPLE AND THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTH POLICY Objectives This sub-Action supports cooperation, seminars and Structured Dialogue between young people, those active in youth work and youth organisations and those responsible for youth policy. The structured dialogue can take form of seminars, conferences and other events organised at local, regional, national or international level in order to establish a platform for debates between all the interested parties and enable them to formulate postulates and translate them into concrete actions. What is a Meeting of young people and those responsible for youth policy? A project has three phases:

• planning and preparation • implementation of the Activity • evaluation (including reflection on a possible follow-up).

Non-formal learning principles and practice are reflected throughout the project. A project under Action 5.1 is developed with a view to implementing one or more of the following Activities:

• National Youth Meeting: taking place at local, regional, and national level in the Programme Countries with a view to a) offering space for debate, consultation, active participation and information on issues which are relevant to Structured Dialogue or European Union policies and topics, or b) preparing the ground of the official youth conference to be organised by the Member State holding the turn of Presidency of the European Union, or c) organising activities linked to the European Youth Week, or d) enhancing crosssectoral dialogue and cooperation between formal and non-formal education areas. A National Youth Meeting may also consist of a series or combination of the above activities

• Trans-national Youth Seminar: gatherings of young people and policy-makers aimed at discussing, exchanging ideas and best practice, and/or adopting recommendations around topics centred on the priorities and objectives of the Structured Dialogue and the renewed political framework in the youth field12. National Youth Meetings or Trans-national Youth Seminars can be preceded by activities of consultation of young people on the topics dealt with during the meeting (e.g. online consultations and questionnaires, group surveys, etc.).

What a Meeting of young people and those responsible for youth policy is not? The following activities in particular are NOT eligible for grants under sub-Action 5.1:

• academic study trips • exchange activities which aim to make financial profit • exchange activities which can be classed as tourism • festivals • holiday travel • language courses • performance tours • school class exchanges • sports competitions • statutory meetings of organisations • political gatherings • work camps

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Youthpass Every person who has taken part in a Youth in Action project under Action 1.1, Action 1.2, Action 3.1 (Youth Exchanges and Training Courses), Action 2, and Action 4.3 (Training Courses) is entitled to receive a Youthpass Certificate, which describes and validates the non-formal and informal learning experience and outcomes acquired during the project. Issuing a Youthpass Certificate supports learning processes within the Youth in Action projects and enhances the quality of the projects. More support can be found in the Youthpass Guide and other educational publications, available at www.youthpass.eu. All Youthpass Certificates have a common structure, a coherent layout, and contain the following information:

• personal details about the participant • general description of the relevant Action of the Programme • key information concerning the project and the activities realised by the participant • description and assessment of the participant's learning outcome during the project.

Through Youthpass, the European Commission ensures that participation in the Programme is recognised as an educational experience and a period of non-formal learning and informal learning. This document can be of great benefit for the personal, future educational or professional pathway of the participant. Each beneficiary of a Youth in Action grant under the Actions concerned is responsible for:

• informing all participants involved in the project that they are entitled to receive a Youthpass Certificate

• issuing such Certificates to all participants who request one. These obligations are specified in the model of grant agreement between the beneficiary and the relevant National or Executive Agency. The technical solution for beneficiaries to issue Youthpass Certificates is available at www.youthpass.eu.

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WHY RENEWABLE EUROPE SUMMIT?

It is predicted that by the year 2030, 70% of world population will be living in cities. People want to

urbanize and make use of favors in cities as much as they can. All over the world there is a migration

from small cities to big cities and mega cities. Some people think that it’s a stage of modernizing.

Since men learned how to roll the arms of a machine by vapor’s power, many bended metals,

merged plastics, cooked soil surrounded us. Coal, petrol and rivers have served for modernization.

Then radioactive elements, gases extracted from thousands meter depth, winds, boiling water and

temperature of the sun have been mobilized for people to take advantage of modern life.

Energy is everything. Energy is the soul of the matter.

For modern people energy is the item which makes life more comfortable for them, the way to go

thousands kilometers away, to understand news from all over the world, and in a sense is a way to

exist.

Unfortunately energy sources are not infinite. Parallel with the increasing world population, the need

for energy is also increasing. Besides rising energy usage, industrialization and urbanization creates

big environmental problems. All over the world, the countries are competing with each other to find

new ways to generate and use energy. Leading countries in this contest will dominate world

economics. It is proved that focusing on only fossil fuel is no longer enough and sustainable.

The most expensive energy is the wasted energy. Energy Efficiency applications in Europe and Japan

which has been carried out since 70s provided great superiority to these countries in terms of energy

expenses and creating sellable technologies. Calculations show that Turkey has the potential pf

energy saving 30% in buildings, 20% in industry and 10% in transportation. If we had saved 10% on

average for the last ten years, we would have saved 25 billion USD in our case now. Efficiency

investments would have composed a 25 billion USD turnover. We would have released 50 million

tones lesser CO2 to the atmosphere. We must start working immediately, dynamize our economy by

planned and true approaches. This is a big evolution. It is also a cultural evolution.

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Green Economy

Today many economists see the climate change as an awesome opportunity which is composed of a

series of problems. Expensive energy, security of supply, global warming was perceived as a threat

mainly in USA and many other countries which made them find out new technologies and adopt

efficiency driven insights. It was only USA which budgeted 5,4 billion USD in 2009 for a research

about this paradigm which could be defined as low-carbon or green economy. USA Competition

Council declared that by the year 2018 more than 2 millions employment could be available for the

green-career. A researched performed by EU found out that Energy effectiveness could create 1

million new job opportunities.

Green Economy is apparently a new economical wave beyond providence. Our country has to

potential to catch up with this wave thanks to its dynamic domestic market and young population.

But if we don’t have the strategies and effort that the wave requires we will miss the climate age as

well. We can start from seeing green energy as a big chance for our economy not a threat.

Energy Efficiency

As dependence on petrol and natural gasses, and increasing prices threaten developed countries,

they also threaten the macro economy balance in our country. The 10% increase in the petrol prices

pull down global GNP by 0, 5%. According to many western experts, resources are transferred from

democratic countries to undemocratic countries in the means of energy. On the other hand,

modernity tools such as electronic goods and automobiles increasing in developing countries are put

forward as a problem by rich countries. However, the USA which makes up about 5% of the world

population consumes 25% of the energy. Currently, developed countries lead in terms of countries

emitting greenhouse gasses. The EU Energy Strategy is based on sustainability, economical growth

and energy security. “Energy efficiency also being one of the effective precautions of supply security”

has been declared by the International Energy Agency, and in 2007, IEA has suggested the 12

precautions to be applied on a global level. Moreover, energy efficiency is accepted worldwide as an

important tool in meeting the climate change aims. EU member (15) countries who had been

applying energy efficiency projects since the 70’s have declared that they will make a net 9% energy

saving between 2008 and 2016. Our country is a contestant who has entered the energy efficiency

race rather late. There is not only savings in this contest but also new employment opportunities.

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What have we done in this Project?

We wanted our European partners to contribute to “ Turkey Energy Efficiency Report” and

after the seminar we aimed to present it to EU Commission,

We intended to raise the society’s energy awareness and efficiency consciousness,

We ment to inform young people and public opinion about environment, wasted sources and

non-planned industrialization,

We planned to develop coordination between NGOs in Europe,

We wanted to notify young people about EU environment programs,

We aimed to share best examples of energy efficiency from Europe,

We planned to lay the foundations of a long term network with the partners from

participating countries,

We wanted young people to be informed with energy efficiency, sustainable sources and

green energy,

We ment to develop coordination among governmental and non-governmental organizations

which are supposed to take roles in the energy efficiency project,

We wanted to produce solutions to sustainable energy and environment problems as

European NGOs,

We aimed to present studies regarding energy efficiency and other studies performed by

private sector, governmental and nongovernmental organizations,

We aimed to create multi-player projects to apply in partner countries in future.

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PARTICIPATORY COUNTRIES

AND

ORGANIZATIONS

ENGLAND – Look East Wild Earth

Look East Wild Earth is a UK-based registered not-for-profit

charitable company. We forge links between environmental

initiatives in the UK and in Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Our Activities

Support for environmental organisations in Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia

International volunteering, youth exchanges, study visits and seminars

Talks, events, campaigns and information promoting issues of global sustainable development

How we are run?

Look East Wild Earth is run by voluntary co-ordinators who facilitate projects & campaigns, and make

decisions in a cooperative manner. The decision-making body is our board of Trustees who meet 3-4

times per year. Full members are entitled to vote at AGMs and are invited to contribute to Trustees

meetings.

Our formal aims and objectives:

To educate the public in the preservation and conservation of the natural environment and its

sustainable development.

The promotion for the benefit of the public of conservation, protection and improvement of the

natural environment, in particular but not exclusively, by the provision of, or assisting in the

provision of sustainable development programmes involving young people and local communities in

the United Kingdom, Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

www.lookeast.org.uk

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GERMANY – G 20Y SUMMIT

The G-20Y Vision

The G-20Y Generation of young and successful business leaders

cares about the prosperity of their immediate business environment as well as the development of

their communities and countries. The G-20Y Vision is based on greater international cooperation,

innovative ideas and mid- and long-term global economic prosperity.

• Achieving greater international cooperation

The recent world financial and economic crisis has revealed the need for greater international

cooperation. Global challenges call for global responses. The effectiveness of these responses does

not depend solely on the decisions made by the G-20 Heads of State, but also on international

cooperation between powerful regions, businesses and communities. The G-20Y Generation has a

key role to play in this respect. International cooperation is a second-nature for the G-20Y

Generation, which grew up in a globalized world. Business leaders of the G-20Y Generation are

instinctively convinced that the success of their businesses, and the solving of global challenges, can

be achieved only through deeper international cooperation.

The G-20Y Generation is also the first generation for which the participation of 20 countries in

international decision making is normal, rather than a novel post-Cold War achievement. In a fast-

changing world where the interests of all countries are intricately interconnected and inter-

dependent, young business leaders are convinced that they share a common fate and therefore

believe that the G-20 forum is the appropriate platform for effective international decision making.

• Sharing our innovative ideas

More than ever in a time of economic tension, innovative thinking is necessary. The contribution of

the G-20Y Generation is crucial in this respect. The world faces many pressing challenges, such as:

imperiled water and food supplies, environmental change and financial instability. At the same time,

there are many opportunities for entrepreneurial growth and success. G-20Y Generation business

leaders have been successful so far thanks to their innovative thinking. Their future successes rely on

further innovation, and innovation can help to solve the challenges that the world is facing. As the

first new-technology generation, whose thinking is naturally innovative, the G-20Y Generation is a

valuable source of new ideas.

www.g20ys.org

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ISRAEL – Bat-Yam Biennale of Landscape Urbanism

The Challenge - quality of urban life

The 20th century left a legacy of sprawling, densely populated cities in

which most of the world’s population resides. The 21st century calls us to

further expand and crowd our cities in the interests of protecting nature and the environment.

However, how is the quality of life achieved for city residents? What can a city offer them? Can a

vibrant urban lifestyle co-exist with a sense of nature in the metropolis?

“Bat-Yam - Urban Action”

The international biennale of landscape urbanism will address these and other questions related to

city life in the 21st century.

Urban Action – urban change as a holistic act

The biennale title: “Urban Action” expresses the concept that change in the urban experience is

achieved via cooperation between a city’s communities and institutions and the outside factors that

influence it. Landscape urbanism represents and enables this mutual relationship.

The international biennale of landscape urbanism

The primary objective of the international biennale of landscape urbanism is to initiate extensive

public debate regarding urban activities that influence the quality of life in the city. The biennale will

deal with the urban experience and activities that have the power to transform the city into a higher

quality, optimistic and vital place. The exhibition, to be held every two years throughout Bat-Yam,

will offer exciting solutions to issues related to the urban landscape. Innovative urban approaches

based on sustainable urban culture and collaboration between planners, artists, residents and

municipal representatives will be presented.

www.biennale-batyam.org

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ITALY – Cooperative sociale Co-Mete

Co-Mete is a social cooperative that deals with employment

of disadvantaged and young people, it is formed by three

members and 10 consuntants / employees. It provides

consulting to public bodies and cooperatives, to voluntary

associations, to companies dealing with personal services,

health, employment. Co-Mete manages technical support services for companies working in the field

of youth and to the generality of disadvantaged people. The most interesting activities in the area of

young people's involvement are:

• The development and the management of the project '' BULLS '', financed by the National

PON ( Action Provinces for Young people). The project has developed a series of actions that

led young people (15-19 years) in the provinces of Cagliari and Middle Campidano to

participate to the definition of policies and interventions for preventing and combating

bullying (video, radio spots, campaign all designed by boys), fostering young people

empowerment and active participation;

• The technical assistance in the establishment of a youth council among the Town Hall of

Villanovaforru (VS), and to the Town Hall of Sinnai, in developing and managing the Youth

Exchange '' The world I would like to live in '' funded by the Italian NA;

Ten years experience in the field of training for youth workers with non formal

methodologies;

• Currently Co-Mete supports several groups of young people in the city of Cagliari in

improving their empowerment and self-employment.

www.co-mete.org

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ITALY – Legambiente Padova

At local level Legambiente Padova manages a group of information

desks on renewable energies and energy savings, promotes Solar

Purchasing Groups among families, promotes agreement for easy

loans to fanmilies in the field of solar energy and energy efficiency,

organizes fairs and conferences on these issues, lobbies institutions.

At regional level we lobby the regional government for stricter regulations on these issues and

conferences efficient building codes.

At national level we coordinate the network of Solar Purchasing Groups.

At international level we represent legambiente at different meetings and institutional seminars, as

well in energy-related campaigns held by NGOs.

www.legambientepadova.it

PORTUGAL - ASSOCIACAO 5 ELEMENTO

Associação 5 Elemento is a non-profit environmental NGO

based in Lisbon, Portugal. It was founded in December 2008 as

part of a spin-off and segmentation of another organization and

with the will of its founders in keeping an environment

promotion project, free from corporate lobbies and interesting to people. The mission is set as

promoting environment and sustainable development through active participation of human being in

a harmonious relationship. Their values are participative democracy, lifelong education,

multidisciplinary, partnership and networking, solidarity, responsibility, transparency, and IT as a

fundamental tool.

www.5elemento.org

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POLAND - Europejskie Forum Studentow AEGEE Wroclaw

AEGEE is one of the biggest interdisciplinary student associations in

Europe; it is represented by 13.000 students, active in 200 academic

cities, in 40 countries all around Europe, which presents amazing

culture variety. AEGEE is a secular, non-profit organization, not linked

to any political party. All projects and activities are based on voluntarily work of its members.

Aims:

• to promote a unified Europe without prejudices

• to strive for creating an open and tolerant society of today and tomorrow

• to foster democracy, human rights, tolerance, cross-boarder co-operation, mobility and

European dimension in education

The members of the association constantly shapings its face. AEGEE is about the students, about

the young people that are striving to be active and open minded citizens. With the help of AEGEE

students can easily gain an incomparable intercultural experience.

European Students' Forum AEGEE Wroclaw is a non-governmental student association bassed in

Wroclaw, and actively organising projects in Wroclaw, lower Silesia, Poland and Europe. The

organisation was established in 1991 as one of the first NGOs of this type in Central and Eastern

Europe. Currently AEGEE Wroclaw has around 50 members from different universities and different

faculties in the region, such as University of Economics in Wroclaw, Wroclaw University of

Technology or University of Wroclaw. As an interdisciplinary organisation we organise projects

touching various thematics and we are open for young people from different backgrounds and with

different interests. AEGEE Wroclaw is officially registered in the three above-mentioned universities

and we have many years experience of cooperating with them. We have had experience in organising

YOUTH projects since the year 2004. We organised youth exchanges, seminar and job shodowing

visit.

www.aegee.pl

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ROMANIA - ASSOCIATION OF TOURISM and ECOLOGY

‘’CALTUN’’ –UNESCO CLUB

The ATE, ''Caltun'' was found in 1998 and represents a non

govermental organization involved in cultural and ecological activities.

The associations goals area;

• developing projects about environmental protection, national,

European and universal cultural patrimony protection,

• the promotion of eco-tourism, ecological and artistic education and UNESCO's values,

• the ecological rehabilitation of degraded geographical areas, yearly photo exhibitions -

ART ECO

SPAIN - The Technical University of Madrid

The Technical University of Madrid (UPM) celebrated its 25th anniversary in

1996, although the majority of its centres are over hundreds of years old and

were founded in the 18th and 19th centuries. Each of them maintained its

independence until being grouped together to form the UPM. It is no

exaggeration to state that over one and a half centuries great part of the

history of Spanish technology has been written by the Schools of Architecture and Engineering.

They have been during a lot of years nearly the only and in some cases actually the only schools.

All of the important personalities in the area of teaching and research passed through the

respective centres as students or lecturers. (www.upm.es )

SLOVENIA - KLUB GORISKIH STUDENTOV ‘’KGS’’

Club is a voluntary, apolitical organization of Slovenian and foreign

students, aimed at integration, further education and cultural, sporting

and other engagement. Student organizations have the status of local

communities in accordance with the community of students and

conditions contained in the Student Constitution. Supports in particular

the following objectives: to bring together students of Nova Gorica region and those that are

there in school, providing assistance to further then interests in varios areas, working with other

student organizations and associations in Slovenia and abroad, organize meetings of students,

participates in the development of life in local communities and other. (www.kgs.si)

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OPENING SPEECHES

35

MUSTAFA KAPLAN

President of Small and Medium Enterprises

Development Organization

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

I greet you all respectfully before I start my speech. I would like to express my great pleasure in

being invited to participate in this meeting organized by the Energy Efficiency Association.

According to the development classification in the world, the total energy consumed in a

country was one of the most important indicators in recent years. But now, to measure the unit

of energy consumed for the maximum production level has become the most important

indicator.

The value of energy intensity which means the amount of energy consumed to produce a unit of

gross domestic product, helps to determine a country’s energy efficiency potential. Our country

is the one having highest energy density among the OECD countries. According to the

International Energy Agency’s (UEA) calculation; the average energy density is 0.25 $ in the

world, while the average energy density of Turkey is 0.35 $.

To decrease our average energy density, it should be done some works such as to improve

energy efficiency in the energy chain, to reduce energy density of final consumption, to apply

productivity-enhancing investments in production technologies, to do rehabilitation

investments.

As well known, 70% of our country's energy needs are imported. Our demand for energy, so the

dependence on imports, is increasing continuously. In our country, most of the energy is

consumed in the industry. Primary energy consumption’s share of the Turkey’s industrial sector

is 24% and the share of electricity use is 47% in Turkish industry. On average, the industrial

sector alone consumes 39% of all energy. The shares of housing and transportation sectors are

the second and third ranks. According to the studies, the sectoral distribution of the energy

efficiency potential in Turkey are the following: building sector: 30%, industrial sector 20% and

transportation sector 15%, and the average potential in total is 25%) It is assumed that energy

efficiency investments are able to finance itself in an average of 3 months to 5 years.

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In terms of the countries’ economical development and sustainable development, the

importance of energy which is one of the basic input, have grown day by day. In this context, the

value of the studies related to energy efficiency has also grown in the same level.

We should think more on energy sources and energy efficiency because of the developing

technology needs and increasing energy deficit like in the other countries. We should find new

alternatives immediately.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

The projections, made by the UEA, if the current energy policies and energy supply preferences

continue, the total world energy demand will increase by 49% between the years 2005-2030 and

the present value of 11.4 billion tons of oil equivalent (TOE) will reach to the level of 17.0 billion

TOE.

In our country, it is estimated that the total primary energy consumption will be 114.300

thousand TOE and the total primary energy production will be 31.6 million TOE in 2011. With an

annual increase of 4.3%, our primary energy consumption is expected to reach 220 million TOE

in 2020. Given that the 2.6% average annual increase in the world, clearly seen that the energy

demand of Turkey will be more than the world’s average.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

Improving energy efficiency affects positively on energy security, climate change and mitigate

and also employment creation because of its contributions on the economy. In this context, the

development of energy efficiency in all stages, the prevention of waste, the reduction of energy

intensity at the sectoral and the macro level are the most important components of our national

energy policy priorities. In our country, there are many and important studies related to the

efficient and effective use of energy resources, waste prevention, diminishing energy costs and

protecting the environment. In this context, we all have various responsibilities as individuals or

as institutions. It is very important that we should arrange properly the related activities and

investments. KOSGEB’s main targets, SMEs, have continued their activities in order to respond to

national and international needs. However, raising awareness and supports are provided for

SMEs in order to achieve efficiency in all areas. In this sense, efficiency, especially “energy

efficiency” is one of the very important areas for KOSGEB.

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DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

In recent years, the regulatory arrangements related to the improving energy efficiency resolve

deficiencies and create expected supportive environment in Turkey. As known, Energy Efficiency

Law No. 5627 promulgated in the Official Gazette No. 26510 on May 02, 2007. According to this

law, KOSGEB is entitled to provide services to SMEs on energy topics. In the Law, the

responsibilities of the KOSGEB were clearly indicated towards the SMEs.

In addition to this, a cooperation protocol signed between the Ministry of Industry and

Commerce and Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in 2008, and also an action plan was

created as an attachment to this protocol. The studies for supporting SMEs on energy efficiency

were begun within the framework of this action plan. KOSGEB, in cooperation with General

Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EİE),

implemented her energy efficiency supports in October 2008.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

In the “KOSGEB Support Regulation”, promulgated in the Official Gazette No. 27612 on June 15,

2006, one of the support programmes is “General Support Programme”. The supports named as

“Energy Efficiency Study and Consultancy Support” and “Energy Efficiency Educational Services

Support” for SMEs are included in this programme.

In addition to this, SMEs’ efficiency projects can also be supported under the “SME Project

Support Programme”. Unfortunately only 6 of the 187 projects are related to the efficiency In

2011, because efficiency is not one of the SMEs’ priorities. To find new markets is more

important issue than efficiency for them.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

As KOSGEB, we take part in various national and international projects as an executive or as a

stakeholder. Our main aim is to improve the capacity building of KOSGEB on energy efficiency

and climate change mitigation.

KOSGEB and French Development Agency (AFD) are implementing a 3-year project, named

“Energy Efficiency Projects in the SMEs in Turkey”. The overall objective of this project is to

contribute to improve energy efficiency and environmental performance of Turkish SMEs

(industry and services). As a first step, we signed a financial protocol last Saturday.

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At the beginning of 2011, “Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry in Turkey Project” has been

launched by UNIDO, UNDP, KOSGEB, General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey

and Development Administration (EIE), Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV)

and Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) . The Global Environment Facility (GEF) allocated 5.9 m.

USD budget for this project. The objective of this 5-year project is to improve energy efficiency

of the Turkish industry by enabling and encouraging companies in the industrial sector for

efficient management of energy use by different energy conservation measures and energy

efficient technologies.

KOSGEB representatives will present you more detailed information about KOSGEB’s energy

efficiency studies.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

Efficiency studies create new employment opportunities. Unemployment is one of the important

problems of the current world economy. According to a study made by European Union, it is

assumed that 2000 job opportunities can be created for energy saving of 1 million TOE. The

studies related to the efficient use of energy, can create new chances for Turkish youth. With the

energy saving of ~ 25 million TOE, we can provide 50 thousand new “green-collar” employments.

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS,

Renewable energy, and with new concept “green economy”, are the strategies which help us to

create cleaner world for future generations.

We all have important responsibilities related to the providing energy efficiency without

compromising the production and the quality, using all the energy, raising awareness about

“energy culture” and “energy efficiency” in the SMEs.

In concluding, I wish a society which is aware of duties and responsibilities of energy efficiency.

Once again I greet you with respect.

39

SÜLEYMAN YILMAZ

Director of UNIDOTurkey

GREEN JOB

1. Global Warming: Climate change: Environmental challenges / Sustainable economy;

Low carbon emission reduction targets under UN climate change convention.

2. Kyoto protocol, Protocol v.s. Convention

Linked to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Protocol v.s Convention:

binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and European Community for reducing

GHG emmisions. 2008 – 2012, 5 years 5% reduction.

Kyoto Mechanism: primarily through national measures.

Additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market based mechanism.

Emission trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Joint Implementation (JI)

The mechanism help stimulate Green Investment and help parties meet their emission targets in

a cost-effective way.

Copenhagen in 2009: UN Climate convention meeting in.

Adaptation: adapting to the adverse effects of climate change; increasing the resilience to the

impact of climate change. Adaptation funds, CDM projects activities.

Mitigation: reduction of GHG

At thr end of 2012: Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC): negotiation and

ratification of stringent emission reduction

(Carbon trading: allows a company or country that reduces the amount of CO2 it produces to

below a particular level to sell the extra reduction as a credit to a company or country that has

not reduced the amount it produces enough.)

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3. Changing patterns of investment flows

Flows into areas from renewable energy generation up to energy efficiency projects at the

household and industrial level

New jobs are beginning to emerge in favour of greener and eleaner and more sustainable

occupations.

Areas: renewable energy, buildings and construction, transportation, basic industry,

agriculture and forestry

Renewable energy: solar, biomass, wind, hydropower, geothermal

Engine of Development:

A global transition to a low-carbon and sustainable economy can create large numbers of gren

jobs across many sectors of the economy, and indeed can become an engine of development.

Current gren job creation is taking place in both the rich countries and in some of the major

developing ecenomies.

Definition of Green Job: We define gren jobs administrative, and service activities that

contribute substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality.

Specific Areas: Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect

ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through

highefficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid

generation of all forms of waste and pollution.

4. From a broad conceptual perspective, employment wşll be affected in at least four

ways the economy is oriented toward greater sustainability:

Climate change is also having negative impact on jobs in some areas

In general

First, in some cases, additional jobs will be created – as in the manufacturing of pollution –

control devices added to existing production equipment.

Second, some employment will be substituted – as in shifting from fosil fuels to renewables, or

from truck manufacturing to rail car manufacturing, or from landfilling and waste incineration to

recycling.

Third, certain jobs may be eliminated without direct replacement – as when packaging

materials are discouraged or banned and their production is discontinued.

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Fourth, it would appear that many existing jobs (especially such as plumbers, electricians, metal

workers, and construction workers) will simply be transformed and redef,ned as day – to – day

skill sets, work methods, and profiles are greenedMostly in developing countries…food,

agriculture and recycling sector..South – South Cooperation: Energy prices are high!!

For example: in Bangladesh, a Project training of local youth and women as certified solar

techniicians and as repair and maintenance specialists, aimed to create 100.000 jobs.

In India: replacing biomass cooking stoves in 9 million households with more advance ones could

create 150.000 jobs.

In addition: Convention on Managing forests for their carbon emission, biological diversity,

etc.

GEF: In general

- Climate Change

- Biologic diversity

- Land degradation

- POPs

- ODS

- International waters

Creats job in: who plays key role

- Policy making organs: Government

- Private sector (engineers, workers,etc)

- Trade unions

- Employers’organization

- International organization

Transition to gren production and consumption – winners and losers support for workers and

enterprise adaptation will be the key.

Sustainable Development…. Fostering Green Jobs and Decent work for ever more people.. a new

and powerful force for achieving a more resource efficient and equitable global economy that

mirrors all our aspirations for true SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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UN Organizations: UNIDO, UNDP, ILO, WHO, FAO, WB

a. Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Biomass, Wind

b. Energy efficiency in industry (energy infensity) / building / household appliances

c. Fuel efficiency, carbon limits (hybrid, hydrojen energy / electrical car)

UNIDO

History: 1966 in Vienna, 1967 in Ankara

700 expert: in total 2500

32 Countries

ITPU, CPU

Branches: PSD, Trade Capacity, Agrobusiness,

Energy and Climate Change,

Environmental Protection (POPs),

Montreal Protocol

UNIDO Turkey

a. Adaptation to Climate Change: CPU

b. Sustainable Linkages: Textile: Environmental Conduct

c. POPs

d. ODSs

International Trainings

Functions as Regional Cooperation centres.

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PRESENTATIONS

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2012 The International All Green Conference and Exhibition

Ali BULUT

General Manager of CNR Holding Company

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Sustainable Landscaping and Urbanism in Green Design

Ayelet KESTLER

Community Relations Manager of Bat – Yam Biennale

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SEMINAR SESSIONS

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SESSION I

Public Authority, Sustainable Progress and Opportunities

Moderator

Prof.Dr.Murat Kasımoğlu – University of 18 Mart

Speakers

Ömer Turhan – CEO of Vezir Concultancy

Selma Tezyetiş – Heat of EU Department of the SMIDI

Erdal Çınar – Vice Chairman of ENVER Kayseri

Branch Office

95

PUBLIC AUTHORITY Energy has been the main parameter of this century and the last century. We need to

understand global developments, social change and demands and the public sector

should work in collaboration with the private sector in order to construct a new future.

Establishments need to be fast within themselves and with the work flow among

establishments and review the work processes. It should review its work plan on a

futuristic basis and conduct the applications to the fullest.

According to many experts, the global crisis in the recent years has revealed that governments

need to be more effective on economy and markets. This has been uttered even more in

competitive free markets. The Asian crisis as well as the crisis on a country level, mistakes on a

company and sector level or failures can now cause a chain fusion reaction. In order for these

effects to settle down, governments and organizations are trying to develop new methods.

Financial treatment and global climate change is in leading position among the current

problems. With the public sector taking lead, global climate change is loading the private sector

and common citizen with a charge. Even if we don’t take place among the countries that heat

the world, it is necessary for our country to conduct a series of activities on the subject due to its

results. We also need to accept the fact that these necessities provide us with the opportunities

to make our country a competitive and powerful country. It is necessary for the public to be

guiding, organizing, consistency and coordination providing, supervising and cooperative in all

activities to be conducted. However, it is necessary for the public to listen to the voices of all

shareholders and actualize applicable and payable policies for everyone. Our world which is

transforming from a petrol age to energy and climate age, is being restructured according to

low carbon levels. This transition is possible through determination and successful

administration…

Summary

96

Global and Local: Glocalization The globalization process is causing radical changes on understandings. It is no longer for

possible for any country or region to live isolated from global tendencies and developments.

Supranational standards and rules are continually going above national standards and rules. On

global climate change, states need to organize economic progress programs on the basis of clean

production, habitability and sustainability. While it is necessary to understand, distinguish and

internalize the global, it is also necessary to protect, strengthen and support the local, and to

establish a balance between the two. Balancing the global and local for developing countries is

vital. In this new process called “glocalization” by many experts, the public has important

duties. For example, the deregulation of the energy and water markets is a global tendency.

However, it is a public duty to ensure that this deregulation process doesn’t have any negative

effects on the society and all the sectors. Likewise, it is a necessity to reduce carbon emissions,

but perhaps ruling out the difficulties small and medium sized enterprises will encounter is not

something that these enterprises can solve by themselves. It is necessary for the public to adapt

an understanding to balance global and local in the upcoming term. Instead of trying to get rid

of the affects of globalization, we need to gain advantages by deregulating and supporting

through local dynamics. In other words, we need to think glocal…

National Aim and Policies In order to ensure energy security, developed and developing countries work in 3 dimensions.

1- Studies conducted to secure fossil energy resources.

2- 2- Studies conducted to develop non fossil fuel resources such as renewable, nuclear

and hydrogen.

3- 3- Developing technologies that decrease energy density and adapting a efficiency

understanding.

Actually, energy security is not an aim on its own. Energy security is a means to obtain national

wealth and power. Countries that can’t become energy exporters have sectors producing wealth

that can use energy efficiently. Like all countries, Turkey’s aim needs to shape around national

wealth. The main dynamo that will produce this wealth in the energy and climate age is having

knowledge related to this age and producing this knowledge with national dynamics. The 100th

year aims of the republic of 2023 are very important in terms of motivation and moral values.

We must not forget that micro, mezzo and macro policies need to be placed under these aims.

Placing macro policies is simpler. However, micro and mezzo policies require more detailed

actions. National aims need to be decreased to regional aims, sector aims, corporate aims and

individual aims. Moreover, energy and energy efficiency policies need to interlock with

industrialization, transportation, tourism, environment, prosperity, urbanization, agriculture,

education and science policies. Apart from making policy development difficult, this interlock

makes these applications difficult as well…

97

Private-Public Partnership

Many issues today is attempted to be solved through Private-Public sector partnership. We need

to adapt an understanding where the public and private sectors are solving problems together

and taking initiative instead of seeing each other on the opposite sides. Companies and directors

need to answer more to the society. While public administration is trying to apply modern

administration techniques that are applied in companies, companies are trying to continue their

business by acting suitable to their social responsibilities. In this context, there is a need for the

public to get out of the role of distributing and the private sector to get out of the role of

demanding and making common planning and action. With this aim, we need to rethink the

organizing forms and adapt participation.

Workflow, Consistency and Coordination Modern states are complicated organizations. This complication is usually prolonging processes.

There is a need for consistency and coordination in the transition to green economy. It is

necessary for workflows to work flawless and fast between all the corporations taking place in

this process such as public institutions, autonomous establishments and STK’s. States are like

living organisms. Just like a headache or a broken foot decreases efficiency and total capacity in

a human, the organization units of states not being synchronized causes non-productiveness.

How business is progressing needs to be reviewed in a process focused understanding and

failing sides, reiterated work, overlapping authorization and duties need to be terminated. The

Processes need to be measured with a “Something measured will become better” principle and

coordination between establishments needs to be ensured.

98

The common understanding in Turkey is that increasing environment standards will bring extra

costs on enterprises and that this will be even more difficult for a number of enterprises currently

encountering difficulties. Although this is right for some enterprises, doing dirty production and

building dirty constructions in regions that have come to the end of their ecological capacity is no

longer sustainable. According to the studies conducted by the United Nations, 20% of the illnesses

in developing countries are caused by environmental problems. While the main problem for

developed countries is to decrease carbon emissions, developing countries face greater

environmental risks. On the other hand, states can limit stock and human movements with

customs walls but they can’t prevent particles flying around in the air and acid rains. Never has

there been a need for such cooperation between states and nations in the history of mankind. New

and high environmental standards are perceived as an obstacle for becoming wealthy because it

affects the industrialization processes of developing countries. We need to accept that there is an

industrialization and urbanization in Turkey that sometimes ignore environmental and external

costs in a similar way. But it is best that we understand that we can’t continue like this. It is

certainly possible to progress without fighting against nature and by aiming for humane

happiness. As a matter of fact, Turkey comes from a climate that will support this understanding

with its history and historical experiences.

SUSTAINABLE PROGRESS and OPPORTUNITIES

Environment and Progress are not concepts converse to each other. Causing

environmental problems while trying to progress has greater costs for the

society. It is possible to progress and get richer in an environmental friendly way.

Moreover, progressing in an environmental friendly understanding provides

great opportunities to companies and individuals. Turning low carbon economy

into an opportunity lies in the hands of Turkey.

Summary

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Sustainable Progress

Globalization and increasing world population continues to increase the pressure on natural

resources. With the development of transportation and communication opportunities, goods

and human movements are forcing nature’s capacity in a way never seen before in history.

Misuse of natural resources such as water sources, forests, and land not only threatens the

mainstay of humanity but also threatens national and international economies. On the other

hand, while the GNP per person is increasing worldwide, income differences and inequality

between the rich and poor in the same country is growing. This unfair situation causes political

agitation and continuous instability in some areas in the world.

According to United Nations and World Bank reports, poor countries obtain 26% of their

income through natural resources. Natural resources are primary means of mainstay for the

poor people in a lot of countries. Natural resources being seen as a means of becoming wealthy

ignite the damage on natural resources in poor countries. From diarrhea to respiratory

insufficiency, this vicious cycle causes many illnesses in poor countries. UN reports that 20% of

illnesses care caused by environmental risks in developing countries. While a small portion of

the world is in richness and prosperity, the larger part is continuing to struggle with poorness

and sordidness. When we take a look at UN’s humane Development Index, we see that poor

people live 20-25 years less when compared to rich people and that their carbon emission is

close to zero. If human beings consume more meat, more methane gas will be emitted and if

more electrical household appliances are used more CO2 will be sent to the atmosphere but

humans will live longer. Today, the modern people are telling non developed people that they

had emitted a great deal of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere and if you send as much us

during your modernization process, this will be a disaster for all of us. This inequality between

those who make use of the opportunities of modernism and who don’t is a strange conflict.

The UN Millennium Proclamation says in short: “We will not spare any effort to save our

children from living in a world whose resources have been reduced to the degree that it is not

sufficient to meet needs or in a world whose resources have been damaged to the point of no

return by the hands of humans.” At this point, sustainable progress principles are an issue for

all and not just for those who have created the problem. Turkey is a part of the civilized world

and it must not only adapt sustainable progress principles in order to be the voice of humanity

but also play leading roles and develop a vision which will guide global policies. Turkey needs

to work on alternative progress paradigms and produce models by developing sample

applications. A progress that is fair for all and in peace with the nature is a civilization

envisage…

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Opportunities Climate change provides us with a two way opportunity. The first one is to lighten global

warming and environmental problems and the second is to put an end to economical crisis by

establishing new work areas and employment. For example, if we set an aim of reducing

greenhouse gasses by 30%, we would have to do a series of things in order to actualize this such

as accelerating public transportation, research and new production investments for hybrid and

electrical vehicles, jobs that will be created related with new fuel technologies, new

employment that will be created through insulation of buildings, renewable energy plants etc.

When we look at developed countries, a large portion of the 825 billion USD economical packet

announced in the USA in 2009 has been spared for insulation in buildings, improvement in

unproductive electricity network and renewable energy investments. The US envisages 5 million

new green employments with this program. Similar programs have been established in

countries like Korea, Japan, China, England and Germany. Progress and new employment

projects are being put into practice in fields such as the development of agricultural land,

forestation and protection of water resources. With the expression of John Gardner who is the

founder of Common Cause located in the US: “Climate change is a series of opportunities which

presents itself as an unsolvable problem.” On the other hand, it is useful to think that this

transition process can be achieved through a new production-consumption culture and a new

social solidarity. In order to save from energy, they will have to spend money on humans.

Although these expenses will return in the process, there will be a need for public support and

financing in the many investments and economies will liven up…As it is stated in the previous

parts, Turkey’s energy efficiency report is not so bright. The concept of green economy has not

been perceived sufficiently. In other words, there are still a lot of things to do in Turkey. For

example, there is a need to issue report cards in the improvement process of current buildings,

a large number of manpower in jobs such as projecting, construction, and renovation. With

forestation and agricultural land development studies, there is an opportunity to reduce carbon

emission and create serious amounts of employment. Moreover, investments on adaption to

green economy in industry and service sectors, and the features ignited by global carbon trade

will cause for the creation of new sector and careers. The state has to accelerate investments on

substructures such as special agriculture basins, industrial areas, logistics and networks

according to this new paradigm. More important is to develop an economy that will provide

competitive superiority such as hydrogen fuels, fuel cells, renewable technologies, electrical

vehicles, carbon holding systems, smart networks, new generation insulation material and

smart household appliances.

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SESSION II

Energy Efficieny on Production, Distribution

and Usage

Moderatör

Dr. Mustafa Uysal

Speakers

Tuncay Engin – West Mediterranean Development Agency

Assistant Prof.Dr.Şükrü ÖZEN - University of Akdeniz

Assistant Prof.Dr. Mustafa Helvacı - University of Akdeniz

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What is Energy Efficiency? Energy efficiency is minimizing the energy amount consumed without decreasing the amount and

quality of production and inhibits economical development and social prosperity. In a broader

sense, energy efficiency is all of the measures to prevent losses in gas, steam, heat, air and

electricity, the recovery and evaluation of various wastes or reducing energy demand with

advanced technology without decreasing production and measures such as advanced industrial

processes and energy recovery.

Usage and Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency policies aim for a sustainable growth, demand security and a

livable environment. Energy efficiency requires a great change in every sector

from transportation, lighting, buildings, tools, furniture, industry and energy

equipment. Energy efficiency is not only saving. It also means new jobs,

employment, opportunity and profit. Energy efficiency is a long run process

consisting correct technologies, social awareness and public arrangements.

Among OECD countries, Turkey is the most energy consuming country with 0,4 TEP per 1.000

USD GSYİH. The first reason for the current deficit problem of Turkey is energy importing. The

efficiency provided on energy consumption will make positive contributions to the macro

economical indicators of Turkey. EU member countries have revealed their energy savings

potential and have declared that they will save an average of 9% in the 2008-2016 term. The

energy efficiency studies of these countries that are advanced in terms of energy efficiency, are

guiding. The world has established a common idea on energy efficiency. Turkey needs to

employ these measures rapidly as an IEA country. When the current building stocks, Equipment

Park, transportation substructure is examined, it will be seen that Turkey’s saving potential is

above EU average. At least 10% savings for the next 10 years is a reasonable and achievable

goal for Turkey. Efficiency investments are the most profitable investments and the energy

resource is within the project. It is our priority to detail every aim under every title and make a

plan including the measures according to years, application principles, the duties of the

applying, organizing and observing institutions.

Summary

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Turkey Energy Usage

Countries like Japan and Germany,

where energy consumption per

person is more than 4 times Turkey,

consume ¼ of the energy consumed

by Turkey per 1.000 USD GDP. Our

country, whose energy density is low,

must aim for efficiency in all fields.

When the current situation is

examined, heating and cooling losses

caused by lack of insulation, losses caused by electrical gadgets and equipment, and losses

caused by logistic planning are the leading efficiency problems in Turkey.

The aim of efficiency in usage is to reduce Turkey’s energy expenses without decreasing living

standards and increasing living standards and to demonstrate Turkey’s competitive power.

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Electrical Household Appliances

There are more than 17 million households and refridgerators are used in all of these

households. Washing machines have exceeded 85% and dish washing machines have excceded

30% penetration. According to calculaitons, more than 15 million refridgerators and more than

10 million washing machines are consuming electricity in Turkey. Electrical appliances have an

energy efficiency classificaiton from very productive A+ to low efficiency F. Class A products

consume 20% less energy than class B products. A family with a class A refridgerator, washing

and dishwashing machines save 250 kWh electricity compared to a family that has class B

products. On other words, the family pays an average of 5 TL more per month.

According to a calculation made by White

Appliances Industrial Foundation WAIA,

the return of the price the consumer will

pay for a higher energy degree product is

14-28 years. According to WAIA, it is not

easy for the consumer to incline to high

class energy products without promotion.

However, it is estimated that if the current

refridgerator park in Turkey transfers to A

and A+, it will clean amounts of CO2 equal

to planting 120 million trees. In the WAIA

and EIE studies, with the transition to

higher degree electrical and household appliances program, a saving of 8 billion kWh energy

is estimated; and this saving is equal to 5% of the total electricity consumption. The most

important side of this transition program is finance. Low energy class machine usage is

common among especially low income groups, and this transition seems very difficult if suitable

financing and encouregement is not employed. While high consumption taxes are taken from

inproducitve appliances in new equipment sales, lower taxes could be taken from productive

appliances. Subduing transition costs with tax incentive will be catchy for the consumer. The

government can comepnsate the tax loss caused by incentives through the markets activated.

The Turkish white appliances sector is a powerful and competitive sector. The transition will

not only provide energy saving but will also contribute to the building up of our sector.

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Lighting

The ratio of the light of a lamp and the electricity it consumes is called light efficiency (Lm/W).

Not only visual performance, aesthetic and eyesight, but also efficiency is ensured in

environments where light efficiency is used efficiently. We need different amounts of light at

various environments. For example, 500 lux in offices, 300 lux in kitchens and 50 lux in the

corridors are accepted optimum. In the modern architecture of our age, making more use of

daylight is taken as principle. On the other hand, lighting design has become a professional

career. Material quality and technology directly

affect lighting efficiency.

When incandescent lamps are changed with

CFL Compact fluorescent, there is a saving of

80%. There are 25,698,113 residence,

3,953,738 businesses, 235,598 industrial

facilities, and 168,333 state offices and

188,281 lighting subscribers in Turkey.

In the scenario where 30 million unproductive lamps are changed with productive lamps, it is

estimated that an annual energy saving of about (When 20W CFL and 1.000 hour/year are

used instead of 100 W incandescent) 2,4 billion kWh and 1,2 billion tons CO2 emission will be

prevented.

Lighting should not only be considered

as lamps. Lighting systems in large

buildings are complicated systems.

Automation and remote control systems,

electrical ballasts, and quality reflectors

are factors increasing efficiency. In a

number of countries in the world,

incandescent lamps are gradually decreasing and are being banned in some other countries or

have high taxes in other. Our country meets its new generation economical lamps need through

importing. But, in terms of lighting gadgets, our country is among exporting countries.

Transition to new generation lighting systems must first be encouraged in the work places and

industrial facilities and be widespread to the entire society. Public enterprises must lead on this

subject. Lighting efficiency must be shown to the entire society in public buildings, avenues and

streets.

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Eco Thinking, Green Buildings, Green Cities

Green buildings, green cities require a totalitarian and high disciplined approach in the

process of location selection, land usage, design, construction and operation/usage

The concept of green building is providing an important lever in order to reduce environmental

problems and the worldwide energy need which is increasing day by day. First of all, an

intervening multi discipline system is required for a green building and green city.

Environmental friendly cities and city friendly buildings can ensure our efficient use of the

ecological capacity. The structures around us have deep affects on the environment, economy,

health and our efficiency. There are ultra buildings candidate for “green” prizes while there are

also buildings with bare walls and no lodging in the same suburb and street. There are

hundreds of thousands of buildings that have nor roof and look as if an extra floor is going to be

added any time. Unfinished gigantic concrete blocks… Turkey is one of the countries paying

serious price on the costs of energy, environment and emotional expenses on incompatibility

with the environment and city. Our country which is increasing its structural problems while

structuring, is facing a new trend. Green buildings and green cities… It is a necessity for our

country to combine this trend with urban transformation strategies. Today, in most of our cities,

master plans are either not ready or at court. We are now face to face with a new

understanding where socio-economical factors, history, city competitiveness, advanced logistics

and information systems are also current. On the other hand, a very large part of Turkey is

under the threat of a heavy earthquake. We need to answer the question on how must our

country interpret the transition to a green building concept which is providing an important

opportunity to developed countries. We need to construct our buildings in an applicable and

affordable approach and bring together the courage needed to transform our current buildings.

If we can’t transform these buildings and continue to live in these buildings expensively and

uncomfortably, nature can make us pay a higher price.

107

Green buildings start with using land that is suitable to the natural and historic fabric that the

ecological capacity of the region can withstand.

1.Determining and directing the structure mass

2.Encouraging public transportation opportunities, bicycles and hybrid vehicles

3.Encouraging underground and multi storey car parks

4.Limiting asphalted areas around the building

5.Effective using of rain water and sewage systems

6.Using reflect and/or green roof

7.Lighting and shading systems

8.Using energy efficient air conditioning and façade systems

9.Using HCFC (hydrochloroflurocarbon) instead of substances like CFC (chloroflurocarbon)

that harm the ozone layer in air conditioning systems

10.Using renewable energy resources (wind, geothermal energy, cogeneration, photovoltaic

panel technologies and etc.)

11.Water saving installation systems

12.Grey water catch systems

13.Using/selecting recycled and recyclable local material

14.Regaining current structure elements if applicable

15.Construction waste control and administration application

16.Selecting/using indoor appliances that don’t emit carcinogenic gasses for indoor air quality

control

17.Encouraging living areas to make use of solar energy are the titles under which green

building concept need to be evaluated.

Green Building Certificates The main globally accepted certification systems applied on various structure typologies that are

planned, constructed and are being constructed in developed and developing countries:

LEED: (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) It has been developed by the US Green

Structure Council. It is a flexible and participatory system applied in 91 countries. It consists of

building life span, design, construction, operating and re-use processes. It has Silver, Gold and

Platinum levels.

BREEAM: (Environmental Evaluation Method) English originated. The main performance

criterions are Energy, Operating, Health, Transportation, Water use, Material use, Waste

administration, Land usage and Pollution control. It has Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent and

Outstanding levels.

GREENSTAR: It has been developed in Australia. It has aimed for green building applications

through developing a sustainable real estate sector and market based solutions. It has 4, 5 and 6

Star levels.

108

Energy efficiency precautions proposed by the International Energy Agency

to the member states

TITLES PRECAUTIONS

Construction

New Constructions

1.Countries that don’t have standards related to energy efficiency for new

buildings in the construction regulation need to place these standards into the

construction regulations urgently, ensure its application, and update these

standards regularly. Countries that have these sorts of standards must ensure to

strengthen these standards. The energy efficiency standards for new buildings

must be established by public administration and must aim to minimize the total

costs from a 30 year period.

Passive Energy Houses And Zero Energy Constructions

2.Countries must support and encourage the construction of buildings with low

or no energy need (Passive Energy Houses or Zero Energy Buildings) and ensure

that these sorts of buildings take place in the market. States must also present the

market share aims for the Passive Energy Houses or Zero Energy Buildings in the

new building construction market. In the future, Passive Energy Houses or Zero

Energy Buildings must be used as benchmarks in updating the standards related

to energy efficiency in the construction regulation and rules.

Existent Buildings

3.Countries need to gather systematic information on the energy efficiency in the

current buildings and the obstacles in front of energy efficiency. The energy

efficiencies of the buildings must be calculated via international comparisons,

observations, and standardized indicator in order to select the best examples.

States need to establish an initiative packet in order to terminate the most

important obstacles in front of this energy efficiency under the light of this

information. This packet must include the standards that will ensure the

application of reformation activities towards energy efficiency during the renewal

actions of all the buildings. The packet should also provide an awareness increase

in the construction sector on energy efficiency and increase the market profile of

the buildings in terms of energy performance.

Electronic Appliances

4.All countries must compare the energy performance applications in all of the

electronic appliance and equipment in accordance with international practices,

and make necessary the application of energy label. Sufficient funds need to be

provided in order to supervise that these applications are employed effectively.

5.All countries must establish policies that make necessary the adaption of a

switch to low energy consumption mode when all of these electronic appliances

are not used for a certain period of time. Countries must ensure the minimizing of

energy consumption of the electronic appliances connected to a network in

accordance with priorities taking place in the energy administration protocols

based on sectors.

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Transportation

6.All countries

• If not present, must establish obligatory fuel energy efficiency standards

on light service vehicles;and if present, must ensure these standards

become more stringent and certain.

• must announce that the contents of the proposed standards are more tight

and stringent at the earliest possible time.

• if suitable, must harmonize the upcoming standards with these standards.

7.In order to determine the maximum rolling resistance level and to establish the

wheel labeling system on land vehicles, countries must adapt to new international

test procedures in order to measure the rolling resistance of the wheels. In

addition, countries must make necessary the wheel-pressure indication system on

new land vehicles in cooperation with international organizations such as UNECE.

Lighting

8.States must gradually take old type electric bulbs off the market depending on

commercial and economical applicability. IEA has initiated a coordinated

transition on this subject and demand this study from all of its members.

Industry

9.By providing the real energy density data based on sectors, all states must

support IEA’s energy efficiency indicators that form a basis on energy policies.

Increasing Investments on

Energy Efficiency Between Sectors

10.States,

• must present the benefits of energy efficiency investments numerically to

the private sector which still doesn’t have a definite idea on this subject

by announcing the common energy savings and measuring protocol, and

must encourage the participation of the private sector.

• must review the existent stimulus and financial support programs in

order to create and increase energy efficiency investments in the private

sector.

• must cooperate with the finance sector in order to present public & private finance tools in energy efficiency investments.

International Energy Efficiency

Strategies and Aims of

Decreasing Energy Density

11.All countries must establish plans to increase energy efficiency and action

plans for every sector in local economies by using the IEA sector energy efficiency

benchmark studies and miscellanea from good examples. Energy action plans need

to be funded in the best way possible. The best action plans

• must determine the energy consumption of the final users in all sectors

• must define the energy savings potential of all sectors

• must put forward suitable method and aims in order to be able to evaluate

the success of the plan.

Observation Reporting

12.States need to be likeminded on observing the implementation process of each

concrete proposition and inform IEA of the changes regularly.

110

Turkey imports 64% of the primary energy resources. 91% of petrol, 97% of natural gas and 20%

of coal is imported. This constitutes a great cost for Turkey. Bringing this cost down depends not

only on reducing energy density but also depends on the productive work of the energy sector. We

should focus on efficiency from the project phase of this energy investment to the production

phase. Today, efficiency on the energy sector is only possible through the government and the

private sector working together. Turkey is growing by 5% average and accordingly, the energy

need is increasing by 5%. Meeting this need with local resources and productive technologies

must be our priority. According to calculations, it is estimated that our economical potential is

127.381 GWh/Year for hydraulics, 20.000 MWh for wind and 31.500 MWh for geothermic. On

the other hand, activating the coal potential will only be possible through thermal technologies

that are environmentally productive. The national strategic aim of the energy sector should be

establishing a sector based on local resources which are estimated to be 432 billion kWh.

Activating this potential and using local resources efficiently by developing cross-relations with

the other sectors must be our primary aim.

Energy Efficieny on Production

We must perceive efficiency in energy production as trustworthiness and

continuity, increasing the rate of local resources in primary energy

resources, where the primary energy loss in production is minimum, a

price structure that is profitable for the investor and payable for the

consumer, minimizing environmental and external costs, sector workers

reaching job and income satisfaction, and enhancement in technological

sufficiency and high innovation capacity and the administration quality of

the sector.

Summary

111

Value Chain of the Turkey Energy Production Sector

When the general value chain of the energy production is examined, it is seen that the three

primary energy resources (fossil, nuclear and renewable) are separated into ten different

branches and that each branch establishes its own sub-sector. Resources constitute the 1st and

2nd rings of the chain, operating systems constitute the 3rd ring and outcomes (products)

constitute the final ring of the chain. The final ring appears to be petrochemical products,

electrical energy, heating and carrying functions. Coal and natural gas from the fossil fuels are

used as means of heating as well as being transformed into electrical energy via thermal plants.

Petrol is used in industry and delivery via petrochemical plants and refineries. Nuclear

resources are only transformed into electrical energy through power plants. Electrical energy is

produced from renewable energy resources and biomass and geothermal is used for heating.

112

Energy Security Russia is the biggest foreign trade partner of Turkey. According to the 2009 figures, import

from Russia is 19,7 billion and export is 6,4 billion, and natural gas and petrol is the leading

forms of import. BTC and Nabucco projects aim to verify the resources. These projects are not

only important for Turkey, but for EU as well. It is accepted that energy dependence will

constrict foreign policy options and energy supply security is related to national security. This is

correct but it is not a problem special to Turkey. There’s a vital question here; how can we

integrate local resources rapidly for electricity and heating and lighten this dependence? In

order to ensure energy supply security, current capacities about energy resources need be

examined in detail, and investments need be made to the projects with the best outcomes. While

trying to ensure energy security with these new investments, we should cause technology

dependence. Foreign capital entry should be encouraged, but investors should be included in

the game with a construct that doesn’t cause resource transfer.

Local Resources We are producing about 80 billion kWh electricity with our local resources which are

estimated to be around 432 billion kWh electricity production capacity per year. Wind,

hydroelectricity, geothermal, waste, biomass and brown coal. We still have a long way to go

with all of these resources. It is foreseen that electricity and hydroelectricity will be used even

more in areas including transportation in the next 20 years and the following 20 years. Thus,

we can no longer see local resources as only renewable resources and coal. We must accept the

resources and technologies of the future as local resources, and must also consider finance and

human resources. Important progress has been made in the search activities in recent years. But

it should be kept in mind that sufficient funds must be spared for the development of the future

resources as well search investments to fossil resources. We can only participate in the

competition of the future with this understanding. We must also focus on efficiency and the

environment as well as the future energy production…

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Environment and External Costs

76% of the CO2 emission in the world is because of the energy sector. In Turkey, the energy

sector emits 258 million tons of the total 407 million tons. There are a total of 64 active

electricity production plants based on fossil fuels and the construction and permission processes

of 51 plants are in progress. First of all, old plants must start to prepare for the post-Kyoto. In

order to increase the environmental efficiency of these plants, engineering and administrative

arrangements must be conducted. Costs added to the eco-system are the first in foreign costs. A

project in which the profit is paid by the shareholders and the costs are paid by the society is

criticized. It is also meaningful that hydroelectricity plants, which are classified as renewable

energy, are tried to be prevented by environmentalists. Renewable energy plants need to be

environmentalist as well.

Technology Although Turkey has made significant progress in the contracting of energy projects, it is still in

the beginning of developing core technologies. Today, we mustn’t consider energy technologies

separate from environment technologies. Supplementary technologies need also be developed

along with core technologies.

For example, conventional energy plants need to adapt the carbon holding technologies within

themselves. Different technologies are focusing on efficiency on all plants old and new. New

areas and gaps need to be searched in the energy production systems and Turkey needs to

conduct research and development activities with its own resources and develop cooperation

with global firms and research centers and partner with innovative projects. Another way is to

attract some of the units of global firms to turkey or make them partner with Turkish firms.

Turkish firms need to present existence in the environment of internal investment of about 4-5

billion USD.

Human Resource in Energy Production It is accepted that the most needed resource is humane capital. It is necessary for the sector to

develop human resource to support the energy production which will double in the next 10

years. The number of workers in the energy SEE’s in the customizing process has decreased by

over 15.000 since the 1990’s. The education institutions from vocational high schools to post

graduate studies and the sector need to cooperate and train administrative and technical

personnel. It is necessary for the sector to train not only engineers but also administrative

personnel and technical staff.

114

What is the Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gas?

The world atmosphere is consisted of several gasses. There are also small amounts of noble gas. The

sunrays (heat rays/shortwave rays) pass the atmosphere and heat the ground. The gasses in the

atmosphere capture some of the heat on the ground and prevent heat loss. The atmosphere has the

capacity to pass and hold rays. The heat of the waters is balanced through the ray holding skill of

the atmosphere, and thus prevents the freezing of river and oceans. This heating and insulation

effect of the atmosphere is called the “greenhouse effect”. The gasses that cause greenhouse effect

in the world are 36-70% Water vapor, 9-26% Carbon dioxide, 4-9% Methane and 3-7% Ozone.

While some of the greenhouse gasses are produced on their own, some of them are produced by

humans. Greenhouse gasses that are produced on their own contain water vapor, carbon dioxide,

methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. There are additives to these gas levels as a result of human

activities which causes the greenhouse effect.

Renewable Energy Potential

It is estimated that Turkey’s techno-economic wind electricity production capacity is 85.000

MW installed power (greater than 7m/s) and a production capacity of 225 billion kWh per

year. Another characteristic of our country is that it has a clean and renewable energy resource

such as geothermal. In terms of geothermal energy potential, our country is first in Europe and

third in the world. Turkey is in a good situation in terms of the solar energy potential.

It has a sunshine duration of about 2700 hours per year. This rate is even higher in some areas.

When we look at hydrologic resources, Turkey has the largest hydrologic capacity in Europe

after Norway. Reducing carbon emission and turning to local-renewable resources is a delayed

but correct move. It is necessary that the sector needs to be set free and legal regulations need to

be completed with a fair pricing.

115

SESSION III

Competitiveness, Climate and Energy

Moderator

Dr. Kenan Yüce - Vice Chairman of Antalya Technocity

Speakers

Mehmet Eren – SERGUN Energy

Canet Cengiz – Projects Manager of Carbon Clear

Pınar Yalman – Coordinator of OSTIM Clustering

Department

116

Turkey is the country using the most expensive petrol among OECD countries. It’s also on the

top of the list in terms of electricity prices. According to the 2007 figures of the IEA, an energy

subvention of 310 billion USD has been made to non OECD countries. We can say that it is not

easy to decrease energy input costs in Turkey which is trying to improve with energy dense

sectors. On the other hand, we can say that environmental costs will increase after Kyoto. The

concept of efficiency provides an important lever in order to protect the competitive power of

our current traditional sectors. We need to define efficiency as an administration philosophy

that contains technology. There’s innovation behind competitive power and science and highly

qualified human behind innovation. In the 5 titles of the competitiveness research held by the

World Economic Forum in 133 countries where 12 primary criterions are reviewed, Turkey’s

score is quite low against its rivals. Innovativeness, technological ripeness, work power

development, higher education and corporations… Unless it improves these factors, it is

impossible for Turkey to develop its competitive power and to have a strong economy. Turkey

has to leave the understanding of “There’s no need to explore America once again” and “there’s

already a completed one why should we do it again”. Turkey needs to perceive low carbon

economy as a marathon and run with all its power in this long run…

Competitiveness, Climate and Energy

Today, companies, regions and countries are competing in order to gain

sustainable competitive advantage. Innovativeness and efficiency are two

ways to obtain competitive advantage. Turkey needs to find ways to be

competitive without cheapo energy and greenhouse gas emission. We need

to actualize an economical and cultural transition program based on

energy and climate that will increase our competitive power!

Summary

117

Sectors and Competitors With the economy policies it has applied after the 2001 crisis, Turkey has reared its GNP and

export to a great extent. Automotive, chemistry, electric-electronic and iron and steel sectors

have become the exporting sectors of Turkey. These steps are quite important in the

industrialization process of Turkey, however, while Turkey is taking these steps, important

developments are happening in the world. New technologies creating wealth, new industries

and large industry and trade areas are continuing to establish in different geographies. If we

consider competition as a run, how fast you run is not important on its own.

Your situation against the speed of your competitors is going to determine the winner of the

race. We need to get to know our global competitors according to our sector and companies

competing in the global arena and develop our strategies accordingly.

When we look at the countries in prosperity, we see that there are competitive companies

and sectors. And in some countries, some sectors have been selected with a future perspective

and long term plans have been made in order to make that sector to become a

global power, and studies have been conducted as if a national mobilization has been

announced. Finland and Korea becoming global players with Nokia and Samsung in mobile

equipment, China in telecommunication systems with Huwai, India with Tata and Infosys in

extraneous services, Chile in agriculture with Unifrutti are important examples. We need to

develop value added sectors that contribute to employment but don’t have environmental costs.

By conducting the international competitiveness analysis of our current sectors, we need to

strengthen these sectors and prepare them for the future. It is certain that we need to put

forward the things we did right and the things we did wrong in the past and that we need

determination and aims in order to build sectors suitable to the energy climate age. We need to

be able to row against the current…

118

The Approach of Competitiveness

Diamond Model

Classical international trade theories state that relative advantages rest in the factor pools that

countries can leave to their future generations. These factor pools consist of concepts like

country land, natural resources and population. Porter argues that international qualified

workforce can create its own factor pools like powerful technology, background information

and culture. Porter has explained the Decisive Aspects of National Advantage with the

Competition Diamond Model. It is a model aiming to determine the competitive advantage of a

country, company or sector. With this model, he models the four factors that have effect in

developing the competitive advantage of sectors. Porter has used this diamond model in

determining which company and industries have competitive advantage and he has encouraged

the importance of related and supportive industries and the interest in clustering. This model

represents the areas in which countries can establish for their industries.

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Regional Competitiveness, Energy and Clustering Globalization is reforming regional development policies. Competitive regions and cities guide

global economies and provide significant contribution to the national economies it belongs to.

The aim of today’s regional development plan is not only to diminish the gap of the

development differences of the region but also to contribute to the global competitive power of

the country. On these paradigms and under the scope of EU consistency, Turkey has established

26 development agencies and has started a new structuring based on regional development

approach regarding clustering. The settling of this new structure, activating regional dynamics

and articulation to global economy is a long lasting effort and it is a necessity to achieve this in

terms of Turkey’s national competitive power. It is not possible for the center and eastern

regions of Turkey, in other words regions that are distant from the sea, to development and gain

prosperity without developing goods and services to sell. It is clear that government incentives

don’t diminish the regional developmental differences. Today, in many parts of the world,

uncut, clean and appropriate priced energy is presented as an advantage for regional

development. As of 31.12.2009, Secretariat of Treasury has provided 3,536 companies in 50

cities with 957,104,830 TL energy support. When we review the energy prices according to

countries, the energy input costs in Turkey is higher than many countries we are competing

with. Regional energy prices need to contribute to the regional development in the liberalization

process. In the transition process of to low carbon economy, regional development depends on

clustering strategies and the development of green skills.

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In a study conducted by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 5 different

scenarios have been developed taking into consideration the effects of greenhouse gasses on the

atmosphere and the warming on the oceans and the earth ground. The B1 scenario which is the

most optimist scenario has calculated that it will increase the temperature by an average of 1-

1,5°C until the year 2030. It is also foreseen that if emission increases can’t be reduced in the

following years, great disasters will occur and the ecological balance of the earth will be

disrupted.

Regions and Sections under the Threat of Climate Change

According to the observation records and scientific climate scenarios, where disasters such as

hurricane, heavy rain and floods are increasing in some regions, heavy drought and desertification

is possible. Naturally, drought has negative effects on water scarcity and obtaining agricultural

products Likewise, heavy rains have negative effects on agricultural fields. Both situations make it

difficult to obtain vital needs, and moreover, they can cause serious damage on the socio-economical

environment established in these regions. Apart from that, it is a known reality that the effects of

drought don’t only affect the regions it occurs in. As a matter of fact, it is a good idea to remind that

great migration waves in history have been ignited by drought or natural disasters and that the

reasons for the Middle Asia tribes to move to other regions are similar. According to the existent

scenarios, our southern regions which we can call the food stock of Turkey are the regions that

closely feel the effects of global climate changes. Likewise, there is a large tourism sector in the

region which has been obtained after long years of effort. It is necessary to calculate the effects of

climate change scenarios in Turkey’s different regions. It is necessary to make the simulations of

agricultural, tourism and other socio-economical events taking place in the region. On the other

hand, some industrial sectors carry the risk of encountering global trade barriers if they don’t abide

with environmental conditions and reduce carbon emissions. This sector should move keeping in

mind that Turkey’s export is mainly to EU countries and that EU and EU consumers continuously

increase environmental standards. It is not a possibility any longer to make “green” certificates a

necessity for all production, work and operation processes. The scientific studies of IPCC, to which

194 countries are members of, related with the United Nations and World Meteorology

Organization has indicated the environmental disasters that can be encountered if precautions are

not taken against emission and environment. If there is a fire in your neighbor, you can’t just sit and

wait for the fire to go out… On the contrary, according to studies, Spain and Turkey are the two

countries with the highest drought risk in Europe.

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COUNTRY

PRESENTATIONS

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ENGLAND

Look East Wild Earth

Teodora Todorova

Viktorija Namavira

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GERMANY

G20 Y SUMMIT

ALEXANDER HIMBERT

FABIAN BONK

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ITALY

COOPERATIVE SOCIALE CO-METE

ROBERTO CANALE

NICOLA USALA

FEDERICA SABA

ALESSIA CIMARELLI

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ITALY

LEGAMBIENTE PADOVA

ANDREA RAGONA

DAVIDE SABBADIN

GAIA ZUFFA

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POLAND

EUROPEJSKIE FORUM STUDENTOW

FORUM AEGEE WROCKLAW

UFUK BAL

PAULINA PILARCZYK

MILENA KRUCZYK

DIANA NOWEK

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PORTUGAL

ASSOCIACAO 5 ELEMENTO

JOANA LEITAO

RUI SILVA

DANIEL GOMES

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ROMANIA

ASSOCIATION OF TOURISM and

ECOLOGY ‘’CALTUN’’ –UNESCO CLUB

CATALINA SUZANA TANASESCU

ALEXANDRU BOGDAN TANASESCU

PUIU IULIA DANIELA

ROSU VLAD

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SPAIN

THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY of MADRID

NESTOR JUAN SANTANA INFANTE

JORDI DOMENECH ROSELLO

CARLOS JAVIER DIAZ RODRIGUEZ

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SLOVENIA

KLUB GORISKH STUDENTOV – KGS

KATJA KREMENIC

IRMA PROSJANOVIC

NIKO GORJUP

URSULA KONECNIK

PETRA KAVSEK

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Enerji Verimliliği Derneği

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