Small HydropowerKOBAYASHI, Hisashi

(School of Agriculture, IBARAKI University)

• Environment and circumstances relative to ll h d

( g , y)

small hydropower• Hydropower developmenty p p• Today’s Hydropower in Japan

-Changing from Large & Medium HP to Small HP • Potential of small hydropower development• Merits of small hydropower generationM r ts f sma hy r p w r g n rat n• Effects of small hydropower development • About J-WatER• About J-WatER

1

Energy flow and renewable energy

340W100W240WY (1024)J/yr

340W1.4

1.63.8 5.4

2.72.9

78W0.31.3

<0.01Wreflection

0.2

78W

1 36 3heating

0.4 2.5GH effect

ET5.4

170W

1.36.3 2.5

170W

PV：×10%=300 000 EJ/yrbiomass：×0.15%=4,000 EJ/yr oil ：0.001～0.002

coal：0 2～0 3

Thomas G. & William M. S.(1996)2Chemistry of the Environment”

PV：×10%=300,000 EJ/yr coal：0.2～0.3

Total primary energy：400 EJ/yr= 4×1020J/yr=0.00042

1800 Volta, a battery1801 F d t

Opening ofthe Century of Petroleum1801 Faraday, a motor

1832 H. Pixii, an electric generator1853 Perry, Ship flying UA flags1859 A gasoline engine (J-J É Lenoir)

y

1859 A gasoline engine (J-J. É. Lenoir)Oil deposit in Pennsylvania (Colonel Drake)

1863 Standard Oil Company

Peak Oil

1867 Maiji-era1870 Gramme electric generator1873 Davidson, EV1878 1st HPPs in the World（Paris, sugar manufactory)1879 Edison, T. A, electric bulb1882 1st HP generation in Japan(Satsuma Shimazu)1883 Daimler Gasoline engine for vehicle

Toshiba

1883 Daimler, Gasoline engine for vehicle1886 「Tokyo Dento」established（1886）1887 A start of electric power supply（1888＝138 lights, 1902＝60,000lights）1888 1st HPPs in Japan(Mitsuizawa DC 5kW spinning mill)1888 1st HPPs in Japan(Mitsuizawa, DC 5kW, spinning mill)1892 Keage HPPs in Kyoto（power supply business ）1894 Shino-Japan War1896 H. Ford, gasoline-engine car, g g1899 11kV long distance transmission1904 Russia-Japan War1906 Toyota, Sakichi, [Toyota Weaving-machine]1 h h PP （1 ） k l d 1907 Komahashi HPPs（15MW）, 55kV long distance transmission1908 Ford Model T, GM established

3

Environment and circumstances relative to Environment and circumstances relative to small hydropower

4

Annual Precipitation of Japan

Patterns are similarto Asian Monsoon Region

（出典：国土地理院 新版日本国勢地図）5

River Systemof Japan

Dense and steep waterDense and steep water courses

6

TopographyLandform %L fl t 16%

opog ap yFew low‐flat land

Low-flat 16%Flat to gentle inclined land 11%

Hill hillocks 12%Many steep uplift lands

Hill, hillocks 12%Mountainous 61%

Cropping Area (1,000ha)Wet land D l d year Total Wet-land farming

Dry-land farming

2003 5 243 2 846 2 3972003 5,243 2,846 2,3972004 5,038 2,745 2,2932005 4 830 2 641 2 1892005 4,830 2,641 2,1892006 4,692 2,556 2,1362007 4 671 2 543 2 1282007 4,671 2,543 2,1282008 4,650 2,530 2,120 7

Water DistributionWater Distribution SystemSystem

Irrigation systemg y

Widely spread Irrigation canals

main canal :40,000 kmtotal canal length :400,000 km

River system

8

Hydropower development

9

Hydropower played a great role in old days’ JapanHydropower played a great role in old days Japan

• Water-lifting for agricultural use for paddyWater lifting for agricultural use, for paddy an upland crops

i• Transportation– manpower, animal power,  river flow, wind‐p ppower

• Rice millingRice milling– manpower, animal power →small hydropower i bin urban area

• Industrial energy(sawing,  crushing, grinding, cutting etc.)manpower, animal power → small hydropower → (steam)

• Heat & cooking energyg gy– biomass 10

sakerapeseed

oilnoodleflour incense

NADA（灘）Regulation on rice yield fluctuation（150kg（石）／10a[反]）

天明8年米踏水車の位置図（神戸大架蔵御影村文書による）

Ashiya-shi（2006）

天明8年米踏水車の位置図（神戸大架蔵御影村文書による）

11

Change in Energy CompositionModernization and energyM bi

hange in Energy omposition

Manpower, biomass→ hydropower, coal then petroleum

Energy changesBi i 80%

100%

Biomass energy society came to an end.

H d d l t60%

80%

Hydropower development for the promotion of industry and rural 20%

40%

industry and rural electrification

Thermal power0%

1880 1906 1926 1946 1966 1986 2006Thermal power development Woods Coal Oil Gas Hydro Nuclear Others

12

Examples of hydropower installation at initial stage

District Power Installation PresentHokkaido 120kW 1906 disuseHokkaido 120kW 1906 disuseTohoku 5kW 1888 operation:1000kWTokyo 17kW 1890 disuseChubu 50kW 1897 operation:130kW

Hokuriku 5kW 1894 operation:240kWKansai 80kW×2 1891 operation:4500kWKansai 80kW×2 1891 operation:4500kW

Chugoku 750kW 1899 disuseShikoku 260kW 1903 operation:3400kWKyushu 60kW 1898 operation:240kW

source：JEPOC(1992)

13

H d El t i it P d tiHydropower Electricity Production

300

h)h)

250

llion

 kWh

S k D

Kuro‐Yon Dam

Okutadami Dam

illio

n kW

h

150

200

sump. (bi Sakuma Dam

duct

ion(

bi

100

150

ergy  Con

s

Oi D

Komaki Dam

Prod

50

mary Ene

KinugawaHydropower

Oi Dam

0

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Prim

14

Progress of primary energy supply

5 0 0 ,0 0 0

6 0 0 ,0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 ,0 0 0

2 0 0 ,0 0 0

3 0 0 ,0 0 0

0

1 0 0 ,0 0 0

T kcal1 8 8 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 8 0 2 0 0 0

薪 炭 石 炭 石 油 天 然 ガ ス 水 力 原 子 力 そ の 他Biomass Coal Oil LNG Hydro Nuclear Others

15

Small Hydropower development afterSmall Hydropower development after 1940 in Japan

1942around 78,000 water wheels for agricultural

activities( ex. threshing)a ( . g)

1952-1960s1952 1960saround 200 small hydro-power stations were

constructedconstructed.

1982-1982some 10 powerstations were constructed

16

Today’s Hydropower in JapanChanging from Large & Medium HP to Small HP

17

Ch i t S ll HPChanging to Small HP

■ Development of Large & Medium HP is in deadlock due to environmental reason etc.

■ SHP is come into spotlight as a solution of CO2 emission and energy problemsemission and energy problems

■ In 2003, SHP up to 1,000kW was certified as the N E t d b th RPS LNew Energy enacted by the RPS Law

■ In 2008, SHP up to 1,000kW was categorized into the New Energy enacted by the New Energy Law

■ With this situation, the number of SHPPs have been ,increasing year after year

18

Expectation on Renewable Electricityp ysuch as PV, Wind power, Biomass,

and Small hydropowerand Small-hydropower

Medium ScaleLarge ScaleDevelopment

Medium ScaleDevelopment

250

300

n kWh) National

MobilizationPresent:90 billion kWh

200

ump. (billio

R k t

100

150

nergy  Co

nsu Remark to 

RenewableEnergy

0

50

Prim

ary E

n gy

0

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200019

Introduction of Recent InstillationsJ-WatER

～SHP Projects adopted to NEDO’s subsidy from FY2004 to FY2008～

(1) River■ 7 SHPPs were installed.

～SHP Projects adopted to NEDO s subsidy from FY2004 to FY2008～

■ Owner of 4 SHPPs of them were Power companies.

Kachugawa Citizen SHPP of Turu City(Locally Designated River:

Arashiyama Hosyoukai SHPP in Kyoto(Class A River: Katsuragawa River)(Locally Designated River:

Kacyugawa River)Head:2m、Discharge:2m3/s

(Class A River: Katsuragawa River)Head:1.74m、Discharge:0.55m3/s

Output:5.5kWgOutput:20kW

In service: October 2005In Service: December, 2005

(2) Maintainance Flow Discharge■ 4 SHPPs were installed.

Azuma No.2 SHPP of Public Sector of Gunma Pref.

(Discharge from Kusaki Dam)

Koami No2 SHPPof Public Sector of Tochigi Pref.

(Discharge from Koami Dam)(Discharge from Kusaki Dam)Discharge:0.329m3/s、Output:230kW

In Service: October, 2006

(Discharge from Koami Dam)Discharge:1.31m3/s、Output:130kW

In Service: December, 2007

Source：Website of Gunma Pref. Source: Website of Tochigi Pref.20

J-WatER

（3）Sabo-dam■ 4 SHPPs were installed.

Asakari-dam SHPP of Oooka-cyoin Nagano Pref.

Head:13 7m Discharge:0 08m3/s

Seiwamura SHPP in Kumamoto Pref.

Head:14 38m Discharge:2 0m3/sHead:13.7m、Discharge:0.08m3/sOutput: 6.7kW

In Service: March, 2008

Head:14.38m、Discharge:2.0m3/sOutput:190kW

In Service: April, 2005Source: Website of NEF

（4）Drinking Water System（4）Drinking Water System

Ko hok SHPP Tera chi Hais ij o SHPP

■ 34 SHPPs were installed.

Kouhoku SHPP of Yokohama Waterworks BureauHead:29.8m、Discharge:1.35m3/s

Terauchi Haisuijyo SHPPof Toyonaka City in Osaka

Head:35m、Discharge:0.48m3/sgOutput:300kW

In Service: March, 2008

gOutput:129kW

In Service: February, 2007

Source：Website of KEPCOSource: Tokyo Hatsuden21

(5) Irrigation Canal

J-WatER

(5) Irrigation Canal

Murayama rokkason zeki SHPP Hikinuma No 2 SHPP

■ 7 SHPPs were installed.

Murayama-rokkason-zeki SHPPof Hokuto City in Yamanashi Pref.

Hikinuma No.2 SHPPof Nasunogahara Irrigation

OrganizationH d 15 51 Di h 1 6 3/Head:77.5m、Discharge:0.5m3/s

Output:320kWIn Service: March, 2007

Head:15.51m、Discharge:1.6m3/sOutput: 170kW

In Service: February 2009

(6) Discharge from E isting Po erStation(6) Discharge from Existing PowerStation■ 6 SHPPs were installed.

Shirakawa-mura SHPPof Sirakawa-mura in Gifu pref.H d 8 0 Di h 2 3 3/

Mibugawa No.4 SHPPof Mibugawa Power Company

H d 10 49 Di h 6 6 3/Head:8.0m、Discharge:2.3m3/sOutput:150kW

In Service: July, 2005

Head:10.49m、Discharge:6.6m3/sOutput:480kW (6 Units）

In Service: February, 2009y y

22

Micro Hydro Generating Unit utilized the l i t l isurplus pressure in water-supply pipe

Net Head : 10 (m)Net Head : 10 (m)Design Flow : 1.11(m3/s)Max. Output : 90(kW)Expected Annual Output :Expected Annual Output :    

343,000(kWh)

23

Micro Hydropower Unit Micro Hydropower Unit in Kawasaki Water Works

Plant Name Egasaki Saginuma

Turbine TypeHorizontal Shaft ,

Propeller

d ( ) 36 09 3Max. Net Head (m) 36.09 13.5

Design Flow (m3/s) 0.6 0.53～0.98

M O t t (kW) 170 90Max. Output (kW) 170 90

Annual Output (kWh) 540,000 530,000

Unit No 2 1Unit No. 2 1

EgasakiEgasaki PlantPlant SaginumaSaginuma PlantPlant 24

Micro Hydro Unit in Sewage Water Treatment Center

Morigasaki Water Reclamation Center

Outlet with Micro-hydro power generators installed. Hg=2.0(m), Q=0.3(m3/s), P=4(kW)

Flow : 0.34～0.93(m3/s)

Kasai Water Reclamation Center( )

Head : 5.05(m)Unit Max. Output : 37(kW) Average Output : 11(kW)Turbine Type : Variable Blade type TubularGenerator Type : 3 Phase Induction GeneratorVoltage : 400(V)

(Source) Bureau of Sewerage Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Power Factor : 0.8225

Mini Hydro Power StationMini Hydro Power Station

－－Utilizing Compensation Flow to the RiverUtilizing Compensation Flow to the River

yy

General Arrangement (Sectional View)26

S type Propeller Turbine Generator(All Actuators are operated by Electric Motor)(All Actuators are operated by Electric Motor)

Turbine Type : S type Tubular Turbinewith Speed Increaser

Net Head : 5.45(m)( )Turbine Flow : 15.0(m3/s)Turbine Output : 694(kW)Turbine Speed : 200(rpm)

TurbineTurbine

Turbine Speed : 200(rpm)Generator Type : Synchronous

Generator with AVRCapacity : 670(KVA)

Speed IncreaserSpeed Increaser

Capacity : 670(KVA)Speed : 900(rpm)

GeneratorGenerator

Electric Motor Driven Electric Motor Driven Actuator for Runner BladesActuator for Runner BladesActuator for Runner BladesActuator for Runner Blades

27

J-WatER

(７）Installation Site

■ D i ki W t S t t f 50%

～from FY2004 to FY2008～

■ Drinking Water System accounts for 50% ■ Sewage System accounts for 0%

2 9 1.5 

3435

40

件数ro

ject 10.3 

5.9 8.8 

2.9 4.4 

25

30

数

ber o

f P 5.9 10.3 

15

20

Num

b

50.0 

0.0 

7

4 4

7 6

2 35

10

02 1

3

0

5

28

Potential of Hydropower development

29

Present Situation of Hydropower Generationy pin Japan

30,000

20 000

25,000

15,000

20,000

Output of power(GW)

10,000 Annual production(10^8kWh)

0

5,000

0

Under operation & construction

Undeveloped

30

Hydropower Potential in JapanCl ifi d b O t tClassified by Output

(Source)NEF “Small-Micro Hydro Facilitation & Innovative Technologies in Japan (Aug., ‘06)31

Sampling Study on under 1000kW output hydropower potentialon under 1000kW output hydropower potential

Locations

<50kW     100kW    300kW    500kW    1MW<

総出力

Energy & Resources Agency(2006)32

Head gettable at suitable points for waterpower use

落差 落差分布Head

Head gettable at suitable points for waterpower use

2.5落差工 落差分布

K幹線 KR支線

Distribution of Drops

K-main C l

K-2ndary C l

(m)

2.0HN支線 OT支線Canal Canal

1.5

差（m

）

1.0落

0.5

0.0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

始点からの区間（1区間=500m）No. from intake point

(Kobayashi, 2010) 33

Potential of small hydropower devPotential of small hydropower dev.1 000 000

100,000

1,000,000

エネ庁

計算値

METI

Estimation

10,000

算

千kW以下ｻﾝﾌﾟﾙ調査

Estimation

Sample study(METI)

1,000

地点

数oc

atio

ns

100

地 Lo

1

10

1

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

出力（kW）Power

(Kobayashi, 2009)34

Unused Hydropower Potential in Unused Hydropower Potential in Existing Structure

DamDam‐ Environmental discharge‐ Surplus capacity‐ Surplus capacity 47.9GW of Capacity, 102.6TWh (2200hr/a) of annual 

ti i 2010generation in 2010

Waterway‐Many drop/chute structures on irrigation canalsy p/ g‐ Existing waterway structure in water supply and sewage systemssewage systems

35

Comparison of small hydropower d l d development in Japan and Germany

><■ Japanese SHP is

considerably lagged behind

Loca

tions

considerably lagged behind compared with Germany

■ The lag comes from lack of L■ The lag comes from lack of social understanding, complicated administrative

GermanyJapan><

pprocedure, etc.

■However, now these <problems are improving as a

solution of GHG emission and energy problems

Source：METI, Renewable energy year book 2002/2003(GER)

■ We are sure about mushroom growth of SHP in the near future.

and energy problems.

36

Electricity Generationy3,084TWh1,284TWh

*Excludes pumped storage**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste, and heat.

(Source)IEA “KEY WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS” 200937

World Renewable Electricity Generation by SEnergy Source, 2006, 2015, and 2030

(Source):2006 Energy Information Administration(EIA), International Energy Annual 2006(June-December 2008)gy ( )

38

Hydro Potential in the World

Installed Hydropower Capacity (all scheme) at

yd o ote t a t e o d

Installed Hydropower Capacity (all scheme) at end-1999, Regional Distribution

Hydropower currently provides about 1/5Hydropower currently provides about 1/5 of the world electricity supply.Installed Capacity

:approx.700GW

4,875

1,668

2,792 2,706

568

1,668

711496 735

Hydropower-Technically Exploitable Capacity and 1999 Generation (allCapacity and 1999 Generation (all scheme) Regional Distribution

39

Hydro Potential in South East Asia

160,000 120,500

Developed Hydro Power Technical Feasible Hydro Power Potential

120,000

140,000

80 000

100,000

70,676entia

l in

(MW

)

60,000

80,000

11 214 36,610

,

Hyd

ro P

ot

20,000

40,000

27,504 29,500

11,214

12,2338,600

17,37918,933

36,6 026,929

8,000350 6,397

0 2,922 12 621 4,156 390 2,078 4,300 2,050230 3.4

Country

(Source : Hydropower & Dams, 2004)40

Regional Shares of Hydro ProductionRegional Shares of Hydro ProductionRegional Shares of Hydro ProductionRegional Shares of Hydro Production

*Includes pumped storage**Asia excludes China

(Source)IEA “KEY WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS” 2009**Asia excludes China

41

Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of Hydro Production by Region

(Source)IEA “KEY WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS” 200942

Technology Developmentof Standardized Overshot Waterwheel Generation Systemof Standardized Overshot Waterwheel Generation System

for Open Canal at Low Head Locations

wheel

generator

43

Combined efficiency (generated energy/theoretical output)

100%

90%

70%

80%

cy(%

)

50%

60%

def

ficie

nc

40%

Com

bine

d

20%

30%

30L/s

60L/s

C

0%

10%100L/s

150L/s

200L/s

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

rotational speed of turbine(r/s) 44

Combined power consumption pattern p p pof 40 households

50

40

45

Electricity Consumption

(kW)

30

35

20

25

10

15

0

5

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00

Note) 40 households consumption data was prepared by estimation and random extraction of consumption data for 53 households (exclusion of holidays and weekends)p ( y )

(Kobayashi, 2009)45

Outline of the Waterwheel Generation System

Governor mechanism

Outline of the Waterwheel Generation System

ＤＣ２００ ｖWT G パワ ン

１相 ＡＣ１００/２００ ｖＤＬ

水車発電設備 分散型小水力発電需給制御機構 Waterwheel

generation facilities

Governor mechanism for small hydropower generation system

AC100V/200V Power conditioner WT G パワコン

L1 L2 Ln水位センサー 回転センサー

3相AC200V

・・・

AC 200V

Water table Rotation

DC（固定電圧）

AC／DCコンバータ

センサ・制御ユニット

水位センサ

非常停止

回転センサ AC/DC convertor Sencing/control

unit

Water table sensor sensor

Emergency Control

充放電装置Charging/discharging

facility

高電圧バッテリ

DC200V DLBattery

DC200V

46

Merits Merits of small hydropower generationy p g

47

Characteristics of small hydropowerCharacteristics of small hydropower

• Environmental friendly f l d• No fuel required

power generation of 1kWh– power generation of 1kWh• Thermal (petroleum)：0.25ℓ• Thermal (coal)：0.5kg

1kW small hydropower station– 1kW small hydropower station• 8,000kWh／yr＝2.0kℓ-petroleum／yr• No drying up• No price changep g

48

Small hydropower is an acein GHG Reduction

800

1000

direct indirect

600

800

kWh

400

O2（

g.C

O2/

k

200

LC-C

O

0

Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(2004)49

Comparison of PV and SHP for pproducting 2GW/year

PV SHP

required power 2,000kW 320kW

h f ti 1 000 h 6 875 hhr of operation per year 1,000 hr 6,875 hr

annual power output 2 0 GWh 2 2 GWhannual power output 2.0 GWh 2.2 GWh

initial cost 2 000 M¥ 440 M¥initial cost 2,000 M¥ 440 M¥

50

Effectsof Small hydropower Development

51

Various direct and indirect effectsVarious direct and indirect effectsby Regional Small hydro-power y g y p

Development•GHG reduction• regional energy development• regional energy development•regional self-supporting system•measure against global warming•environmental conservationenvironmental conservation•participation of residents for rural d l tdevelopment•sustainable developmentsusta nable development

52

CO reduction CO2 reduction expected Road Map of future SHP Development

J in Japan (Kobayashi, 2010)

year 2010 2013 2015 2020 20xxStations （500） 650 1 500 5 500 20 000

Target

Stations （500） 650 1,500 5,500 20,000Total

Power （150） 65 150 550 2,000(MW)

CO2 reduction(t CO /yr) － 250,250 577,500 2,117,500 7,700,000(t-CO2/yr)

Note) Estimation condition:CO2 emission rate of electricity at present: 0.55kg-CO2／kWhCO2 emission rate of electricity by small hydropower: 0 010 kg-CO2／kWh （temporary）CO2 emission rate of electricity by small hydropower: 0.010 kg-CO2／kWh （temporary）Annual operation hours of small hydropower generation facility: 7,000 hours

53

Local BusinessSmall Factory

54

Small-Micro Hydro Facilitationy& Innovative Technologies in Japan (NEF ,2006)

55

R d l t f H d Pl tRedevelopment of Hydropower Plants

H d l t h b t t d th • Hydropower plants have been constructed more than 100 years ago in Japan.M st h d p pl nts h d m th n 50 t 60 • Most hydropower plants have aged more than 50 to 60 and they became overaged.

• Some hydropower plants which were constructed more • Some hydropower plants which were constructed more than 50 years ago have potential of unused discharge, etcetc.

• Output can be increased in renewing hydropower facilities with higher efficiency.fac l t es w th h gher eff c ency.

• Unused water flow and head have potential of redevelopment.p

• Hydropower plants can be redeveloped when multipurpose dams are redeveloped at the same time.p p p

56

J i ti f Wat E RAbout J WatERJ-WatER

Japanese association for Water Energy Recovery

■ Foundation: Originally established as a non governmental (1) Profile

About J-WatER■ Foundation: Originally established as a non-governmental

organization in 2005■ Chairman : Mr Kazuo AICHI (Former Secretary of Environment Agency)■ Chairman : Mr. Kazuo AICHI (Former Secretary of Environment Agency)■ Members : about 130 individuals and 46 groups■ Regional J-WatER : 7 organizations (Toyama Yamanashi Nagano ■ Regional J WatER : 7 organizations (Toyama, Yamanashi, Nagano,

Gifu, Chugoku, Kumamoto，Kochi)

(2) Activities for SHP up to 1,000kW

■ SHP developed in Japan■ Policy Recommendation to the government■ Development assistance and Technical Support ■ Workshops, Technical Seminars and Study Tour■ Enlightening and Dissemination

57

Advisory Board

J-WatER

President y●SHINOHARA, Takashi (DPJ)● FUKUSHIMA, Mizuho (SDP)● FURUKAWA Yoshihisa (JCP)

PresidentAICHI Kazuo

● FURUKAWA, Yoshihisa (JCP)○IWAI, Funiomi (LDP)○YATSU, Yoshio (New Komei)● KATO Sh i hi LDP)

Vice-President

● KATO, Shunichi LDP)● SHIOKAWA, Tetsuya (JCP)● YOSHII, Hidekatsu (JCP)

Managing Board

SUDO, Ryosaku  (Generation System & Mechanics)TAKEMURA, Kotaro (River & Water resources)DANMOTO, Yukio (Irrigation & Agriculture)

Regional WatER(Assosiation)

Cooperation

17 b d b

In process‐GUNMA

(Assosiation)Established‐TOYAMANAGANO+17 board members ‐TOKUSHIMA‐NAGANO‐YAMANASHI‐GIFU‐KUMAMOTO‐KOCHI●CHUGOKU SHPP Assoc.

58

Thank you for your attention.

59