role lettering a japanese technique for transactional analysis

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ロールレタリング 交流分析に用いられる日本の技法 Role Lettering: A Japanese technique for Transactional analysis 金子周平(鳥取大学) Shuhei Kaneko (Tottori University) ITAA, 2013.8.15

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Page 1: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

ロールレタリング交流分析に用いられる日本の技法

Role Lettering:A Japanese technique for Transactional analysis

金子周平(鳥取大学)Shuhei Kaneko (Tottori University)

ITAA, 2013.8.15

Page 2: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

Landscape of Tottori

Page 3: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 ロールレタリング(RL)という技法は、1983年に日本の矯正教育の領域の中で生まれました。

 ある少年が、実際には送らない手紙に母親に対する感情を書いたことが最初のエピソードです。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A technique called "Role lettering; RL" was born in juvenile correctional education of Japan in 1983.

It is the beginning that a boy wrote his feelings to his mother in the letter form not to mail her actually.

概要Abstract

Page 4: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 この技法は現在では心理療法、カウンセリング、教育、対人援助職のトレーニングに広く用いられています。

 交流分析やゲシュタルト療法の視点から理解されることも多いこの技法を紹介します。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This technique is used for psychotherapy, counseling, education, and training of the interpersonal workers, etc.

Role lettering is often understood from viewpoints of Transactional analysis and Gestalt therapy.

概要Abstract

Page 5: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

理論についての講義とともに簡単なロールレタリングのワークも行います。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------This workshop includes lectures and some Role Lettering works.

Page 6: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 エンプティチェアの書記版ともいえる

 日本語では別名「役割交換書簡法」である  ※ロールプレイングに名称のヒントを得ている---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RL is, as it were, written version of Empty Chair technique

In Japanese, RL has an another name, “Role Reversal Letter method” * The name came from “Role Playing”

ロールレタリングとは何かWhat is Role Lettering ?

Page 7: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

手続き・感情を表現したい相手を選ぶ  (セラピストが提案することもある)・実際には送らない手紙として、書きたいこと全てを書く・相手がこの手紙を読んだと想定し、返事を書く---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Procedure・Choose the person to whom you want to express your feelings (Therapists may suggest the person)・Write everything in letter form what you want to say・Pretend to be the person who already read the letter, and reply・Write a letter to “yourself”

ロールレタリングとは何かWhat is Role Lettering ?

Page 8: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 研究者・実践家によっては  手紙の形式にこだわらない場合がある  返信をすぐに書かせない場合がある

  分量や形式よりも、十分に表現できることが重要-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Some researchers/practitioners - don’t adapt the letter form but conversation style - don’t let their client reply immediately

It is important to express his/her pent-up feelings, rather than to stick to the amount or the form

ロールレタリングとは何かWhat is Role Lettering ?

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実践的な生みの親 1983年 和田英隆

 ロールレタリングの始まりとなった事例 ・少年院出院間近に母親からの拒否 ・不安定になる少年、カウンセリングは奏功せず ・母親への架空の手紙に不満を書く---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Practical “Father”: 1983, H. Wada

A first application case of Role Lettering ・He was rejected by his mother in release from the reformatory ・He became unstable, and didn’t talk well in counseling ・He expressed his dissatisfaction in provided letter form

ロールレタリングの始まりThe Beginning of Role Lettering

Page 10: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

理論的な生みの親 1987年 春口徳雄

・ロールレタリングの7つの臨床仮説・ロールレタリングのプロセス  ACとCPの内部対話→FCとNP→AとA(統合) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Theoretical “Father”: 1987, N. Haruguchi

・Seven hypothesis of Role Lettering・Process theory of Role Lettering 1) Internal dialogue between AC and CP 2) FC and NP 3) A and A (integration)

理論的背景Theoretical Background

Page 11: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 1)文章による感情の明確化 2)自己カウンセリングの作用 3)カタルシス 4)対決と受容 …

(春口,1987)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Clarification of his/her feelings by writing 2) Self-counseling 3) Cathartic experience 4) Confrontation and acceptance ...

(Haruguchi, 1987)

ロールレタリングの7つの臨床仮説Seven practical hypothesis of Role Lettering

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 … 5)自己と他者、双方からの視点の獲得 6)イメージ脱感作 7)自己の非論理的、自己敗北的、不合理な思考に気づく

(春口,1987)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

... 5) Understanding both his/her frame of reference and the other’s 6) Change in his/her negative image 7) Awareness about his/her irrational(self-defeated) thought

(Haruguchi, 1987)

ロールレタリングの7つの臨床仮説Seven practical hypothesis of Role Lettering

Page 13: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

 ロールレタリングは二つの相反する機能がある  クライエントの自由な表現や自己開示を促すこと  表現をセラピストや他の人に見せずにいられること

 =安全感、リスクの少なさ(原野,2001)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Role Lettering includes two opposite functions - facilitating his/her expression, self-disclosure - entrusting him/her to decide whether he/she open the content to the therapist or his/her family (significant others)

 →Psychological security, prevention of wound(Harano, 2001)

RLの告白機能と守秘機能Self-disclosure and confidentiality

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(金子・髙木・松岡,2012)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Kaneko, Takagi, Matsuoka, 2012)

実施形態Practice Forms

Function Therapeutic Educational StructureIndividual

Group

Therapeutic Educational

I-T I-E

G-T G-E

機能  心理療法的教育的

(成長促進的) 構造個人グループ

心理療法的教育的

(成長促進的)I-T I-E

G-T G-E

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 1)矯正教育、2)学校教育、3)医療(心理療法) 4)対人援助職教育、5)学生相談、6)家族支援、 7)教育領域における援助

 近年では、2)や4)の実践報告や研究が増えている---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) Corrective education, 2) School education, 3) Medical care, Psychotherapy, 4) Education for interpersonal workers, 5) College counseling, 6) Family support, 7) Psychological support in school

Recently, many case reports and studies are in 2) and 4)

実践領域Fields

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各領域の研究数の推移Transition in the number of each research fields

(金子・髙木・松岡,2012)(Kaneko, Takagi, Matsuoka, 2012)

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 自他の区別が行える病態水準にある場合  年齢は9、10歳以上  (文章表現の質的・量的な発達がみられる時期以降)

 ※7歳でも手紙形式で書けるが、心理的な効果は不明 ※知的水準のみでは適用できるか否かを判断できない---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- in levels that he/she can distinguish between self and others - older than 9 or 10 years (Children developed the capacity of text representation)

*7 years can write in letter form, but the effect was not clear *Only by intellectual level, we can’t discuss about the application

RLの適用対象となりうるのはRL is applicable for the clients who are...

Page 18: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

・ラポールの形成・相手やテーマを丁寧に決める・まず自分から相手に書く (いきなり相手の立場に立たせない)・表現しやすくするための技法を使う---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・Establish a relationship of trust and rapport・Help client to decide the target person and the theme prudently・Instruct to write the message to the person at first (Don’t let clients stand in the other’s position abruptly)・Use some techniques to prompt his/her expression

RLの実践上のコツTips for practice

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・今ここでの感情表現を促す・話し言葉で書かせる・空想の世界の設定 「補助自我技法」(原野,2007)  例:野良猫から人間へ、競走馬から馬主への手紙

(竹下,1998) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・Facilitate “here and now” expression・Suggest to write in conversation style (not letter form)・Suggest imaginary and playful situation “auxiliary ego technique” (Harano, 1997) e.g. a stray cat write to human, a racehorse write to the owner

(Takeshita, 1998)

表現しやすくするための技法Techniques to prompt the expression

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・自尊感情の向上(e.g. 井頭・松岡,2006;岡本,2006;中嶋・山本,2007)

・エゴグラムの変化 CP、NP、A、FCの上昇(e.g. 細井・犬塚, 2002; 田中・松岡,2004) CPの下降(森上・松岡・坂手,2002)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・Enhance Self-esteem(e.g. Igashira, Matsuoka, 2006; Okamoto, 2006; Nakashima, Yamamoto, 2007)

・Change egogram - Increase CP, NP, A, FC

(e.g. Hosoi, Inuzuka, 2002; Tanaka, Matsuoka, 2004) - Decrease CP (Morigami, Matsuoka, Sakate, 2002)

ロールレタリングの効果The effects of Role Lettering

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・禁止令の解除(高山,1997)

・インパスの解除(原野,2007)

・汚染の解除(原野,2009) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・Lift “Injunction” (Takayama, 1997)

・Break through “Impasse” (Harano, 2007)

・Purify “Contamination” (Harano, 2009)

交流分析に関するRLの仮説的効果The hypothetical effects of RL in TA

Page 22: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

・情動的効果 ラケット感情ではない本物の感情の表出

・認知的効果 書く作業によるゲーム、脚本の気づき (お決まりのやり取りになることの気づき)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・Emotional effect expression of real feelings (not racket feelings)

・Cognitive effect awareness about his/her “game” or “scripts” by writing (awareness of the routine communication)

交流分析に関するRLの仮説的効果The hypothetical effects of RL in TA

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日本人と手紙の文化竹取物語

Cultural meaning of the Letters for Japanese:The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter

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 竹の中にいた小さな光り輝く子を見つけた翁は、その子を我が子のように育てる。

 成長した子(かぐや姫)に男たちが求婚するが、かぐや姫は手紙の返事もしない。男たちはかぐや姫に無理難題を出され、あきらめていく。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An Bamboo cutter found a brightening little girl in Bamboo. The old man nurtured the girl as his real daughter.

Many men proposed to the girl, named princess“Kaguya”, but were rejected and received no reply letters from her. She make unreasonable demands on them, so they gave up.

竹取物語The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (1/3)

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 帝でさえもかぐや姫には近づけないが、手紙のやりとりはできるようになっていく。

 3年が経ち、かぐや姫は元々、月の住人で帰らなければならないことを帝と翁に告白する。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Even the emperor couldn’t reach her, but they could eventually communicate each other through some poems in letters.

3 years later, Kaguya told that she have to go back to the moon where she have originally lived to the emperor and the old man.

竹取物語The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (2/3)

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 別れのときにかぐや姫は翁に「自分の代わり」として手紙と不死の薬を残す。

 姫を迎えにきた月の人が羽衣を着せた途端、かぐや姫の翁への愛情や別れの悲しみが消え、昇天していく。---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

People lived in the moon came to the ground to take her. She left a letter and immortal pills as memento.

She has felt attachment to the old man, but once the people dressed her in a robe of feathers, she no longer felt sadness anymore. And she went back to the moon.

竹取物語The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (3/3)

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竹取物語の一場面The last scene of the Tale土佐広通・土佐広澄  T. Horomichi, T. Hirosumi画像の著作権は失効  The copyright has lapsed. Scanned from ISBN 4-3097-6032-5

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翁や帝も入り込めないかぐや姫との関係

 「異境と現世の境界」(河添,1993) 「永遠の喪失感覚」(河添,1984)(かぐや姫の昇天を死として捉える解釈)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Relationship between Kaguya and the emperor / the old man

- Boundary between present world and strange world (She didn’t open with them about her real feelings in letters) - Eternal Loss (going back to the moon=passing away=death)

竹取物語のテーマThe themes of the story

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かぐや姫が手紙を使うのは…

 人に会いたくない状態でも対話したい時 気持ちや考えを表現したい時 別離の後にも残るつながりを渡したい時

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kaguya wrote the letters to men, when she wanted...

- to be alone, but to communicate - to express her feelings or thoughts - to leave something even after they separated from each other

竹取物語における手紙の役割The role of the letters in this story

Page 30: Role lettering  a japanese technique for transactional analysis

時間的・空間的解離

 不在のものが不在のものとかわす談話 absentis ad absentem colloquium(ギリシアの修辞学者リバニオス) 手紙の即応性(橋本,1997)・同時性(長島,1997)のなさ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Spatiotemporal Dissociation

- a letter is a conversation between absent persons absentis ad absentem colloquium (Libanius,Greek teacher of rhetoric) - a letter has no simultaneity (Nagashima, 1997), low speed of reaction (Hashimoto, 1997)

手紙の機能The functions of a letter

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人格的解離

 発信者自身との乖離(解離)が大きい(橋本,1997) (書き手と手紙の中で表現される人物の解離)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dissociation of personality

- A letter is considerably dissociated from the sender itself(Hashimoto, 1997)

(Dissociation between the writer and the person in the letter)

手紙の機能The functions of a letter

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作品としての手紙

幼児は「特定の誰かに自分の描いた作品をプレゼントする」ものと捉えている(横山ら,1998)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A letter as a work, an art, a portrait

- Children regard a letter as “a work of their own to present to someone”

(Yokoyama et al, 1998)

手紙の機能The functions of a letter

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手紙はある種の作品である(橋本,1997) メッセージの完結性が強い その形成を受け手に途中で妨げられることもない

「手紙」を書くことは表現療法の一種となる---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A letter is a sort of a work, a portrait (Hashimoto, 1997) - the massage is completed by itself - the writer is not disturbed by the receiver

Writing “a letter” is a kind of expressive (art) therapy

手紙の機能The functions of a letter

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・分身となる作品を渡しつつも、人と直接触れ合わない・感情表現をしつつも、人と距離をとる

 手紙=告白機能と守秘機能(原野, 2001)の解離の包括する    ための方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

・giving a gift as memento, but having no direct contact with others ・expressing her emotions, but keeping the distance with others

Letters=Method to conclude the dissociation between Self-disclosure and confidentiality (Harano, 2001)

かぐや姫にとっての手紙The meaning of the letters for Kaguya

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Thank you