shpory icc

8/10/2019 Shpory ICC

1/59

1 Express your attitude to the difference between intercultural and cross-cultural communication.

2 Write about the natural features of intercultural communication.

3 Point out features that distinguish Intercultural communication from other types of communication

4 Give the important facts or reasons about the necessity of Intercultural communication.

5 Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in resolving the conflicts between nations.

6 Write about the history of Intercultural communication in brief and comment on them.

7

Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural

communications.

8 Speak on the general types of communication.

9 Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in life.

10 Evaluate each benefit of Intercultural communication giving samples.

11 Write about the Intercultural communication. The essence of the term.

12 Write about the role of new technologies in Intercultural communication.

13 Do culture and communication have the links? Prove it with examples.

14What can you say about religious culture? Does it play an important role in Interculturalcommunication?

15 What are the differences of verbal and non-verbal means of communication?

16 What can you say about the history of Intercultural communication? Illustrate with examples.

17 Edward T. Hall as a founder of Intercultural Communication.

18 Benefits of Intercultural Communication. Name them and illustrate with examples.

19 How Culture Affects Behavior? Explain the influence of culture on the behavior of different peopl

20 Edward Hall as the leading researcher and contributor to the field. Prove your answer with exampl

21 Express your attitude to the benefits of intercultural communication

22 State out the historical features of intercultural communication.

23 Show the difference between communicative and intercultural competences.

24 Point out the general types of communication.

25 Evaluate verbal and non-verbal types of communication.

26 Write about the components of intercultural communicative competence.

27 Show the importance of intercultural competence.

28 Give the contribution of E. Hall to the intercultural communication sphere.

29 State out the main facts of G. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory.

30 State out the main facts of E. Halls cultural dimension theory.

31 Give the definition of culture. Analyze its importance.

32 Write about the features of culture shock. Give practical tips to avoid the culture shock.33 Express your attitude to stereotype or national character.

34 Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.

35 Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.

36 Speak on the main notions of intercultural communication.

37 Speak on the necessities of a knowledge about culture.

38

Write about the role of a language on cultures of different people.

39 Find out the differences of countries male and female values.

40 Write about the intercultural communication as a discipline.

41 Express your attitude to four major influences on Halls intercultural communication theory.42 Point out the importance of E. Halls paradigm for intercultural communication.

43 Evaluate on the communication, types of communication.


2/59


3/59

87 Give your points on the cultural diversity and multiculturalism.

88 Write about four major influences on E. Hall's Intercultural paradigm.

89 Describe the main scientific works of E. Hall devoted to Intercultural context.

90 Characterize non-verbal means of communication according to E. Hall.

91 Speak on the role of widespread population migrations in Intercultural communication.

92 Express your attitude to characteristic features of Intercultural communication.93 Give the natural features of Intercultural communication.

94

Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural

communications.

95 Give the difference between Intercultural communication and other types of communication.

96 Identify that Intercultural communication is not new notion or idea.

97 Name the most popular and influential works of E. Hall and give short characteristics.

98 Identify the definition and distinguishing features of communication.

99 Characterize culture by your own researches or definitions.

100 Speak on the role of interaction sequence, turn-taking in communication process.

101 Explain the difference between communicative and intercultural competence.

102 Give the main features of communicative competence.

103 Give the main features of intercultural competence.

104 Give the main types of communication.

105 Explain the interrelation of intercultural communication with other sciences.

106 Give the benefits of Intercultural communication as a discipline.

107 Give the necessity and benefits of intercultural communication.

108 Write about the problems and consequences of Intercultural communication.

109 Give common reasons that cultural conflict take place among nations.

110 Name the things you will learn when you communicate with different cultures.

111

Explain the ways and scientsts who influenced E. Hall to make his paradigm on Intercultural

communication.

Give the interrelation of culture, language and communication.

113 Explain that communication in general is a broader concept.

114 Identify the basic linguistic functions of communication.

115 Why intercultural competence become important during the past years.

116 Speak of the goals of assessing intercultural competence.

117 Speak on the dimensions of Intercultural Communicative Competence.

118 Models and approaches of communication.

119 Write about the typical traits of countries which belong to high-context culture.

120 Write about the typical features of countries which belong to low-context culture.

121 Speak on the G.Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.

122 Speak on the E.Hall's cultural dimensions theory.

123 Give the characteristic features of culture. What is culture for you?

124 Characterise the different levels of culture.

125 How social identity and ethnicity can be related to culture and national states?

126 Speak on the problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.

127 Write about the awareness and insight differences between cultures and communication patterns.

128 Write about barriers to Intercultural Communication.129 What are the common reasons that Intercultural Communication formed as a science?

130 Explain how language influences on cultures of different people.


4/59

131 Write about the functions and aspects of communication.

132 The necessity of a knowledge about culture.

133 What are the great differences in cultural norms and practices of non-verbal communication?

134 Find out the differences of countries male and female values.

135 What are stereotypes and how do they affect people's lives?

136 What are the attempts to understand national cultures?137 What are the misunderstandings and differences in communicative behavior?

138 What are the aspects of communication on the individual level?

139 What are the most important body movements in intercultural communication?

140 Speak about the role of a sender and a reciever in the process of communication.

141 What are the aspects of communication on the interactive level?

142 Write about the role of turn-taking in communication.

143 Write about the role of feedback in the process of communication.

144 What is culture shock for you?

145 Explain each stage of culture shock and give examples.

146 Why communication, culture and interaction between cultures are important nowadays?

147 Problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.

148 What is the role of the development of technology for intercultural communication?

149 What is cultural diversity? Explain and give examples.

150 Write about E.Hall as the founder of intercultural communication.

1)Express your attitude to the difference between intercultural and cross-cultural communication.

What is the difference between intracultural, intercultural, cross-cultural, and international

communication?

They may all seem to be talking about the same thing, but when scheduling your classes, you might

see one intercultural class, one cross-cultural class, and another international communication

class. If you are already in a related class, you might be reading studies or chapters that use all of

these terms.

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are

different in significant ways culturally. For instance, a conversation between a man who grew up in

Nepal and a woman who grew up in Micronesia would probably be an intercultural conversation

because we could study how the different cultural backgrounds of the two people affect their

communication strategies towards each other.

Cross-Cultural

Cross-Cultural communication IS NOT the same thing as intercultural communication. While

intercultural communication deals with the interaction between at least two people, cross-cultural

communication describes the comparison of communication styles across cultures. For instance, a

paper about what happens when a Moroccan man speaks with a Hawaiian woman would be

intercultural, but a paper comparing the communication patterns of people from Morocco with the

communication patterns of people from Hawaii would be cross-cultural.

2) Write about the natural features of intercultural communication.


5/59

InEngland the standard is simple handshake for both men and women. At the same time, constant as

ahandshake out of place to do it is only when meeting. You should not kiss the hands of a woman and

make compliments to the public. This will be a great indelicacy. Cuddle in England generally notaccepte

d.

In the Russian when men at a meeting can shake hands or pat on the shoulder,at greeting a girl cankis

s on the

cheek.

Features studied intercultural communication at an interdisciplinary level and within the sciences

such as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics , ethnology , anthropology , sociology, each of

which uses its own approaches to their study .

Cultural values , as already noted , in the life of every person have a different meaning . That is why

some people are adherents of collective values , while others - the values of individualism .

Dialogue of Cultures - a set of direct relations and relationships that develop between K. and their

results , mutual changes arising in the course of the relationship. DK - One of the most importantforms of cultural dynamics cultural communication .

Communication - is the act or process of transferring information to other people , communication

between two or more individuals, based on mutual understanding, communication of information

from one person to another, or a number of individuals .

Culture - the core characteristic of the person associated with the human capacity purposeful

transformation of the world in which creating an artificial world of things , symbols , as well as

connections and relationships between people. Everything that is done by man , or is related to it,

is part of the culture .

Language - is the mirror showing the world in human perception surrounding the human reality.

At the same time in the mirror first recognized the man himself , his lifestyle , behavior,

relationships with other people , values , and culture.

3)Point out features that distinguish Intercultural communication from other types of

communication.

Culture called the collective programming of thinking group of people , which has an impact on

human behavior and of the community to which he belongs. Culture - product of millions of minds,

filtered hundreds of generations and presented in the form of stable values, beliefs and patterns of

communication. Knowing the features of this software , you can build a communication model that

will successfully communicate with other cultures .

Thinking and behavior of different nations will never be the same. However, a small adaptation to

another culture will help avoid unintentional abuse anTime. If Western culture is clearly and

measures the time delay, for example, is regarded as a fault , then the Arabs , in Latin America and

in some Asian countries delay no surprise . Moreover, if you want to bring with you dealt seriously

enough , you need to spend some time on arbitrary ( ritual ) conversation. Moreover, you should not

show haste , as it may be cultural conflict : " The Arabs consider drinking coffee and conversation

as" doing something " , while Americans look at it as a waste of timed possible conflicts.

4)Give the important facts or reasons about the necessity of Intercultural communication.


6/59

Intercultural communication is becoming increasingly important due to the rise of globalisation

and increasingly multicultural work environments. Because of this, the cultural intelligence and

cross-cultural communication skills that come with studying in a foreign country are highly

sought after by employers who seek to gain a competitive edge and break into in foreign

markets.

Culture is the organization of society, plays the role of programmed behavior helps to preserve theunity and integrity of the society and its interaction both at the group level as well as with other

communities . It is expressed in social relations , to the creation, assimilation , preservation and

dissemination of objects , ideas, values , ensuring mutual understanding among people in different

situations.

Hence, the culture gives a certain value of human activity and life, making them meaningless.

Therefore, cultural activities can be represented as a combination of knowledge , through which

people make sense of themselves and the world .

5)Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in resolving the conflicts betweennations.

Unity of world culture due to the unity of the historical process , the universal nature of work,

creative activities , etc. Any national cultures express universal universal content . Thus

theoretically the necessity and possibility of interaction and dialogue between cultures . Exchange

of spiritual values , familiarity with the achievements of other cultures enriches the individual and

society as a whole.

Participating in the production of cognitive activity of society , each individual is included in the set

of communicative processes . The possibility of its participation in communicative events isdetermined by its communicative behavior.

The communication process may be described as the operation where the sender encodes the

message in a set of signals. These signals are transmitted through a variety of channels , open and

functioning of the recipient . The recipient decodes the signals to interpret the message. Once the

message interpreted decoding becomes encoding , sending back your own message using the same

process. Thus one who originally encoded message , the decoding becomes . It is this complex

process of exchange, the changing roles and encoding-decoding messages and makes the

communication process .

6)Write about the history of Intercultural communication in brief and comment on them.

Intercultural communication is one of the younger academic fields in the United States. In relating

the history of intercultural communication study, we separate our analysis into two parts: the

chronological development and the content of intercultural communication study.

Although the beginnings of the field of intercultural communication as a field can be traced back to

the 1920s in the teaching of linguistics and in various academic and youth-oriented programs,

communication scholars commonly recognize E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural

communication study (Condon, 1981; Dodd, 1982; Gudykunst, 1985; Singer, 1987). Hall introducedterms such as "intercultural tensions" and "intercultural problems" in 1950.


7/59

In 1958, Lederer and Burdick's The Ugly American first raised mass awareness of intercultural issues, but the

term "intercultural communication" itself did not appear until Hall's The Silent Languagewaspublished in

1959.

Hall's influence on the study of intercultural communication is far-reaching. His writings have

attracted numerous scholars to the study of intercultural communication.

7)Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural

communications.

In the study of intercultural communication, there are various areas of study. There is

sometimes a distinction made between intercultural communication and cross-cultural

communication. According to this distinction, cross-cultural communication involves

the study of similar communication situations or behavior in different cultures.

Intercultural communication, in contrast, involves the study of the process of

communication between people from different cultures. Some other related areas ofstudy are interracial communication (communication between people of different

races) and interethnic communication (communication between people of

differentethnic groups.)

8) Speak on the general types of communication.

Communication is the process of exchanging information in the form of messages,

symbols, thoughts, signs, and opinions. There are mainly four types of communication,

which are used in varying ways depending on the medium used or the way in whichinformation is exchanged.

Verbal communication include sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is an

effective way of communicating and helps in expressing our emotions in words. This form

of communication is further classified into four types, which are: Intrapersonal

Communication, interpersonal.

Nonverbal communication manages to convey the sender's message without having to

use words.

Written communication is the medium through which the message of the sender is

conveyed with the help of written words. Letters, personal journals, e-mails, reports,

articles, and memos are some forms of written communication.

Visual. This form of communication involves the visual display of information, wherein

the message is understood or expressed with the help of visual aids. For example,

topography, photography, signs, symbols, maps, colors, posters, banners and designs

help the viewer understand the message visually. Movies and plays, television shows and

video clips are all electronic form of visual communication.

9) Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in life.

Culture is the organization of society, plays the role of programmed behavior helps to preserve

the unity and integrity of the society and its interaction both at the group level as well as with
http://www.cis.doshisha.ac.jp/kkitao/library/student/reading/communication/theory/theory_11.htm#v2http://www.cis.doshisha.ac.jp/kkitao/library/student/reading/communication/theory/theory_11.htm#v2http://www.cis.doshisha.ac.jp/kkitao/library/student/reading/communication/theory/theory_11.htm#v2http://www.cis.doshisha.ac.jp/kkitao/library/student/reading/communication/theory/theory_11.htm#v2


8/59

other communities . It is expressed in social relations , to the creation, assimilation , preservation

and dissemination of objects , ideas, values , ensuring mutual understanding among people in

different situations.

Hence, the culture gives a certain value of human activity and life, making them meaningless.

Therefore, cultural activities can be represented as a combination of knowledge , through which

people make sense of themselves and the world .

Important in the interaction of cultures has a structure that is those substantive areas and specific

forms of mutual exchange , through which it is carried out . One of the oldest and most

widespread forms of interaction supports economic exchange technologies experts - professionals

; sustainable form of interaction are interstate relations polititicheskie , legal, artistic connections .

10) Evaluate each benefit of Intercultural communication giving samples.

Many people often focus on the benefits intercultural training brings to individuals. What is forgotten ishow these individuals then go on to benefit the company or organization that they work in. It can be

claimed that intercultural training brings them four clear cut benefits.Communication:Much of intercultural training is in essence about communicating with people clearly and

avoiding misunderstandings. Intercultural training helps people appreciate how culture may impactcommunication with their colleagues or clients.Productivity and EfficiencyFollowing on from communication, a staff base that is able to understand one another more is only evergood news. Intercultural training not only assists people working better with each other throughdeveloping communication but also in other areas such as management, meetings styles, leadership,reward schemes, retention and recruitment. When it comes down to it, all help an organisation workbetter and therefore positively impacts productivity and proficiency.Competitive AdvantageA company with employees that are on the ball when it comes to interculturalskills is always going to have a competitive advantage over their rivals. If company A and company B areboth vying for business in China, which has the greater chance of success. Company A which has sent

out a negotiation team that has done no homework aboutChinese culture and etiquette. Long TermBenefitsThe businesses that succeed in the future are the businesses that can tap the limitless bounties of the global

economy. However, in order to do so you need people with the right skills, experience, knowledge and

understanding. Having employees that have attained a certain level of intercultural competence through

training and on-the-ground experience provides access the aforementioned bounties.

11) Write about the Intercultural communication. The essence of the term.

Intercultural communicationis a form communication that aims to share information across

different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication

processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals fromdifferent religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is

sometimes usedsynonymouslywithcross-cultural communication.In this sense it seeks to

understand how people from different countries andculturesact,communicateandperceivethe

world around them.

It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other

countries. Intercultural communication plays a role insocial sciencessuch asanthropology,cultural

studies,linguistics,psychologyandcommunication studies.Intercultural communication is also

referred to as the base for international businesses.

12) Write about the role of new technologies in Intercultural communication.

Given the university's emphasis on and access to technology, I redesigned my Intercultural

Communication course in the summer of 1999. The main objectives for the students were:
http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/chinese/translation-service.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/chinese/translation-service.html


9/59

- To develop competence in intercultural communication.

- To develop a relationship with someone from a non-U.S. culture via e-pal Web sites.

- To contribute to intercultural awareness by developing an intercultural communication Web site and

presenting their work, using PowerPoint, to area high schools.

1. Provide and promote knowledge of marginalized cultures thorugh traditional media. 2. Provideopportunity for increased access to the internet for other remote communities, allowing them to buildpartnerships with similar remote communities. 3. Train marginalized community groups to use internetand to use it to share information about their particular culture; traits, industry,and uniqueness etc.

Let others know about their existence, their customs and and about their culture in general, that is,that the world knows about them.

The possibility of exchanging literature, folklore, traditional medicine, languages, and symbols. In thisway, one can spread knowledge of their own culture and get to know other cultures.

The application of the Internet to distance education is creating a radical change in the dynamics of

education. However, it is important to define what it is that the the State requires as obligatory knowledgefor each grade or level, and to what extent elective and diverse knowledge should be accepted, evaluatedand recognized acadmically into this structure, one that has historically not included diverse cultures intoits mainstream approach.

13. Do culture and communication have the links? Prove it with examples.

The Relationship Between Communication and Culture.

The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created

through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural

characteristicswhether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patternsare created and shared. It is not so

much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or

societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the residueof social communication.

To understand the implications of this communication-culture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of

ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person

group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous

communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to

engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared

experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history,

patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and

tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural rules to which they would

learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and

sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In a reciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the

communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes

culture, and culture shapes communication.

14 What can you say about religious culture? Does it play an important role in Intercultural communication?

Religious belief is the belief in the reality of the mythological, supernatural, or spiritual aspects of a

religion. Religious belief is distinct from religious practice or religious behaviors with some believers not

practicing religion and some practitioners not believing religion. Religious beliefs, being derived from ideas

that are exclusive to religion, often relate to the existence, characteristics and worship of a deity or deities,

divine intervention in the universe and human life, or the deontological explanations for the values and

practices centered on the teachings of a spiritual leader or group. In contrast to other belief systems,

religious beliefs are usually codified. (Wittgenstein, 2007)

In some content, religious beliefs are such an influential factor in intercultural communication because

they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which people communicate. The

religious beliefs of different people originate as they grow up in their cultures. Different religious beliefs

form different views of death in different cultures. Beliefs as one of the hidden aspects of culture, impact on


10/59


11/59


12/59

our own attention and study.

Read more:http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0

23 Show the difference between communicative and intercultural competences.

the term competence has been subject to long-term debates in

language studies. This chapter aims to outline the most important

contributions to studies on competence in the fields of linguistics andapplied linguistics. This will be provided along two organizing principles: first, I aim

to present the historical evolution of the construct of communicative competence

(CC); then, I will outline how the construct of CC has been broadened so as to

function in the altered circumstances of todays globalized world.

The first part of this chapter gives a critical overview of models of CC and

presents what features these models share and what makes them distinct from one

another. The second part of this chapter presents theories on how individuals from

24 Point out the general types of communication.

Communication is a process that involves an exchange of information, thoughts, ideas and emotions. The

components of a communication process are: a sender who encodes and sends the message, the channel throughwhich the message is sent, and the receiver who decodes the message, processes the information and sends an

appropriate reply via the same channel back to the sender. Communication can occur via various processes and

methods, and depending on the channel used and the style, there can be various types.

Communication Channels

Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal

and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas non-

verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures.

Verbal

It is further divided into oral and written communication.

Oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. It can either be face-to-face or a

conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced

by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking.

The other type of verbal communication is written communication. It can be either via snail mail, or email. The

effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and

precision of language.

Nonverbal

Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the

body posture, the hand gestures, and the overall body movements. Facial expressions also play a major role incommunication. Even expressions on a person's face say a lot about his/her mood. Also, gestures like a handshake, a

smile or a hug can independently convey emotions and do not need to be accompanied by words. Non verbal

communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and

paintings.

Communication Based on Style and Purpose

Based on the style of communication, there can be two broad categories: formal and informal communication, that

have their own set of characteristic features.

Formal

It includes all the instances where communication has to occur in a set formal format. Typically this can include all

sorts of business or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official.
http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0


13/59

Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for this form of communication. It

can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence, formal communication is

straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it.

Informal

Informal communication includes instances of free and unrestrained conversation between people who share a

casual rapport with each other. It requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs betweenfriends and family. It does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. The conversations need not necessarily have

boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones

can simply go on and on.

Even though the whole process of communication may seem so simple, the effectiveness of each type depends to a

great extent on certain internal and external environmental factors and also the communicator's ability to send,

receive, decode and send a response. This is why the field of communication has been and continues to be widely

studied and is given a place of importance in any walk of life.

Read more at Buzzle:http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.html

25)Evaluate verbal and non-verbal types of communication.

Communication is simply the act of conveying information, and it is always going on around us. Whether a

person is speaking to an audience, typing an email, waving at a friend or putting up a sign, he or she is

engaged in communication. When it comes to conveying information, humans have many methods at their

disposal. Some methods involve using formal languages, like English or Spanish; others transmit messages

without a single word or sound. People even communicate unawares. However, all methods of

communication can be broken down into four basic types.

Verbal Communication

People are probably most familiar with verbal communication. Verbal communication refers to the oral

transmission, or speaking, of information. Much of verbal communication takes place face-to-face, but not

all. Spoken messages transmitted by telephone, radio, television and other media also count. Verbal

communication always involves words, sound, speaking and language, and can be interpersonal or public.

Over 3,000 languages exist in the world to facilitate verbal communication.

Though verbal communication is not the most commonly used type, it has its own particular advantages.

Speakers can exercise precise control over their messages, tailoring their delivery speed, volume and tone

to fit the needs of listeners. If listeners misinterpret a speakers message, the speaker can clarify any

statements made and resolve misunderstandings on the spot. Verbal communication is also great for

explaining difficult or abstract concepts, making it vital to education and business.

Nonverbal Communication

Experts estimate that up to two-thirds of all human communication is nonverbal, making it the most

common method of conveying information. Body language, gestures, facial expressions, touch, posture and

even clothing are all forms of nonverbal communication that can reveal a persons thoughts, attitudes and

desires. Since physical expression is innate to human behavior, most people are unconscious of the amount

of information they transmit to others. Crossed arms suggest defensiveness, a tapping foot shows

impatience, and a long embrace denotes intimacy. Nearly all forms of nonverbal communication derive

their meaning from culture and context. Plugging ones ears in a classroom conveys a very different

message than plugging ones ears at an air show.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.html


14/59


15/59

In interactions with people from foreign cultures, a person who is interculturally competent understands

the culture-specific concepts of perception, thinking, feeling, and acting.

Intercultural competence is also called "cross-cultural competence"

28) Give the contribution of E. Hall to the intercultural communication sphere.

Edward Hall founded intercultural communication, and Th Silent Language was the founding document of

the field. Hall laid the intellectual foundation upon which many others have built. Edward T. Hall made

three major contributions to the field of intercultural communication in Japan. 1. Halls work made clear

the concept of intercultural communication in Japan stressing that interaction with non-Japanese people

involved more than the mere exchange of words. Cultural systems of beliefs, values, and worldviews were

also involved. Until Hall, much emphasis for so-called internationalization or international

communication in Japan was placed simply on the mastery of eikaiwa. 2. Halls work directed the attention

of Japanese scholars and language educators to nonverbal aspects of Japanese interpersonal and

intercultural communication. Stimulated by Halls writings, they started to describe cultural characteristics

of Japanese nonverbal communication. 3. Halls theoretical perspective, particularly high-context and low-context communication, facilitated the exploration of Japanese cultural concepts as they relate to

interpersonal and intercultural communication. Hall (1982, 1983, 1987) touched on many Japanese

indigenous concepts as high-context terms (for example, amae, ma, wa, and nemawashi) in his work. Hall

also encouraged Japanese scholars to explore these concepts, and these scholars published important work

on this topic. Despite these important contributions of Edward T. Hall to intercultural communication

studies in Japan, the celebration of his paradigm made Japanese scholars oblivious to some important

intercultural issues for the Japanese.

29)State out the main facts of G. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory.

Hofstedes model (1980) has been used widely in research in the past two decades. The culture-based

model consists of four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and

masculinity-femininity. Hofstedes research, based on information from 40 countries, identified 4 major

dimensions on which cultures differ. Hofstedes work outlining the 4 major dimensions that exist across

cultures has been very influential, as one might imagine. Not all researchers have supported or agreed with

all of Hofstedes conclusions and findings however. Therefore, the next sections will aim to outline some of

the key arguments against Hofstedes model and methodology.

30)State out the main facts of E. Halls culturaldimension theory.

Edward T. Hall was an anthropologist who made early discoveries of key cultural factors. In particular he is

known for his high and low context cultural factors. Edward Hall (1976), independently developed

paradigms for the organization and identification of cultures. The central motives of this research were to

see if there exist universal categories of culture that span social communities and nations. Context: High

context: In a high-context culture, there are many contextual elements that help people to understand the

rules. As a result, much is taken for granted.This can be very confusing for person who does not understand

the 'unwritten rules' of the culture.Low context: In a low-context culture, very little is taken for granted.

Whilst this means that more explanation is needed, it also means there is less chance of misunderstanding

particularly when visitors are present.

31)Give the definition of culture. Analyze its importance.


16/59

Culture is a learned pattern of behavior, and is a way in which a person lives his life. It is an integral part of

every society, and creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among the people of that society.

Culture encompasses various aspects of communication, attitude, etiquette, beliefs, values, customs,

norms, food, art, jewelry, clothing styles, etc. Every society has a different culture, which gives it an identity

and uniqueness. Although culture is a social phenomenon, biological characteristics are often connected to

it. For example, we see people of a particular gender, age, skin color, or body type (height, weight, etc) and

we assume they must belong to a particular culture. All cultures have a system of communication (linguistic

and non-verbal), comprise the basis of self-identity and community, and exhibit behaviors and practices

that are visible. Cultures are organic entities. The most historically successful cultures adapt to outside

forces, manage their environmental resources equitably and sustainably, make friends with their neighbors,

and have relatively egalitarian social and economic structures. Culture is important because When the word

"culture" is mentioned, we can think of many things as "cultural", such as language, clothings... etc,

because we classify cultures of different places. Culture is so important that it is more than its distinct

visible features, if we extends this to the inner self of a person, to members within a society, further to the

whole community, maybe we can find some answers by finding out how they are affected by culture.

32) Write about the features of culture shock. Give practical tips to avoid the culture shock.

Culture shock exactly means the impact you may feel when you enter a culture very different from one to

which you are accustomed. Culture shock is common among immigrants and foreign students. No matter

how well you are prepared, there are many things in a culture that you cannot find in books. This is not

simply about meeting new and unexpected things, but also failing to meet what you would never have

believed would be missing from any culture. Differences in nonverbal communication and unwritten rules

play a large part. Culture shock can also happen when you take a culture for granted. Real CultureShock can

happen in places you expect to be similar - it's the accumulation of tiny things that can tip you over the

edge. Don't expect that it's just that there's snow, or that the buildings are taller. It's much, much deeper

than that. There is no solution to culture shock except to try to learn the culture, and the way to do that is

to watch and listen while withholding judgment for a while. Be careful of what you say and do, because it is

easy for others, not knowing your culture, to misunderstand you. In time, you will learn the other culture

and then you can participate at ease. The best way to avoid culture shock is to accept that every culture has

its own way of understanding things, and it all comes with evolution. You cannot expect every human being

to be the same.

33)Express your attitude to stereotype or national character.

A nation is a group of people who share common history and usually a language and usually, but not

always, live in the same area. Culture can be described as our everyday life: how we communicate, what

makes us happy and said. It also includes our language, religion, traditions, behavior, way of lifein other

words, what we do each day. People that belong to various nations may differ and they always differ from

one another.

For example, the Germans are regarded as scientifically-minded and industrious, they're always considered

solid, intelligent and mathematical. And, for instance, Israeli are believed to be mercenary, industrious,

shrewd, loyal to family, religious. There is a big amount of examples we can list about national character of

different people. Proving the difference of the national stereotypes I want to compare Russian and English

nations. There are a lot of features that vary. The Russians are industrious, tough, brave, progressive and

suspicious. They are always considered to be nationalistic, over - patriotic (because of this reason they're

good soldiers), we are willing to respect opinion of other people.


17/59

Speaking about Englishmen I may note that they're reserved, tradition-loving, courteous, honest, extremely

nationalistic and etc. To my mind, they have a specific sense of humor. They say that they can't understand

our jokes and anecdotes not only because of the different meanings of the words, but because of their

humor is more delicate. Looking at these features of the Russians and the Englishmen it is not hard to mark

out the differences. The Englishmen are reserved, but the Russians are open-hearted and communicative.

The Englishmen are tradition-loving and the Russians, to my mind, don't keep their traditions in such a

degree. There is a great majority of factors that influence the nations stereotype and its people's character.

People that live in the southern countries have less problems than those who live in the North and because

of this they're more cheerful and artistic. The history also has a great influence on the national character.

The peoples in Asia are revengeful because their forefathers often were at war with others. In Africa many

countries were colonies of the Great Britain, Holland, Spain and so on and they (Africans) were the slaves

and because of this they're still hard-working and industrious. The National Character exists. It is not a

myth, it's a reality. But the National Character doesn't describe the character of every person, it describes

the character of people of nation in general. Every person has its own character, but according to the

person's belonging to some nation many traits of character are similar and these features may be explained

as the national character.

34)Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.

Symptoms of culture shock

People differ greatly in the degree to which culture shock affects them, but almost everyone is affected by

it in one way or another. Symptoms vary, but can include:

boredom

withdrawal (e.g. spending excessive amounts of time reading; avoiding contact with host nationals)

feeling isolated or helpless

sleeping a lot or tiring easily

irritation over delays and other minor frustrations

suffering from various body pains and aches

longing to be back home

unduly criticizing local customs or ways of doing things

Stages of culture shock

The five stages of culture shock are:

The Honeymoon Stage - You are very positive, curious, and anticipate new exciting experiences. You even

idealize the host culture.

Irritability & Hostility - You may start to feel that what is different is actually inferior. The host culture is

confusing or the systems are frustrating. It is a small step from saying that they do things in a different way

to saying that they do things in a stupid way. You will often blame your frustrations and emotions on thenew culture (and its shortcomings) rather than on the process of your adaptation to the new culture.


18/59

Gradual Adjustment - You feel more relaxed and develop a more balanced, objective view of your

experience.

Adaptation of Biculturalism - There is a new sense of belonging and sensitivity to the host culture.

Re-entry Shock - You go home and it is not what you expected it to be

35) Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.

36)Speak on the main notions of intercultural communication.

Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information across different

cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems

that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic,

and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-

cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and

cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business

communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they

choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[1] As a separate notion, it studies

situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural

communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of

people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other

countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies,

linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the

base for international businesses

37. Speak on the necessities of a knowledge about culture.

Without past, there is no present and no future. It is very important to know about culture. Culture of every nation is

unique and different, but there is a problem such as forgetting the cultural values of the people, its history, and this is

simply unacceptable. How can people consider themselves culturally developed, if they do not remember the culture,

history? Generally , all the problems in the world because people have forgotten the culture of the past and trying to

appeal to the previous stage of development, preferring to build new , not noticing that only repeats the story of the

past. A cultural study helps us to address the cultural past of the society, its history, to consider and to avoid errors in

the development of present. Culture promotes awareness of national and ethnic cultural identity of the peoples of the

world, the role of culture in international relations. Culture helps to reveal the unity and integrity of world civilization,

consisting of many unique cultures of the world. It teaches us to reckon with the pluralism of opinions and values ,

makes cultivate traits such as intelligence, kindness, humanity, compassion and generosity. Creating an atmosphere of

respect for the culture of the peoples desire for mutual cooperation andhelp to promote humanism in the relations

between people, develops a sense of mutual responsibility for the historical fate of not only people, but also the world

of culture.

38. Write about the role of a language on cultures of different people.

The language of any nation is its historical memory, embodied in the word. Millennial spiritual culture, people's lives

are reflected in his unique language in its spoken and written forms, monuments of different genres. And, therefore,

the culture of language, culture word appears as an inextricable link many, many generations. Mother tongue - the

soul of the nation, the first and most obvious sign of her. In the language identified such important characteristics and

traits as the national psychology, character of the people, a warehouse of his thinking, distinctive originality of artistic

creativity, spirituality and moral condition. Language can be defined as a system of communication, implementedthrough sounds and symbols whose values are arbitrary, but have a certain structure.


19/59

39. Find out the differences of countries male and female values.

It just so happens that in our patriarchal culture values divided into "male and female". For centuries in men brought

the desire for leadership, power, career growth, cultivated for its conquests and victories. "Victory" - is, in my opinion,

generally quintessential "man's world" - a victory over a woman, a victory over a rival, winning the war, in sports, in a

game of chess. Spit the farthest, above all to climb a tree. The share of women left in the first place all that is included

in the definition of personal happiness " : relationships , comfort, children, love . Charity, participation, care - is also to

women. So the world has become "a man's world". In the hands of men were money and power for which they are

fighting throughout the history of mankind. And women - watching to see who would win, and occasionally nursed

wounded. For example, in eastern countries women have less rights and responsibilities than men. They often do not

work, sitting at home and doing household chores. It is their values. In European countries, women and men have

equal rights. Both want to achieve something in life, and that is their values

40. Write about the intercultural communication as a discipline.

intercultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds

communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across

cultures.

Intercultural communication endeavours to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as cultural anthropology

and established areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures

communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures

can better communicate with each other.

Intercultural communication, as in many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include

anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. The field has also moved both toward the treatment

of interethnic relations, and toward the study of communication strategies used by co-cultural populations, i.e.,

communication strategies used to deal with majority or mainstream populations.

41. Express your attitude to four major influences on Halls intercultural communication theory.

Depending on the nature of the use of space and time Hall distinguished between all cultures and at high-contextual,

low-contextual and culture prevailing monochronal or polychronic time use. According to research by Hall, nature and

results of the communication process are determined, among other things, and the degree of awareness of its

participants. Awareness in turn depends on the density of social networks and the speed of information exchange

between members of the network. Accordingly, all cultures can be classified on the basis of the strong and weak

contextual dependency. People, who enjoy a dense network of information, refer to the culture of high- context and

individuals with more free sets ties in their social environment and with less exchange of information related to

culture low context.

42. Point out the importance of E. Halls paradigm for intercultural communication.

E.Hall gives an overall analysis of the relationship of communication and culture at this happens: 1) the shift from

single-cultural focus to the bi-cultural comparison, 2) the concept of culture from macro to micro level can move, 3)

denotes the connection of culture with a communicative process, 4 ) established the role of culture in influencing

human behavior

43. Evaluate on the communication, types of communication.

Communication: Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions

through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, a sender(encoder) encodes a message and

then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and after processing

information, sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.


20/59

Types of Communication: People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message

and its context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of communicating also

affects communication. So, there are variety of types of communication.

Types of communication based on the communication channels used are:

1. Verbal Communication

2. Nonverbal Communication

44. Show the importance of intercultural and communicative competences.

Intercultural communication, communication, carried out under conditions such significant cultural differences due to

the communicative competence of its members, that these differences significantly affect the success or failure of

communicative events. Under the communicative competence is understood knowledge used in communication

systems and symbolic rules for their functioning, as well as the principles of communicative interaction. During the

communication messages are exchanged, i.e. the information is transferred from one party to another.

Communication takes place whenever any behavior or outcome is assigned an and they act as signs or symbols.

45. Give the differences between low-context and high-context cultures by E. Hall.

The general terms "high context" and "low context" (popularized by Edward Hall) are used to describe broad-brush

cultural differences between societies.

High contextrefers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time. Many

aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from

years of interaction with each other. Your family is probably an example of a high context environment.

Low contextrefers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some

specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those

coming into the cultural environment know how to behave.

High Context

Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information

More internalized understandings of what is communicated

Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others

Long term relationships

Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an "outsider"

Knowledge is situational, relational.

Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has

authority.

Low Context

Rule oriented, people play by external rules

More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible.

Sequencing, separation--of time, of space, of activities, of relationships

More interpersonal connections of shorter duration

Knowledge is more often transferable

Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities.

46. Give the differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures by G.Hofstede.

Separation of national cultures on individualistic and collectivist G. Hofstede was proposed in the 1980s . developed

within the framework of their classification. Analyzing profiles of employees of IBM and several other transactional

corporations from more than 50 countries around the world , the scientist drew attention to differences in responses

between the representatives of different nations to the same questions about the values and relationships between

people. G. Hofstede identified following items dichotomous scale to classify and describe cultures : 1) Power Distance


21/59

(high - low ), 2) Uncertainty avoidance (high - low ), 3) Individualism - collectivism 4) Masculinity - femininity ; 5 ) Long

- term orientation . Any choice can be positioned at each of the five scales is closer to one or the other pole.

Individualism - collectivism scale is most prevalent among psychologists , sociologists and economists , especially in

the U.S. , which, according to Hofstede , are pronounced individualistic nat . culture. Currently, individualism and

collectivism are recognized fundamental characteristics applicable to all societies of the world , and their study is

important in cross-cultural psychology . Individualism and collectivism are the characteristics of society, not the

individual. According to measurements by G. Hofstede, cultures of individualistic type are cultures in the U.S.,Australia, UK, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany and

other collectivist cultures can be considered the same culture of Korea, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan, Colombia, Venezuela,

Costa Rica, Guatemala, Ecuador, Indonesia, Portugal, Japan, China and other Russian culture Hofstede also ranks as

collectivist cultures type.

47. Comment on the culture, levels of culture.

Culture is the complex pattern of ideas, emotions, and observable/symbolic manifestations that tend to be expected,

reinforced, and rewarded by and within a particular group. The Cultural Orientations Approach blends this theoretical

concept with a practical appreciation of the impact of culture and the importance of cultural competence, which

allows people to purposely reduce risk, enhance innovation, and maximize opportunities as they adjust to new

environments and different conditions.

Culture results when people organize and interact, but this occurs mostly subconsciously and on the basis of their

experiences, expectations, and beliefs about themselves, others, and their shared context. The Cultural Orientations

Approach can be applied to each of the six levels of human organization and interaction at which culture operates.

These six levels include:

National/Societal:The level of culture that deals with awareness of cultural dynamics and patterns by nationality. It is

particularly relevant for (a) entering a new market for product, service, and/or talent; (b) cross-border division of

labor; and (c) international outsourcing relationships.

Organizational Culture:The level of culture that focuses on the experience of cultural dynamics in an organization.

This is especially relevant for global organizations and those involved in M&A.

Identity Group Culture:The level of culture for analyzing the diversification of society by gender, generation, ethnicity,

religious affiliation, and other social groups. It is particularly relevant for workforce diversity and talent management

concerns.

Functional Culture:The level of culture that addresses cross-functional effectiveness, based on the cultures created by

specific business units. Cross-functional or management teams concentrate on functional cultures and leverage their

differences carefully, bridging distinct cultural differences across their constituent units.

Team Culture:The level of culture that becomes apparent when teams develop a distinct identity and culture. To

effectively build teams in global and matrixed organization, an understanding of how to collaborate in complex and

dynamic situations is essential.

Individual Culture:The level at which the "building blocks" of culture are present,in both intrapersonal and

interpersonal dynamics. An understanding of this level is important for successfully addressing the concerns at any

level of culture.

48. Speak on the role of a sender and receiver in the process of communication.

The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through the communication

process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that

follow the communication process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their

profession. Effective communication leads to understanding. The communication process begins with the sender and

ends with the receiver. The senderis an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This

source is initially responsible for the success of the message. The sender's experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skill,

perceptions, and culture influence the message. "The written words, spoken words, and nonverbal language selected

are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the message as intended by the sender" (Burnett & Dollar, 1989).

All communication begins with the sender. The receiveris the individual or individuals to whom the message is

directed. The extent to which this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors, which

include the following: how much the individual or individuals know about the topic, their receptivity to the message,
http://www.culturalorientations.com/86http://www.culturalorientations.com/86http://www.culturalorientations.com/87http://www.culturalorientations.com/87http://www.culturalorientations.com/88http://www.culturalorientations.com/88http://www.culturalorientations.com/89http://www.culturalorientations.com/89http://www.culturalorientations.com/90http://www.culturalorientations.com/90http://www.culturalorientations.com/91http://www.culturalorientations.com/91http://www.culturalorientations.com/91http://www.culturalorientations.com/90http://www.culturalorientations.com/89http://www.culturalorientations.com/88http://www.culturalorientations.com/87http://www.culturalorientations.com/86


22/59

and the relationship and trust that exists between sender and receiver. All interpretations by the receiver are

influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's

relationship with encoding.

49. Show the importance of non-verbal communication in comparison with verbal communication.

communication is the process ofcommunicationthrough sending and receiving wordless (mostlyvisual)cues between

people. It is sometimes mistakenly referred to asbody language(kinesics), but nonverbal communication

encompasses much more, such as use of voice (paralanguage), touch (haptics), distance (proxemics), and physical

environments/appearance.[1]

Typically overlooked in nonverbal communication areproxemics,or the informal space

around the body andchronemics:the use of time. Not only considered eye contact,oculesicscomprises the actions of

looking while talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate. Even

speech contains nonverbal elements known asparalanguage,includingvoice quality,rate, pitch,volume,and speaking

style, as well asprosodicfeatures such asrhythm,intonation,andstress.Likewise, written texts have nonverbal

elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of

the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals,[2]

where it can be classified

into three principal areas:environmentalconditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the

communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. Nonverbal communication involves theprocesses of encoding and decoding. Encoding is the act of generating the information such as facial expressions,

gestures, and postures. Decoding is the interpretation of information from received sensations from previous

experiences.[2]

Only a small percentage of the brain processes verbal communication. As infants, nonverbal

communication is learned from social-emotional communication, making the face rather than words the major organ

of communication. As children become verbal communicators, they begin to look at facial expressions, vocal tones,

and other nonverbal elements more subconsciously.[Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all

communication.[3]

Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals.

Body signals comprisephysical features,conscious andunconsciousgesturesand signals, and the mediation of

personal space.[3]

The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal

message. Nonverbal communication strengthens a firstimpressionin common situations like attracting a partner or in

a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact.[3]First encounters or

interactions with another person strongly affect a person's perception.[4]

When the other person or group is absorbing

the message they are focused on the entireenvironmentaround them, meaning the other person uses all five senses

in theinteraction:83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste.

50.State out the advantages of a person who has proficiency in foreign languages.

There are some benefits of language proficiency.

Career goalsSome jobs require knowledge of a foreign language, but many more present additional opportunities tomultilingual applicants. Carleton graduates have used their language skills in any number of careers, including social

work, medicine, law, international business, community organizing, foreign service, journalism, hospitality, education,

the military, volunteer service, law enforcement and many others.

TravelStudy or travel in a foreign country can be an incredibly rewarding and enriching experience. Off-campus

seminars led by Carleton faculty are available in Chinese, French, German, Russian and Spanish. Carleton students may

also enroll in programs offered by other institutions or by consortia of which Carleton is a member. A number of

competitive Carleton fellowships provide additional opportunities for internships, research or service learning abroad.

Interest in the literature, history, politics, or cultureObviously, advanced study of the literature, history, politics or

culture of a particular country or region requires proficiency in a language. Students are often surprised to learn that

many graduate programs, especially in the humanities, require a reading knowledge of French, German or other

languages, no matter what their area of specialization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-Hogan.2C_K._2003-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-corsini-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication


23/59

Local immigrant populationsNearly 1 in 5 Americans speaks a language other than English at home. Spanish is the

most common, followed by Chinese, French, German, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Russian and Polish.

[Source: 2000 Census] Knowing another language can give you access to the cultural riches of immigrant communities,

while opening up opportunities in business and volunteer service.

Family backgroundLearning the language of your forebears can open lines of communication with non-English-

speaking relatives, while deepening your understanding of your familys roots.

Sharpening intellectual skillsLearning a second language helps improve memory, critical thinking and study skills.

Many students find that the discipline and sustained effort required to learn a language help them succeed in other

academic endeavors.

51. Explain the stages of culture shock you have had when your were in the new environment.

Almost everyone experiences culture shock when they come to a completely new environment. Everything is

different: the language, the food, the plumbing, the people.

The experience of culture shock comes from not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and

not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.

One of the most difficult parts of experiencing culture shock is that we often are unaware that we're affected. We

recognize that we are sad, lonely, and generally irritated that everything is going wrong, but we don't know that it is a

normal reaction to being immersed in a new culture. The feeling of culture shock generally sets in after the first few

weeks of coming to a new place.

Some telltale signs of culture shock are:

Preoccupation with minor physical discomforts

Anger over minor frustrations

A desire to go back home

Disturbed sleep patterns - too much or too little

Changes in mood or behavior such as anger, irritability, resentment, or a persistent preference to be alone

Idealizing your home country

Inability to solve simple problems

Lack of confidence

Feelings of being lost, overlooked, exploited or abused

Immunity to culture shock does not necessarily come from being open-minded or full of good will (essential

characteristics for a successful au pair), though these qualities do help with a speedy recovery. Some people are

affected by culture shock more than others, but most au pairs go through an attack of it and then make a full

recovery.

Although one can experience discomfort from culture shock, it is also an opportunity for learning and acquiring new

perspectives. Culture shock can help develop a greater understanding of self. the usual stages:


24/59

First Stage: You may feel terrific. You know enough English to get along, the places are interesting, the people are

kind, and it is clear that a wonderful experience is at hand. This time is called the "honeymoon" stage, as everything

encountered is new and exciting. You may notice that other au pairs who have been here longer tend to complain.

You may feel a bit superior to your peers who obviously did not make as good an adjustment as you have.

Second Stage: You may be sensitive to otherwise minor problems in daily life. In this stage, there may be feelings of

discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetent. You are no longer an interesting foreign visitor, but aregular member of the family, and you may feel ignored or taken for granted. At this stage when au pairs get together,

they often criticize Americans, saying that heir host parents are always busy and that the children have bad manners,

have too many toys and are difficult to control. This is the hardest phase of culture shock.

Third Stage: You regain your sense of humor and enjoy your mastery of American language, customs and cultures. You

may not like everything about the country, but you've found enough things to enjoy and learned to live with the rest.

You begin to realize that a year is a very short time and that there are so many things you want to do while you're

here. You may start to establish new goals.

The Fourth Stage is reverse culture shock. This occurs when you return to your home country. You may find that things

are no longer the same as you remember. Or you may find that nothing but you has changed. You will have grown

during your stay in the U.S., and you may find that your friends and family are just the same as they were when you

left. They may be unable to understand the new you.

52. State out the reasons of the importance of intercultural communication.

The globalization process is forcing businesses to rethink their strategies. Intercultural communication, skills assume

an ever larger role in global marketing and sale strategies. Intercultural communication serves a vital role in that it can

foresrall miscommunication, prevent misunderstandings, and avert mistakes. Intercultural communication in all

spheres of the society is important since it helps people to work together, meet deadlines, confer and build

relationships. It also enables people to work with good etiquette and protocol in business. Intercultural

communication or cross cultural communication is important because it helps us understand other cultures. With this

understanding we are better able to trade and do business with different countries. For starters, it helps in developing

a common understanding of the needs, reason for being, philosophyand history of other cultures. To improve one's

own quality of life by learning how other cultures have solved similar problems as one's own. To develop a deeper

understanding of the purpose of spirituality for life on earth. learning about other cultures by communicating with

someone from that culture leads towards understanding and acceptance. so much tolerance would be gained if we all

communicated and learned from eachother. To sum up, Globalization has made intercultural communication

inevitable. Communicating with other cultures characterizes todays business, classroom, and community.

Technology especially the internet has increased the probability that whatever is documented online will be read by

someone from another culture. Intercultural communication is of importance in any career field thus the art of

knowing how to communicate with other cultures should be a work place skill that is emphasized.

53. Describe the typical characteristics of three nations that live in your country.

Kazakhs: Kazakhs are very hospitable people and enjoy hosting dinners at their homes. When invited to someones

house for dinner, it is polite to bring something for the hostess such as pastries.

The common greeting is the handshake, often done with both hands and a smile. Since many Kazakhs are Muslim,

some men will not shake hands with women, so be sensitive to these religious differences.

Once you have developed a personal relationship, close friends of the same sex may prefer to hug rather than shake

hands. Hierarchy is respected in Kazakhstan. Someone more senior is never ever contradicted or criticised, especially

in public


25/59

54. Give the similarities and differences of levels of culture.

Culture results when people organize and interact, but this occurs mostly subconsciously and on the basis of their

experiences, expectations, and beliefs about themselves, others, and their shared context. The Cultural OrientationsApproa

shpory icc

Documents