日本海セトロジー研究 （NihonkaiCetology) (13) : 25 32 (2003)

Some Histological Observations on a Harbor Porpoise, Phocoena phocoenaラ

Stranded on Nishiyama Beachラ NiigataPrefecture, Sea of Japan

Yoshiharu Honma＇＞ぺ TatsuoUshiki'>, Jiro Hitomi'>, Masaei Takeda'> and Junji Shindo'>

1) Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imαging, Department of Cellular Function, NiigtαUniversity Graduαte School

of Medical αnd Dentαi Sciences, Asahimachi dori-1, Niigαta, 951-8510 Japan

2)Niigata City Aquarium, Nishザunαmicho5932-445, Niigata 951-8101, J.αrpan

匂－mail: vivanat3@med.niigatα－uβc.jp

Key words : visceral organ histology, stranding, female exhumed the specimen and removed the visceral organs

harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, Nishiyama-machi (preserved in 10% formol) for further examination. The

organs were forwarded to the senior author, a histological

examination of the urino-genital organs having already been

reported (Honma, et al., 2002) .

The remaining organs were also examined histologically,

the former still appearing fresh despite the animal having

been buried for on巴 day.Because histological criteria for

several organs of harbor po叩oise have only been

documented for a s巴nilemale individual (Honma et., 1992) ,

the study of a female will be a valuable addition to our

Abstract Histological observations to determine physical

condition were performed on some organs of a young female

harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, stranded on the beach

at Nishiyama-machi, Niigata Prefecture, Sea of Japan. Most

of the hepatic cells appeared normalョalthoughsome areas

of fatty liver, heavy hemorrhaging and necrotic tissue were

detected. The exocrine pancreas consisted of acini

comprising granular ( = zymogen) acinar cells and a

centroacinar cell. On the other hand, the endocrine pancreas

(islets of Langerhans) wer巴 composed of 3 types of

endocrine cells, A-( glucagon producing) , B-( insulin

producing) and a few D (somatostatin producing) cells.

The cortical region of the spleen appeared normal, with

healthy lymphocytes, while the medullarγregion contained

numerous macrophages. Considerable pigment ( lipofuscins)

were apparent in the macrophages, but no plasma cells w巴re

encounter巴d.No kidney abnormalities W巴reobserved in the

distal and collecting tubule cells, and most of th巳 glomeruliラ

although a few of the latter had collapsed. Noticeably,

sev巴ralepithelial po口ionsof the urinarγbladder were in an

early papillomatous phas巴 Allof the lung alveolar cells had

collapsed due to stranding, although the peripheral region

(cartilagenous rings supporting the bronchi) was unchanged.

A longitudinal section of anastomosed cardiac muscle fibers

revealed intercalated discs, while in a cross (transverse)

section Cohnh巴imfields were det巴cted.

Introduction

As reported previously, a young female harbor porpoise,

Phocoe刀a phocoena, was stranded ashor巴 at

Nishiyama-machi, west ofNiigata City on 26 February, 2001

(Honma et al., 2002) . Because of a heavy visible injurγ，the

finders hurried the individual in the sandy beach.

Soon after this action, several aquarists and a V巴terinarian

present knowledge data base.

Materials and Methods

A number of organs (preserved in 10% formalin),

including the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, urinary bladderラ

lung and heart were used in this study. Blocks removed from

each organ were fixed secondarily in Bouin’s solution,

dehydrated in an alcohol series, embedded in paraffin, cut at

5 ,um thickness, stained chiefly with hematoxylin-eosin

(HE) double stain and Masson-Goldner (MG) associated

with aldehyde fuchsin (AF) tetrachrome stain, and observed

under a light microscope ( Orthoplan, Leitz) .

Results of Observations

Liver : Although a lobular pattern was indistinct, the liver

was composed of lobules of epithelial ( parenchymal hepatic)

cells arranged radially in a central vein, associated in parallel

with sinusoids (Fig. I). The polyhedral hepatic cells were

coarsely granular, each with an ovoid and/or round nucleus.

However, in some pa口s, the cell mass included a

considerable amount of adipose components, the congestive

portions being surrounded by deeply-stained hepatic cells

(Fig. 2). Nodules containing such cells wer巴 alsostained

deeply.

Each hepatic cell characteristically had a clearcut round

nucleus, including distinct nucleoli. However, necrotic

に－uつ臼

Yoshiharu Honma, Tatsuo Ushiki, Jiro Hitomi, Masae』Takedaand Junji Shindo

po口ionswere encountered in the nodules. The bile duct,

consisting of columnar cells, in addition to Kupper and

dicaryonate cells, was observed only with difficulty.

Exocrine pancreas : The organ includ巴dnumerous acini in

th巴 lobules, vascular components and interlobular ducts.

Each acinus comprised s巴veral(or mor巴） pyramidal cells

a汀angedaround a centroacinal cell. Two types of acinal

cells were found : a larger cell containing coarse granules

(=zymogen granules) and a smaller pale cell that lacked

granules (i. e., granule exhousted) . No anomalies were

detected in the exocrine pancreas (Fig. 3)

Endocrine pancreas : Numerous small masses of islets of

Langerhans were scattered throughout the exocrin巴 pancreas.

MG-AF stain disclosed three types of endocrine cells in the

islets, the former being included within or in contact with

tubuloacinal tissues.

The abundant polyhedral cells showed a strong affinity for

AF, being categorized as insulin-producing B cells, whereas

the smaller acidophile (phloxinophil) cells with peripherally-

shifted nucl巴iwere considered to be glucagon-producing A

cells. Cells stained with light green wer巴 located

sporadically, being identified as somatostatin producing D

cells (Fig. 4)

Spleen : The spleen consisted of a collagenous frame work,

a well-developed trabeculae, and roughly divided cortical

and medullary portions. The organ was covered with a

comparatively thick, loose connective tissue containing

a口eries and veins. Separation of the white (mass of

lymphocytes) and red (circulating blood cells) pulps was

incomplete (Fig. 5).

The cortical region appeared normal, with healthy

lymphocytes, whereas a considerable number of

macrophages much yellow brownian pigment (probably

lipofuscin) both within and around the latter were d巴tected

in the medullarγregion. The texture of the medulla was

rough and lacuna!. However, no areas of highly active

phagocytosis were encountered (Fig. 6) .

Kidney ・ Although only one reniculus was examined, no

notably aberrant and/or pathological conditions were found

in the renal tissues, except for minor changes in a few renal

coゅuscles.Just beneath and at the entrance of the capillary

glomerulus (the vascular pole), juxtaglomerular cells with

granules and the macula densa consisting of low columnar

cells were clearly defined (Fig. 7) .

Glomerular necrosis was very seldom巴ncountered.The

proximal and collecting tubules were distinguishable adjacent

to or near the renal coゅuscle.The apices of th巴formercells

were each equipped with a brush border, while the

cytoplasm of th巴 lattercells was light. The juxtaglomerular

and Goormaghtigh cells, corresponding to smooth muscular

cells, contained rich cytoplasm (Fig. 8) .

Urinary bladder : The bladder was constructed from① a

serous membrane of loose connective tissue，② an outer

layer of longitudinal smooth muscle，③ a middle layer of

circular smooth muscle，④ an inner layer of longitudinal

smooth muscle，⑤ a lamina propria of collagenous

connective tissue and ⑤ transitional epithelium. It is

notable that slight swellings in the epithelium, diagnosed as

benign papillomatous growths, were encounter巴d. The

comparatively large, polyhedral cells, each cpontaining a

round or ovoid nucleus, were very weakly positive with AF.

The cell membrane was equipped with intercellular bridges

(Fig. 9), and the epithelial margin showed keratinization.

However, no mitotic figures and I or pyknotic features were

detected (Fig. 10).

Lung ・ Unfortunately, most of the alveolar cells, with long

ovoid nuclei, were congested and I or collapsed. However,

interlobular loose connective tissues existed in the alveolar

ducts, bronchioles and arteries, and alveolar septa were

apparent.

Rings of hyaline cartilage, constituting part of the

myoelastic sphincter accompanying muscule fiber bundles

and epithelial cells were apparent at the bottom of alveolar

duct (Fig. 11). The surface of the cartilage ring fragments

was covered with a mucosal epithelium of cuboidal cells and

lined with smooth muscle fiber bundles, as mentioned

above. The cuboidal cells each had a deeply-stained nucleus.

Between the sphincters and veins masses of circular mucous

glands consisting of tall cells, were seen, the mucus showing

an affinity to AF (Fig. 12) .

Cardiac muscle : This involuntary striated muscle

consisted of th巴musclecells joined end to end at junctional

zones, the so-called intercalated discs (Fig. 13). A single

cardiac muscle cell comprised an elongated nucleus and

sarcoplasm. However, branching muscle fibers were

anastomosed. In cross section, so-called Cohnheim fields

were seen (Fig. 14), the nuclei and pale portions without

myofibrils being located in the central portions of fibers,

each fiber b巴ingassociated with myofibrils. Between the

muscle fiber strands, flat, spindle-shap巴d cells were

recognized.

Discussion

All organ specimens used in this study were removed

円。円ノL】

Some Histological Observations on a Harbor Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, stranded on Nishiyama Beach, Niigata Preたcture,Sea of Japan

from a young female harbor porpoise, together with the

genital apparatus examined reported previously (Honma, et

al., 2002).

Kikkawa ( 1943～1944), who reported histological

characteristics of several visceral organs of cetaceans, briefly

mentioned that the liver of sei and blue whales contained a

comparatively small amount of connective tissue, had a

disrupted radial arrangement of hepatic cords toward the

peripheral region, and lacked a defined gall bladder. Similar

characteristics wer巴 reported for a senile male harbor

porpoise (Honma et al., 1992) and were evident in the

pn巴sentexamination.

Cockrill ( 1960) noted fat storage of fats in the livers of

pregnant cetaceans, as did Honma et al. ( 1992) . However,

in th巴 presentyoung specimen, the amount of fat deposited

was small.

Kikkawa ( 1944), Saito ( 1969), Simpson and Gardner

( 1972) and Honma et al. ( 1992) dscribed the exocrine and

endocrine pancreas of cetceans, and emphasized that th巴y

contained a smaller amount of stromatous connective tissues

than found in teηestrial tetrapod animals. Excepting

Kikkawa ( 1944), they also pointed out the relativ巴lylarge

number (but smaller size) of islet tissues comprising A, B

and D cells. The present examination confirmed these

findings.

Lymphoid organs, including the spleen of marine

mammals, were described and r巴vi巴wed by Kikkawa

( 1943), Simpson and Gardner ( 1972), Schmacher and

Welsch ( 1987), Honma et al. (1992), Nakamine et al.

(1992) and Cowan and Smith (1999). Cowan (1966),

Schumacher et al. ( 1990) and Honma et al. (2001) also

noted resp巴ctivepathological conditions of marine mammal

spleens. Among others, Nakamine et al. ( 1992) documented

a type of primitive mammalian spleen in an odontocetous

whale. Cowan and Smith ( 1999), who dissect巴d 50

beach-stranded bottlenose dolphins noted many small巴r

accessory spleens, some even embedded in the pancreas.

Such a condition was not apparent in the pres巴ntspecim巴n.

It is well documented that the kidney of marine mammals

is compos巴d of many reniculi ; such Oobate) structures

(Lappenbildung) having been often described ( e. g.,

Beauregard et Boulart, 1882 . Ping, 1926 ; Kamiya, 1958 ;

Slijper, 1962 ; Honma, et al., 1992) . How巴ver, no

histologically-different architecture of kidney elements has

been detected when compared with terrestrial mammals,

including man.

Examining the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, Simpson and

Gardner ( 1972) illustrated a section of urinary bladder

consisting of a transitional epithelium, loose connective

tissue and concentric smooth muscle layers. They further

mentioned one instance of acute necrotizing cystitis in this

species, in which the epithelial lining was denuded, beeing

the site of an acute inflammatory reaction. However, there

appear to b巴noliterature accounts of papillomatous growths

of urinary bladder epithelium, as found in the present

specimen. Although the grade of growth was slight in this

case, a remarkable epithelial swelling with numerous

intercellular bridges constructed合omprominent d巴smosomes

has recently been described in an aquarium-reared Acipe刀ser

(Honma et al., 1999).

Barbosa ( 1914）日rstdescribed bronchiole sphincters,

peculiar to dolphins. Subsequently, Fiebiger ( 1916), Nayr巴S

and Laurie ( 1937), Belanger ( 1940), Wislocki ( 1942),

Kikkawa (1944), Murata (1951), Engel (1966), Ito et al.

(1967), Simpson and Gardner ( 1972) and Honma et al.

( 1992) r巴po目ed microscopic observations on cetacean

lungs.

Among others, Wislocki ( 1942) and Honma et al.

( 1992) described a specialized system of myoelastic

sphincters constituting“valvular segments” such involving

even the smallest bronchiolar passages in the lungs. They

noted also that such a characteristic was not pr巴sentin larger

cetaceans. As indicated in the results, in small odontocetous

whales, which have a relatively short diving time, the

myoelastic sphincters connecting the cartilage 合agments,

which surround and support the tubular wall of the

bronchiole, are well develop巴dand extended down to the

respiratory bronchiole, at the beginning of the alveolar duct.

On the other hand. Lacoste and Baudrimont ( 1938),

Goudappel and Slりper( 1958) and Harrison and Tomlinson

( 1963) pointed out that bronchiolar sphincters were absent

in larger whales, which are characterized by deep and

prolonged diving, and relatively small lung capacity.

Although Simpson and Gardner ( 1972) described the

cardiovascular system of marine mammals, the present study

could examine only a small block of cardiac muscle and

detailed comparisons cannot be made at this time.

As described above, the histological examination gave no

insight into the factors leading up to the death of the present

harbor porpoise. More fresh material of marine mammals

stranded on the coast of Niigata District, Sea of Japan, are

necessaiγfor elucidating the cause of death during the

winter season and for the accumulation of knowledge on the

comparative histology of marine mammals.

ヴ

inノ白

Yoshiharu Honma, Tatsuo Ushiki, Jiro Hitomi, Masaei Takeda and Junji Shindo

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Honma, Y., Ushiki, T., Hashizume, H., Takeda, M. and

Shindo, J. (2002) Histological observations on th巳

reproductive organs of a female harbor porpoise,

Phocoena phocoena, stranded on the beach at Nishiyama,

Niigata Prefecture, S巴aof Japan. Nihonkai Cetol.. 12・

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口。つ，“

Some Histological Obse刊atio日son a Harbor Porpoise, Phocoeno phocoena, stranded on Nishiyama Beach, Niigata Prefecture, Sea of Japan

Fig. I. Section of liver from a harbor porpoise, Phocoena

phocoena, showing polyhedral hepatic cell cords running

parallel with sinusoidal cords (s) Note granular cytoplasm

and distinct nucleolus (arrow) in hepatic cell. Masson

Goldner associat巳dwith AF (MG-AF) stain.×400

Fig. 2. S巴ctionof liver showing consid巴rablefat components (f) .

Note round nucleus (arrow) in granular hepatic cells.

MG-AF.×400

Fig. 3. Section of pancreas consisting of granular

(zymogen) cells (z) and granule-exhausted light cells (I).

a : Note several masses of islets of Langerhans (aπow

head). Lower magnification. MA-AF.×1 00, b . Higher

magnification. MA-AF.×400

Fig. 4. Part of islet of Langerhans in exocrine pancreatic

tissue exhibiting three types of endocrine cells ・ AF

strongly positive B (B) cells, phroxine stained A (A) cells

and light green faintly stained D ( D) cells. Note two types

of acinar cells (z, I). MG-AF.×400

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つ山

Yoshiharu Honma, Tatsuo Ushiki, Jiro Hitomi, Masaei Takeda and Junji Shindo

Fig. 5. Part of spleen showing small lymphocytes ( 1), red

blood c巴lls(r) and macrophages (m) Hematoxylin-eosin

(HE) stain.×400

Fig. 6. Medullarγportion of loose lacunal spleen, showing

slightly active macrophages ( m), some of which were

contaminated with lipofuscin (aπow) MG・AF.×400

Fig. 7. Part of glomerular capillaries ( G) and macula densa

(md). HE.×400

Fig. 8. Glomerulus (G), proximal (p) and collecting (c)

convoluted tubules in the renal cortex. Apices of proximal

tubule cells equipped with cilial brush border. Note

juxtaglomerular apparatus copmprising Goormaghtigh cells

(arrow head) and juxtaglomerular cells (arrow). HE.×

400

-30一

Some Histological Observations on a Harbor Porpoise, Phocoeno phocoeno, stranded on Nishiyama Beach, Niigata Prefecture, Sea of Japan

Fig. 9. Part of th巴 transitionalepithelium of urinarγbladder,

showing papillarγ 巴levation.Note polyhedral cell with a

distinct nucleus （↑） and cell membrane equipped with an

intercelular bridge (arrow h巴ad).MG-AF.×400

Fig. I 0. Papillomatous growth of transitional epithelium.

Note mitotic figures absent from nuclei. HE.× 400

Fig. 11. Endothelial cells of alveolus (a), a cartilage

fragment (c) and pa口ofth巴myoelasticsphincter. ( v巴ins,

v) HE.×400

Fig. 12. Circular mucous glands between the myoelastic

sphincter and vein. HE.×400

Fig. 13. Part of cardiac muscl巴 showinganastomosis of

branching muscle fibers. Note intercalated discs (a汀ow)

MG-AF.×400

Fig. 14. Cross-section of cardiac muscle fibers showing

so-called Cohnheim fields. Note nuclei ( n) and pale

po口ions without myofibrils (arrow) located in central

portion of fib巴rs.HE.×400

11ム

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Yoshiharu Honma. Tatsuo Ushiki, Jiro Hitomi, Masaei Takeda and Junji Shindo

新潟県西山海岸へ漂着したネズミイルカ諸器官の組織学的観察

本間義治1）・牛木辰男］）．人見次郎け・武田政衛1）.進藤順治2)

1)新潟大学大学院医歯学総合研究科顕微解剖学分野 干95卜8510 新潟市旭町1-757

2）新潟市水族館 干95ト8101 新潟市西船見町5932-445

2001年2月初日に、新潟県西山海岸へ漂着した若い♀ネズミイルカ（Honma et al. 2002）の諸器官を組織学的に

観察し、漂着理由の一端を解明することを試みた。肝小葉は不明瞭で、多角状の肝細胞は、ほとんどが正常で、一部

に脂肪蓄積や出血ならびに壊死が認められた。勝臓外分泌部は、酵素原頼粒を含有するものと、放出したと思われる

腺房細胞との両者および腺房中心細胞から成る。内分泌部（ランゲルハンス小島）は外分泌組織中に多数散在し、 A

F陽性のB （インシュリン産生）、フロキシン陽性のA （グルカゴン産生）、およびライトグリーン淡染のD （ソマト

スタチン産生）細胞が識別できた。牌住が発達した牌皮質部の白牌髄と赤牌髄の区別はあまり明瞭でなかったが、髄

質部には大食細胞やリポフスチンが目だ‘った。腎臓は腎分体の集合より成るが、ごく少数の腎小体が壊死を起こして

いた以外に、尿細管には異常が認められなかった。腸脱の移行上皮には、軽度の乳頭腫が発生していた。肺胞の筋弾

性活約結束は、大半を軟骨片が取り巻き、イルカ類の特徴を備えていた。心筋は、不随意横紋筋繊維が吻合し合い、

繊維境界を成す介在板が観察された。一方、横断面では筋原繊維束がコーンハイム野として現れた。しかし、死因と

なるような像はみられなかった。

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