santrock essentials 3e_ppt_ch09

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PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

9

ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK

3e


9-2

CHAPTER OUTLINE

• The nature of adolescence• Physical changes• Adolescent health• Adolescent cognition• Schools


9-3

THE NATURE OF ADOLESCENCE

• Influences on the adolescent • Cultural• Gender• Socioeconomic• Age• Lifestyle differences


9-4

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Puberty• The brain• Adolescent sexuality


9-5

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes• Sexual maturation, height, and weight• Marked weight and height gains• Facial and chest hair growth in males• Pubic hair growth• Breast growth in females• Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation


9-6

FIGURE 9.1 - PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT


9-7

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Puberty• Hormonal changes• Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and

carried throughout the body by the bloodstream• Endocrine system’s role in puberty involves interaction:

• Hypothalamus: A structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex• Pituitary gland: An important endocrine gland that controls growth

and regulates other glands• Gonads: The testes in males, the ovaries in females

• Increases in testosterone and estradiol


9-8

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Puberty• Timing and variations in puberty• Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-

19th century• Improved nutrition and health• Pubertal sequence begins:

• Boys - 10-13 1/2 years• Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years


9-9

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Body image• Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout

adolescence• Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative

body images


9-10

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Early and late maturation• Boys

• Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations

• Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s

• Girls• Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less

satisfaction later • More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed• Have an eating disorder• Struggle for earlier independence• Have older friends


9-11

FIGURE 9.2 - CHANGES IN THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN


9-12

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• The brain• Corpus callosum - The location where fibers connect the

brain’s left and right hemispheres• Prefrontal cortex• The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning,

decision making, and self-control

• Amygdala - The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions


9-13

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Adolescent sexuality• Developing a sexual identity • Learning to manage sexual feelings• Developing new forms of intimacy• Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior

• Sexual identity includes:• Activities• Interests• Styles of behavior• Indication of sexual orientation


9-14

PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions• Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior• Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems


9-15

ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY

• Contraceptive use• Two kinds of risks

• Unintended, unwanted pregnancy • Sexually transmitted infections

• Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives

• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Contracted primarily through sexual contact• Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact


9-16

ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY

• Adolescent pregnancy • U.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the world• Creates health risks for baby and mother

• Outcomes• Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness• Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically

• Reducing adolescent pregnancy• Girls Inc.• Growing Together• Will Power/Won’t Power• Taking Care of Business


9-17

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Nutrition and exercise• Sleep patterns• Leading causes of death in adolescents• Substance use and abuse• Eating disorders


9-18

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Poor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescence• Nutrition and exercise• 17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweight• Individuals become less active as they reach and progress

through adolescence

• Sleep patterns• Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night


9-19

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Leading causes of death in adolescence• Unintentional injuries• Homicide• Suicide


9-20

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Substance use and abuse• United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent

drug use of any industrialized nation• Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has

declined in recent years• The roles of development, parents, peers and education


9-21

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Eating disorders• Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness through

starvation• Main characteristics

• Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height

• An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

• Having a distorted image of their body shape• Amenorrhea

• 10 times more likely to occur in females than males


9-22

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

• Bulimia nervosa: Individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern• Most bulimics

• Are preoccupied with food• Have an intense fear of becoming overweight• Are depressed or anxious• Have a distorted body image

• Typically fall within a normal weight range


9-23

ADOLESCENT COGNITION

• Piaget’s theory• Adolescent egocentrism• Information processing


9-24


• Piaget’s theory• Formal operational stage • More abstract than concrete operational thought• Increased verbal problem-solving ability• Increased tendency to think about thought itself• Thoughts of idealism and possibilities• More logical thought

• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications

• Evaluating Piaget’s theory


9-25


• Adolescent egocentrism: Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents• Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that others are as

interested in them as they themselves are• Attention-getting behavior

• Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility


9-26


• Information processing• Executive functioning - Involves higher-order cognitive

activities such as • Reasoning• Making decisions• Monitoring thinking critically• Monitoring one’s cognitive progress

• Decision making• Critical thinking


9-27

SCHOOLS

• The transition to middle or junior high school• Effective schools for young adolescents• High school• Service learning


9-28

SCHOOLS

• The transition to middle or junior high school• Drop in school satisfaction

• Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position in elementary school to:• The lowest position in middle or junior high school


9-29

SCHOOLS

• Effective schools for young adolescents• Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of

middle schools• Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1• Involve parents and community leaders• Integrate several disciplines in a flexible

curriculum• Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs• Provide public health care


9-30

SCHOOLS

• High school• Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and

mathematical skills• High schools should discourage dropping out

• Service learning: Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

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