1. VIN NGHIN CU QUN L KINH T TRUNG NGTC NG CA HI NHP KINH T QUC TI VI NN KINH T SAU BA NMVIT NAM GIA NHP WTOH Ni, thng 12 nm 2010man et V iB-WTO

2. LI CM NBo co Tc ng ca hi nhp kinh t quc t i vi nn kinh t sau ba nmVit Nam gia nhp WTO do Vin Nghin cu qun l kinh t Trung ng(NCQLKTTW) ch tr bin son thc hin nhim v ca Chnh ph giao cho BK hoch v u t.Trong qu trnh son tho Bo co, Nhm Son tho nhn c kin nggp qu bu ca Lnh o B v lnh o cc Cc, V, Vin, Trung tm ca B Khoch v u t, cc thnh vin Hi ng Khoa hc Vin NCQLKTTW, cc i biutham gia Hi tho nh gi tc ng sau ba nm Vit Nam gia nhp WTO do Vnphng Chnh ph t chc ngy 24/5/2010.Vin NCQLKTTW xin trn trng cm n Chng trnh h tr k thut hu gianhp WTO ti tr cho vic son tho Bo co ny.Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n ng Trng nh Tuyn, nguyn Btrng B Thng mi v TS. L ng Doanh ng gp nhng bnh lun v gp qu bu v thit thc trong qu trnh hon thin Bo co.Bo co ny do Nhm Son tho ca Vin NCQLKTTW v nhm t vn thchin di s ch o v h tr ca TS. V Tr Thnh, Ph Vin trng VinNCQLKTT. Nhm son tho do TS. Phm Lan Hng ch tr, vi s tham gia cacc ng, b inh Hin Minh, Nguyn Anh Dng, TS. Trn Th Hnh, Trnh QuangLong, Nguyn Hi Thanh, v s h tr ca cc ng, b inh Thu Hng, Trn BnhMinh, Nguyn Cng Mnh, Hong Vn Thnh, TS. Nguyn T Anh.Cc t vn ng gp bo co chuyn gm PGS. TS. Bi Quang Tun, TS.Nguyn Th Lan Hng, Bi Trinh, Nguyn ng Bnh, TS. Ph Vnh Tng, NguynChin Thng, TS. ng Vn Thun, Trn Th Thu Huyn, Phm Ch Quang, Nguynng Khoa, Nguyn Hng Yn. Cui cng, chng ti xin trn trng cm n D n H tr Thng mi a bin(EU-Vietnam MUTRAP III) ti tr vic dch Bo co ting Anh v in n Bo co.Cc quan im, kin trnh by trong Bo co ny l ca Nhm Son tho,khng phi ca c quan ti tr hay ca Vin NCQLKTTW. 3. Mc lcPHN TH NHT .......................................................................................................... 1TNH HNH HI NHP KINH T QUC T, TRIN KHAI THC HINCC CAM KT QUC T V THC HIN NGH QUYT 08-NQ/TW ........... 11. TIN TRNH HI NHP KINH T QUC T CA VIT NAM ......................... 12. TNH HNH VIT NAM THC HIN CC CAM KT HI NHP ..................... 3 2.1. Tnh hnh Vit Nam thc hin cc cam kt WTO ............................................... 3 2.2. Tnh hnh Vit Nam thc hin Hip nh Hp tc kinh t ton din ASEAN Trung Quc ................................................................................................................. 9 2.3. Tnh hnh Vit Nam thc hin Hip nh Hp tc kinh t ton din ASEAN Hn Quc................................................................................................................... 113. TNH HNH CC NC THC HIN CC CAM KT I VI VIT NAM . 114. BI CNH KINH T TH GII V PHN NG CHNH SCH CA VITNAM .............................................................................................................................. 135. CC KNH TC NG CH YU CA HI NHP KINH T QUC T...... 14 5.1. Hi nhp kinh t quc t .................................................................................... 14 5.2. Khng hong ti chnh th gii .......................................................................... 17 5.3. Phn ng chnh sch ca Chnh ph .................................................................. 176. KT QU THC HIN NGH QUYT 08-NQ/TW .............................................. 18 6.1. Cng tc tuyn truyn v ph bin thng tin v hi nhp kinh t quc t ......... 18 6.2. Cng tc xy dng php lut, th ch; hnh thnh cc yu t ca nn kinh t th trng, pht huy ti a v s dng hiu qu cc ngun lc...................................... 19 6.3. Ci cch hnh chnh, nng cao hiu qu, hiu lc ca b my nh nc .......... 21 6.4. Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ............................................................................ 22 6.5. Hin i ha nng nghip v pht trin nng thn ............................................ 23 6.6. Thc hin chnh sch an sinh x hi .................................................................. 24 6.7. Bo v v pht huy gi tr vn ha dn tc ........................................................ 25 6.8. Bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng ......................................................... 26 6.9. Bo m an ninh, quc phng ............................................................................ 277. MC TIU, KT CU V PHM VI CA BO CO ....................................... 27PHN TH HAI ............................................................................................................ 29NH GI TC NG CA HI NHP KINH T QUC T ........................ 291. TC NG N TNG TRNG KINH T ...................................................... 29 1.1. nh gi chung................................................................................................... 29 1.2. Tc ng ti cc ngnh ...................................................................................... 31 1.3. Tc ng ti cc yu t bn tiu dng ca GDP ................................................ 44 1.4. Cc khu vc kinh t theo hnh thc s hu ........................................................ 462. TC NG N XUT NHP KHU ................................................................ 48 2.1. Xut khu ........................................................................................................... 48 2.2. Nhp khu .......................................................................................................... 593. TC NG N U T ..................................................................................... 63 3.1. nh gi chung................................................................................................... 63 3.2. u t theo ngnh .............................................................................................. 64 3.3. u t theo thnh phn kinh t .......................................................................... 67ii 4. 4. TC NG N N NH KINH T V M ......................................................80 4.1. Lm pht .............................................................................................................80 4.2. T gi ..................................................................................................................82 4.3. Cn cn thanh ton .............................................................................................83 4.4. H thng v th trng ti chnh .........................................................................87 4.5. Ngn sch nh nc ...........................................................................................92 4.6. Cc thnh tu v vn ni bt trong cng tc n nh kinh t v m ..............955. TC NG X HI ................................................................................................98 5.1. Lao ng, vic lm .............................................................................................98 5.2. Tin lng v thu nhp .....................................................................................102 5.3. Tht nghip .......................................................................................................103 5.4. Ngho i v d b tn thng .........................................................................106 5.5. Quan h lao ng ..............................................................................................108 5.6. Cc khun kh php lut mi v tiu chun lao ng .....................................1096. TC NG N TH CH KINH T.................................................................113 6.1. Hon thin khung php l.................................................................................113 6.2. B my thc thi chnh sch ..............................................................................121 6.3. C ch thc thi php lut ..................................................................................125PHN TH BA ............................................................................................................126NH GI CHUNG V MT S KIN NGH ..................................................1261. NH GI CHUNG ..............................................................................................126 1.1. Cc thnh tu chnh ..........................................................................................126 1.2. Cc tn ti chnh ...............................................................................................127 1.3. Cc nguyn nhn chnh ....................................................................................128 1.4. Mt s bi hc ..................................................................................................1302. MT S KIN NGH.............................................................................................135 3.1. Nhm chnh sch chung ...................................................................................135 3.2. Nhm chnh sch ngnh v doanh nghip ........................................................138 3.3. Nhm chnh sch x hi ...................................................................................138 3.4. Nhm chnh sch v th ch .............................................................................140 3.5. Nhm chnh sch khc......................................................................................141TI LIU THAM KHO TING VIT ....................................................................143TI LIU THAM KHO TING ANH ....................................................................145PH LC 1: R SOT VIC THC HIN CC CAM KT GIA NHP WTO IVI HNG HA ........................................................................................................146PH LC 2: R SOT VIC THC HIN CC CAM KT GIA NHP WTO IVI DCH V.............................................................................................................161PH LC 3: R SOT VIC THC HIN LCH TRNH GIM THU QUANTHEO HIP NH KHUNG V HP TC KINH T TON DIN ASEAN TRUNG QUC ...........................................................................................................166PH LC 4: R SOT VIC THC HIN LCH TRNH GIM THU QUANTHEO HIP NH KHUNG V HP TC KINH T TON DIN ASEAN HNQUC ..........................................................................................................................227PH LC 5: T L BO H THC T THEO L TRNH GIM THU QUANWTO THI K 2005-2009 (%) .................................................................................231PH LC 6: CC S LIU THNG K .................................................................233 iii 5. Danh mc bngBng 1: Lch trnh gim thu quan theo danh mc thu hoch sm ca Vit Nam trongkhu vc mu dch t do ASEAN Trung Quc (%) ...................................................... 9Bng 2: Cc sn phm danh mc thu hoch sm theo nhm gim thu v danh mcloi tr ........................................................................................................................... 10Bng 3: Lch trnh cam kt gim thu sut ca Vit Nam trong khu vc mu dch t doASEAN Trung Quc (%) ........................................................................................... 10Bng 4: Lch trnh cam kt gim thu sut ca Vit Nam trong khu vc mu dch t doASEAN Hn Quc (%) .............................................................................................. 11Bng 5: Cc v kin chng bn ph gi i vi Vit Nam thi k 2004-2009 ............ 12Bng 6: Tng trng GDP theo ngnh thi k 2004-2009 ........................................... 33Bng 7: Cc ngn hng thng mi hot ng trn lnh th Vit Nam ....................... 40Bng 8: Tng trng v c cu GDP bn chi tiu thi k 2004-2009 (%)................... 45Bng 9: Tc tng trng v c cu kinh t theo thnh phn s hu thi k 2005-2009 (%) ........................................................................................................................ 47Bng 10: Cc yu t nh hng n tng trng xut khu Vit Nam trc v sau khigia nhp WTO (% thay i kim ngch xut khu)........................................................ 49Bng 11: Thay i kim ngch, gi v lng xut khu ca mt s mt hng thi k2007-2009 (%)............................................................................................................... 49Bng 12: Tc tng kim ngch xut khu mt s mt hng ch bin hng nm thik 2004-2009 (%).......................................................................................................... 50Bng 13: Cc yu t nh hng n tng trng xut khu dt may, da giy v in ttrc v sau khi gia nhp WTO (% thay i kim ngch xut khu) ............................. 51Bng 14: Tc tng trng xut khu ca Vit Nam sang mt s i tc thng miln v tc tng trng nhp khu ca cc nc ny thi k 2004-2009 (%) .......... 53Bng 15: C cu mt s mt hng xut khu theo th trng (%) ................................ 54Bng 16: Ch s nng lc cnh tranh thc ca cc nhm hng ha Vit Nam trn thtrng Hoa K (phn loi hng ha theo HS-6) ........................................................... 55Bng 17: S lng mt hng Vit Nam c nng lc cnh tranh (RCA 1) ti cc thtrng chnh .................................................................................................................. 55Bng 18: T trng cc mt hng xut khu chnh trong tng kim ngch xut khu thik 2004-2009 (%).......................................................................................................... 57Bng 19: T trng gi tr xut khu (khng k du th) theo trnh cng ngh ........ 58Bng 20: Tng trng vn u t ton x hi theo ngnh thi k 2001-2009 (%) ...... 65Bng 21: C cu vn u t theo ngnh thi k 2001-2009 (%) ................................. 66Bng 22: Vn u t ca doanh nghip nh nc v ngun vn khc thi k 2004-2009 (nghn t VN) .................................................................................................... 70Bng 23: C cu u t ca khu vc kinh t nh nc theo ngnh (%) ....................... 71Bng 24: Pht trin doanh nghip dn doanh thi k 2006-2009 ................................. 72Bng 25: Tnh hnh thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi thi k 2006-2009 ......... 74Bng 26: C cu vn FDI ng k thi k 2006-2009 (%) .......................................... 75Bng 27: Tng trng vn FDI ng k theo ngnh thi k 2006-2009 (%)............... 76Bng 28: Cn cn thanh ton thi k 2006-2009 .......................................................... 85iv 6. Bng 29: Tng trng tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam v mt s chtiu kinh t v m khc thi k 2005-2009....................................................................89Bng 30: Mt s ch s th hin su ti chnh ca Vit Nam thi k 2004-2009 (%) .......................................................................................................................................89Bng 31: Mt s ch s c bn ca th trng c phiu (12/2001-12/2008).................90Bng 32: C cu ngn sch thi k 2005-2009 (% GDP).............................................93Bng 33: Quy m gi kch thch kinh t nm 2009 (nghn t VN) ............................93Bng 34: Tnh hnh tht nghip thi k 2001-2009 ....................................................105Bng 35: Kt qu gim ngho thi k 2001-2009 ......................................................107Bng 36: Tnh hnh ph chun cc cng c ca T chc Lao ng quc t.............111 Danh mc hnhHnh 1: Khung kh phn tch tc ng ca vic hi nhp kinh t quc t i vi nnkinh t Vit Nam............................................................................................................15Hnh 2: C cu nhp khu (% tng kim ngch nhp khu hng ha) ...........................60Hnh 3: Ngun nhp khu theo nhm bn hng chnh (%) ...........................................61Hnh 4: Tng trng vn u t ton x hi hng nm thi k 2000-2009 ..................63Hnh 5: Tng trng vn u t theo thnh phn kinh t thi k 2001-2009 (%)........68Hnh 6: Din bin ch s gi tiu dng thi k 2006-2009 (%) ....................................80Hnh 7: Din bin t gi VN/USD (nghn VN/USD) v can thip ca Chnh phthi k thng 1/2006-12/2009 .......................................................................................84Hnh 8: Din bin ch s chng khon VN-Index thi k 2006-2009 ..........................91Hnh 9: T l dn s 15 tui tr ln hot ng kinh t thi k 2001-2009 (%) ............99Hnh 10: Nhng chiu hng/kha cnh t duy v m hnh pht trin mi ...............131Danh mc hpHp 1: Ngnh ma ng v bng trong bi cnh hi nhp .........................................35Hp 2: Tc ng nhiu mt ca chnh sch...................................................................35Hp 3: Thc hin trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip.............................................112 v 7. Danh mc t vit ttAFTAKhu vc thng mi t do ASEANANQPAn ninh quc phngASEAN Hip hi cc quc gia ng nam ATM My rt tin t ngBHTTBo h thc tB KHT B K hoch v u tB LTBXH B Lao ng - Thng binh v x hiCMKTChuyn mn k thutCNH Cng nghip haCoC B quy tc ng x (Code of Conducts)CPI Ch s gi tiu dngCSR Trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip (Corporate SocialResponsibility)DNNNDoanh nghip nh ncDNNVV Doanh nghip nh v vaTNNu t nc ngoiTRNN u t trc tip ra nc ngoiEAB Ngn hng Thng mi C phn ng FDI Vn u t nc ngoiFTA Khu vc thng mi t doGDP Tng sn phm quc niGSP H thng u i thu quan ph cp (Generalised system ofpreferences)GTGTGi tr gia tngGTSXGi tr sn xutGTTTGi tr tng thmHNKTQTHi nhp kinh t quc tHSH thng hi ha ha (Harmonised System)IFC T chc Ti chnh quc t (International Financial Corporation)NLTSNng, lm nghip, thy snNSNNNgn sch nh ncNHNNNgn hng nh ncNHTMNgn hng thng miRCA Li th so snh th hin (Revealed comparative advantage)SXNNSn xut nng nghipTCTKTng cc Thng kTLTSTch ly ti snTNC Cng ty xuyn quc giaTTCKTh trng chng khonUNIDO T chc Pht trin cng nghip Lin hip qucUSD -la MVin NCQLKTTW Vin Nghin cu qun l kinh t TWVN Tin ng Vit NamWTO T chc Thng mi th giivi 8. PHN TH NHTTNH HNH HI NHP KINH T QUC T, TRIN KHAI THC HIN CC CAM KT QUC T V THC HIN NGH QUYT 08-NQ/TW1. TIN TRNH HI NHP KINH T QUC T CA VIT NAM Tuy Vit Nam mi tr thnh thnh vin T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO)c 3 nm, nhng tin trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t (HNKTQT) ca nc ta triqua trn 20 nm. T cui thp nin 1980, t nc bt u m ca nn kinh t, ymnh thng thng vi bn ngoi v tip nhn lung vn u t nc ngoi (FDI).Vic tr thnh thnh vin Hip hi cc quc gia ng nam (ASEAN) nm 1995nh du bc i quan trng u tin trong HNKTQT. T nm 1996 Vit Nam bt uthc hin Hip nh u i thu quan c hiu lc chung nhm thit lp Khu vcthng mi t do (FTA) trong khi ASEAN (AFTA) vi lch trnh ct gim thu quanm mc cui cng ca Hip nh l nm 2006 khi ton b cc mt hng, tr mt hngtrong Danh mc nng sn nhy cm v Danh mc loi tr hon ton, phi a v mcthu sut trong khong 0-5%. Nhm tin ti t do ha thng mi hon ton trongASEAN, Vit Nam s xa b thu quan i vi hu ht cc mt hng vo nm 2015.1ng thi, ASEAN cng la chn 12 lnh vc u tin t do ha sm t nay nnm 2012. ASEAN cng quyt nh hnh thnh mt Cng ng Kinh t ASEANvo nm 2015, trong hng ha, dch v, u t, vn v lao ng (c k nng) cdch chuyn t do. Mt mc quan trng na trong HNKTQT l vic Vit Nam k kt (nm 2000)v thc hin Hip nh Thng mi song phng Vit Nam - Hoa K (nm 2001) vinhng ni dung v phm vi cam kt st vi chun mc WTO. Tip l Hip nhkhung v hp tc kinh t ton din ASEAN - Trung Quc c k kt vo thng11/2002. Ni dung chnh ca Hip nh l xy dng mt Khu vc thng mi t doASEAN-Trung Quc trong vng 10 nm. Lnh vc t do ha bao gm thng mihng ha, thng mi dch v, u t cng nh cc hp tc khc v ti chnh, ngnhng, cng nghip, vv... Theo Hip nh khung, ASEAN6 v Trung Quc s dnh cch i x c bit cho Cm-pu-chia, Lo, Mi-an-ma v Vit Nam do chnh lch v1ASEAN6 (gm Bru-ny, In--n-xia, Ma-lai-xia, Phi-lip-pin, Xin-ga-po v Thi Lan) s xa bthu quan vo nm 2010. Bn thnh vin mi Cm-pu-chia, Lo, Mi-an-ma v Vit Nam s xa bthu quan vo nm 2015 vi mt s dng thu c tha thun linh hot n 2018.1 9. trnh pht trin kinh t. ASEAN6 v Trung Quc s phi hon thnh ngha v ctgim thu quan xung 0% vo nm 2010, cn vi bn thnh vin mi l vo nm2015, tng ng vi thi im hon thnh AFTA. Vic t do ha thu quan i vihng ha c chia thnh 3 danh mc ct gim chnh, gm: (i) Danh mc thu hochsm; (ii) Danh mc ct gim thu thng thng; v (iii) Danh mc nhy cm. Vit Nam cng tham gia vo Khu vc thng mi t do ASEAN - Hn Qucc k li ln th 3 vo thng 8/2006 vi cam kt l trnh ct gim thu quan bt ut nm 2007. Theo cam kt trong Hip nh thng mi hng ha, Vit Nam phi ctgim thu theo l trnh vi ch cui cng l xa b thu nhp khu ca t nht 90%mt hng trong Danh mc thng thng vo ngy 1/1/2015, v t nht 95% mt hngtrong Danh mc ny vo ngy 1/1/2016.u nm 2007, Vit Nam chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin WTO. Cc cam ktWTO ca Vit Nam, tng t nh cam kt ca cc nc mi gia nhp khc, nhm xab s phn bit i x gia hng ni a v nhp khu hoc gia u t trong v ngoinc v minh bch ha. Cc lnh vc quan trng nht m Vit Nam c cam ktgm m ca th trng thng qua ct gim thu quan;2 chnh sch gi c minh bch,khng phn bit i x v ph hp vi cc quy nh ca WTO; gim hoc iu chnhli thu xut khu i vi mt s hng ha; khng p dng tr cp xut khu i vinng sn t thi im gia nhp; duy tr h tr nng nghip trong nc mc khngqu 10% gi tr sn lng; bi b hon ton cc loi tr cp cng nghip b cm t thiim gia nhp; cc u i u t cp trc ngy gia nhp WTO s c bo lutrong 5 nm (tr cc u i xut khu i vi ngnh dt may); tun th Hip nh vCc bin php u t lin quan n thng mi ca WTO t thi im gia nhp; pdng cc loi ph v l ph theo quy nh ca WTO; tun th Hip nh v xc nh gitr tnh thu hi quan ca WTO ngay t khi gia nhp; tun th Hip nh v gim nhhng ha trc khi giao cng nh cc Hip nh c lin quan khc ca WTO; duy trh thng th tc hi quan thng nht, minh bch, n gin v ph hp vi chun mcquc t; cc doanh nghip nh nc (DNNN) s hon ton hot ng theo tiu chthng mi, Nh nc khng can thip trc tip hay gin tip vo hot ng caDNNN; chp nhn iu khon v nn kinh t phi th trng trong thi gian ti a l 12nm; tham gia vo mt s Hip nh t do ha theo ngnh; cam kt m ca th trngdch v ti chnh, dch v bo him, dch v k ton, kim ton, dch v thu.2Tuyt i a s cc dng thu s phi gim xung 0-5%, ch mt s t mt hng c duy tr mc 10-20%. Thi gian thc hin gim thu thng khng qu 3 nm, a s cc trng hp phi gim ngayt khi gia nhp. Mc thu bnh qun ton biu c gim t mc hin hnh 17,2% xung cn 13,4%,thc hin dn trong vng 5-7 nm. i vi lnh vc nng nghip, mc cam kt bnh qun l 25,2%vo thi im gia nhp v 21,0% s l mc ct gim cui cng. i vi lnh vc cng nghip, mccam kt bnh qun vo thi im gia nhp l 16,1%, v mc ct gim cui cng s l 12,6%.2 10. Thng 12/2008, Khu vc thng mi t do ASEAN - Nht Bn c thit lpv c hiu lc ngay vi mt s cam kt. Khu vc thng mi t do ASEAN - c+Niu-Di-ln chnh thc c k kt vo u nm 2009. Hip nh thng mi t do giaASEAN v n bt u c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2010, m ra cho c 2 bn c hilin kt thng mi c v hng ha v dch v y trin vng i vi mt th trngrng ln vi hn 1,7 t dn. Vit Nam cng c trch nhim trong vic thc y mphn thng mi ton cu v xy dng Cng ng kinh t ng , d y l nhngqu trnh phc tp v lu di. C th thy WTO khng phi l im bt u v kt thc qu trnh hi nhp vi mi ca Vit Nam. Cc hip nh t do thng mi khu vc v song phng cmc m ca cao hn cam kt trong WTO. Nhng khc bit trong cam kt gia cchip nh thng mi c th to ra hiu ng thng mi v u t khc nhau. Cc hipnh thng mi t do song phng (nh Hip nh c k kt gia Vit Nam vNht Bn cui nm 2008) v khu vc ng thng bao hm c nhng vn ut v hp tc kinh t ton din. Chnh v vy, tc ng ca cc hip nh n nnkinh t Vit Nam su sc hn l trong khun kh ca khu vc thng mi t do thunty. iu r rng l tin trnh HNKTQT, t do ha thng mi, u t v chuyn sangth ch kinh t th trng ang din ra ngy cng su rng v khng th o ngc.Nn kinh t Vit Nam ang ngy cng hi nhp su rng hn vo kinh t th gii.2. TNH HNH VIT NAM THC HIN CC CAM KT HI NHP Ngay trc khi gia nhp WTO v trong 3 nm sau gia nhp, Vit Nam sai v ban hnh mi nhiu vn bn php l nhm ni lut ha cc cam kt gia nhp,to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip cng nh cc c quan qun l thc hin cc camkt theo ng l trnh. iu ny cho thy Vit Nam v ang c nhiu n lc trongvic thc hin nghim tc cam kt gia nhp.2.1. Tnh hnh Vit Nam thc hin cc cam kt WTO2.1.1. Cam kt i vi hng ha Sau khi tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc WTO, Vit Nam ban hnh v cpnht nh k rt nhiu vn bn php quy thc hin ct gim thu quan v hng hatheo l trnh cam kt.33Cc cam kt ct gim thu quan v thu xut khu i vi hng ha c quy nh ti cc Quytnh s 39/2006/Q-BTC ngy 28/7/2006 Ban hnh Biu thu xut khu, biu thu nhp khu u i; 3 11. Hng nng sn4Nhn chung cc mc thu sut p dng cui nm 2009 i vi hng nng snnhp khu bng hoc thp hn so vi mc cam kt n thi im . Cc sn phmtht v ph phm tht l mt hng chu thu sut nhp khu ct gim nhanh nht, vlch trnh gim thu ca Vit Nam t gia nm 2007 nhanh hn ng k so vi camkt WTO.5 Thu nh vo tht gia cm gim t 20% xung 12%, tht b t 20% xung12%, tht ln t 30% xung 20%, ng t 5% xung 3%, trng cc loi gia cm t 30%xung 20%, thp gn bng mc cam kt thu quan nm 2012. i vi mt s mthng, sau khi gim thu quan, Chnh ph quyt nh p dng tr li cc mc thunhp khu c; c th l 40% i vi tht g, 20% i vi tru b v 30% i vi thtln, 5% i vi ng v trng gia cm l 40%.Hng phi nng sn Nhn chung cc mc thu sut p dng cui nm 2009 i vi nhm ny bnghoc thp hn so vi mc cam kt n thi im . Cc mt hng gim thu quannhiu nht bao gm thy hi sn, dt v may, g v giy, st thp, my mc thit bin t v cc hng ch to khc. Ring i vi thy hi sn, khong 2/3 dng thuquan hin ang p dng thp hn so vi cam kt, phn cn li l ng vi cam kt.6Hn ngch thu quan p dng i vi cc sn phm trng chim v trng gia cm; ng tinh luyn,ng th, thuc l nguyn liu, mui.7 Vit Nam thc thi cam kt ny.Quyt nh s 106/2007/Q-BTC ngy 20/12/2007 Ban hnh biu thu xut khu, biu thu nhpkhu u i; Quyt nh s 123/2008/Q-BTC ngy 26/12/2008 v vic iu chnh mc thu sutthu xut khu, mc thu sut thu nhp khu u i i vi mt s nhm mt hng trong Biu thuxut khu, biu thu nhp khu u i; Thng t s 216/2009/TT-BTC ngy 12/11/2009 Quy nhmc thu sut ca Biu thu xut khu, biu thu nhp khu u i theo danh mc mt hng chuthu; Quyt nh s 1474/Q-BTC ngy 15/6/2009 v vic nh chnh Quyt nh s 106/2007/Q-BTC ngy 20/12/2007.4Theo phn loi ca WTO, lm sn v thy hi sn thuc nhm hng phi nng sn.5Xem chi tit v kt qu thc hin cam kt gim thu sut i vi hng nng sn trong Bng PL1.1 vPL1.2, Ph lc 1.6Xem chi tit v kt qu thc hin cam kt gim thu sut i vi hng phi nng sn trong BngPL1.3 v PL1.4, Ph lc 1.7Cc vn bn php quy v hn ngch thu quan gm: Quyt nh s 35/2006/Q-BTM ngy8/12/2006 v Lng hn ngch thu quan i vi hng ha nhp khu nm 2007; Quyt nh s77/2006/Q-BTC ngy 29/12/2006 v vic Ban hnh Danh mc hng ha v thu sut thu nhpkhu p dng hn ngch thu quan; Quyt nh s 46/2007/Q-BTC ngy 6/6/2007 v vic Sai, b sung Quyt nh s 77/2006/Q-BTC ngy 29/12/2006; Quyt nh s 014/2007/Q-BCTngy 28/12/2007 v Lng hn ngch thu quan i vi hng ha thu nhp khu nm 2007; Quytnh s 23/2008/Q-BCT ngy 31/7/2008 v vic B sung lng hn ngch thu quan nhp khumui ti iu 1 Quyt nh s 014/2007/Q-BCT; Thng t s 16/2008/TT-BCT ngy 9/12/2008Hng dn vic nhp khu cc mt hng thuc Danh mc qun l nhp khu theo hn ngch thu4 12. 2.1.2. Cam kt dch v8 Vit Nam thc hin y cc cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny. i vicc loi hnh dch v c mc cam kt gia nhp cao hn so vi khung php l hin hnhtrc khi gia nhp, Chnh ph ban hnh cc vn bn php quy thc thi cc camkt. l cc lnh vc dch v phn phi9, dch v ngn hng10, dch v bu chnh -vin thng11, dch v chng khon12, dch v bo him13. i vi cc loi hnh dch vcn li, vic thc hin cc cam kt WTO tun theo Lut K kt, gia nhp v thc hiniu c quc t s 41/2005/QH11 ngy 24/6/2005. Vic r sot cc cam kt hi nhp trong lnh vc ny cho thy cc lnh vc cmc m ca tng i nhanh (khng cn thi gian qu hoc thi gian qu ngn) l dch v ngn hng, dch v phn phi, xy dng, y t, du lch, bo him, dchv kinh doanh (kim ton, php l, my tnh, nghin cu v trin khai). Trong lnh vc vin thng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cc nh u t nc ngoi(TNN) c php lin doanh vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng c cp phpti Vit Nam. i vi cc dch v c h tng mng, phn gp vn ca pha nc ngoitrong lin doanh khng vt qu 49% vn php nh ca lin doanh v mc 51% cquan nm 2009; Thng t s 18/2009/TT-BCT ngy 3/7/2009 v vic Sa i b sung Thng t s16/2008/TT-BCT.8Xem chi tit hn Ph lc 2.9Cc vn bn php quy chnh ban hnh thc hin cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny l Ngh nhs 23/2007/N-CP ngy 12/2/2007 Hng dn thc hin Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bnhng ha v cc hot ng lin quan trc tip n mua bn hng ha ca doanh nghip c vn u tnc ngoi ti Vit Nam; Thng t s 09/2007/TT-BTM ngy 17/7/2007 Hng dn thi hnh Nghnh 23/2007/N-CP, sa i b sung bng Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BCT ngy 14/4/2008; Quytnh s 10/2007/Q-BTM ngy 21/5/2007 Cng b l trnh thc hin cc cam kt WTO v hot ngmua bn hng ha v cc hot ng lin quan trc tip n mua bn hng ha.10 Cc vn bn php quy chnh ban hnh thc hin cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny l Nghnh s 22/2006/N-CP ngy 28/02/2006 v T chc v hot ng ca chi nhnh ngn hng ncngoi, ngn hng lin doanh, ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi, vn phng i din t chc tn dngnc ngoi ti Vit Nam; Thng t s 03/2007/TT-NHNN ngy 5/6/2007 Hng dn thi hnh mt siu ca Ngh nh s 22/2006/N-CP; Ngh nh s 69/2007/N-CP ngy 20/4/2007 v vic Nhu t nc ngoi mua c phn ca NHTM Vit Nam; Thng t s 07/2007/TT-NHNN ngy29/11/2007 Hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh 69/2007/N-CP.11 Cc vn bn php quy chnh ban hnh thc hin cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny l Lut Vinthng ngy 23/11/2009, Ngh nh s 121/2008/N-CP ngy 3/12/2008 v Hot ng u t tronglnh vc bu chnh vin thng.12 Vn bn php quy chnh ban hnh thc hin cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny l Quyt nhs 55/2009/Q-TTg ngy 15/4/2009 v T l tham gia ca nh u t nc ngoi trn TTCK VitNam.13 Vn bn php quy chnh ban hnh thc hin cam kt WTO trong lnh vc ny l Ngh nh s45/2007/N-CP ngy 27/3/2007 Quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Kinh doanh bohim.5 13. coi l nm quyn kim sot trong vic qun l lin doanh. i vi cc dch v khngc h tng mng, phn gp vn ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng vt qu51% vn php nh ca lin doanh.Trong lnh vc phn phi, t ngy 1/1/2009, doanh nghip phn phi 100% vnTNN c php thnh lp Vit Nam. i vi hot ng ngn hng, t ngy1/4/2007 ngn hng 100% vn TNN cng c php thnh lp.2.1.3. Cc bin php h trTr cp xut khuVit Nam xa b ton b cc loi tr cp xut khu k t ngy gia nhpWTO. Tuy nhin trong khun kh Hip nh nng nghip, Vit Nam c quyn bolu 2 hnh thc tr cp xut khu c WTO cho php p dng i vi cc nc angpht trin l: (i) tr cp gim chi ph tip th, bao gm c chi ph x l, nng cp, tich sn phm, chi ph vn ti quc t, cc ph vn chuyn v (ii) u i v cc phvn ti trong nc v quc t i vi hng xut khu. Nhng 2 hnh thc tr cp nyvn cha c p dng Vit Nam.H tr u tGi tr vn u t ca Nh nc cho ngnh nng, lm nghip, thy sn (NLTS)tng u v s lng nhng gim v c cu, tng ng t khong 8% nm 2000xung 6,3% nm 2008. Tt c cc h tr trc tip ca Chnh ph cho sn xut nng nghip (SXNN) cyu t xut khu b xa b nhm thc hin cc cam kt vi WTO. Tuy nhin cmt s h tr Vit Nam vn c th duy tr, thm ch tng cng h tr nng dn mvn ph hp vi quy nh (Hp xanh l cy, xanh da tri, Chng trnh pht trin). Vd, mt s chnh sch h tr cc dch v chung (nghin cu khoa hc, kim sot dchbnh v su bnh, o to, khuyn nng, xc tin v tip th, v c s h tng), tr cp iu chnh c cu SXNN.u t pht trin kt cu h tng l h tr u t ln nht, chim phn ln tngu t cho ngnh NLTS v lun tng. Trong 3 nm 2007-2009, u t ring cho thyli tip tc xu th tng t 1.386,32 t VN nm 2007 ln 2.257,17 t VN nm 2009.u t cho cc d n NLTS tng t 180,93 t VN ln 474,45 VN v cho khoa hccng ngh cng tng t 137,96 t ln 208,50 t VN. Ngoi ra, u t qua cc chngtrnh mc tiu, cc d n thc hin cc nhim v mc tiu c th cng tng lntrong 3 nm 2007-2009.6 14. H tr ging cy trng, vt nuiThi gian qua, mt s chnh sch h tr ny cha c tn dng trit , cbit l mt s khon h tr c th khng vi phm cam kt vi WTO. Tng cng kinhph h tr nghin cu, cung cp, i mi ging cy trng, ging vt nui v ging cylm nghip14 l mt trong cc hot ng theo hng ny.Chnh sch tn dng Mi trng chnh sch c ci thin mt bc nhm n gin ha th tctn dng thng mi ngi sn xut c th tip cn vn vay thun li hn. cnhng n lc ln nhm ci thin th tc vay vn, m rng tn dng, tng mc vay,v.v cho cc t chc, doanh nghip, h, c nhn sn xut kinh doanh trong nngnghip tip cn tn dng thng mi. Tuy nhin, chnh sch tn dng u t cho nngnghip cn chung chung, cha hp dn, cha th hin nhng u i c th cho ccnh u t khi b vn u t vo nng nghip. iu ny dn n s lng h gia nh,doanh nghip v lng vn u t vo khu vc nng nghip rt hn ch. V bo lnh tn dng: chnh sch ny c p dng nhm gip cc doanhnghip, cc trang tri v cc h nng dn tip cn tt hn vi tn dng.15 Tuy nhin,chnh sch ny kh thc hin i vi cc doanh nghip, trang tri v h gia nh nngnghip v quy m nh, khng c iu kin p ng cc yu cu bo lnh tip cntn dng c hiu qu. V tn dng u i: c nhng quy nh kh r v quy trnh cho vay, iukin vay, tr n... Tuy nhin, vn cn thiu nhng chnh sch kh thi hn i tngthuc ngnh nng nghip c th tip cn ngun vn ny. c bit, nm 2009, Nhnc ban hnh mt lot cc vn bn quan trng gip cc t chc kinh t, h, cnhn, trong c c cc i tng hot ng trong NLTS v lm mui, vt quanhng kh khn ca thi k khng hong kinh t. Mt trong cc chnh sch ban hnh gn y nht l chnh sch h tr li sut tndng mua vt t, my mc, thit b phc v SXNN.16 y l dng h tr chung, vvy ph hp vi cc quy nh ca WTO. Chnh sch ny nm trong Gi kch cu caChnh ph. Mc d thi gian trin khai thc hin chnh sch ny ngn (t thng 4 nthng 12/2009), bc l mt s tn ti trong thc hin nh (i) hn mc vay c quynh rt thp; (ii) yu cu phi mua thit b, my mc c sn xut trong nc, trong14 Nh quy nh ti Quyt nh s 17/2006/Q-TTg ngy 20/1/2006 v vic Tip tc thc hin chngtrnh ging cy trng, ging vt nui v ging cy lm nghip n nm 2010.15 Quy nh ti Quyt nh s 14/2009/Q-TTg ngy 21/1/2009 ban hnh Quy ch Bo lnh chodoanh nghip vay vn ca Ngn hng thng mi.16 Theo Quyt nh s 497/Q-TTg ngy 17/4/2009 v vic H tr li sut vn vay mua my mcthit b, vt t phc v SXNN v vt liu xy dng nh khu vc nng thn. 7 15. khi cc sn phm my mc thit b sn xut trong nc cha p ng yu cu cangi s dng v gi c, cht lng; (iii) th tc vay vn cn phc tp, phin h.Nhng yu cu ny trong thc t hn ch tip cn tn dng. Do vy, rt t ngidn, c bit l nng dn, vay c tin.Chnh sch h tr li sut c p dng theo hnh thc cho cc nh u t vayvn vi li sut u i khuyn khch cc doanh nghip, t chc kinh t, h nngdn cng b vn vo u t vo sn xut kinh doanh. Chnh sch ny c p dngcho mi i tng, khng phn bit ngnh ngh v thuc nhm cc chnh sch h trpht trin sn xut gi l Chng trnh pht trin.Ni chung, cc chnh sch tn dng u i hin nay ch yu vn hng vo ccdoanh nghip ln, cha hng vo cc doanh nghip nh, h nng dn, c nhn kinhdoanh trong lnh vc NLTS. Trong qu trnh thc hin cc chnh sch h tr ni ln mt s vn nhsau: - Cc chnh sch h tr ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua thng mang tnh tnhth, khng theo mt chng trnh tng th. Din mt hng v khi lng nng snc h tr ty thuc vo tnh hnh pht sinh, cha c tiu ch c th cho chnh schh tr. Chnh sch h tr bo h hp l nhng ngnh sn phm trong thi gian ukhi cha sc cnh tranh hoc chuyn i c cu sn xut l cn thit nhng li chac p dng. - Trong khi WTO quy nh i tng ca cc chnh sch h tr trong nc lngi sn xut th Vit Nam li thng h tr cho doanh nghip kinh doanh xut nhpkhu, ch yu l DNNN. H tr cho ngi sn xut (nng dn) rt t, nht l i vinng dn ngho, vng kh khn. - Mt s chnh sch h tr m WTO cho php nh h tr ngi SXNN chuynngh, chuyn i ngun lc SXNN (t ai), h tr thu nhp cho nng dn khi gi cxung thp, 2 hnh thc tr cp xut khu i vi cc nc ang pht trin li chac p dng. Tm li, Vit Nam thc hin nghim chnh cc cam kt WTO, trong chng ta i nhanh hn lch trnh cam kt gim thu quan, m ca th trng trongnc i vi kh nhiu mt hng v lnh vc, song li cha trin khai p dng cnhiu bin php h tr m WTO cho php cng nh cc hng ro k thut. Cc ngph ca chng ta i vi cc nh hng bt li lin quan n thng mi v u tcng cha ch ng, kp thi v linh hot. S phi hp gia cc b ngnh thc thiti u cc cam kt HNKTQT cng cn l vn phi bn; trong b my, c ch v8 16. c quan ch o iu hnh thc thi cn phi c nh gi, tng kt sm v nghimtc. Thc hin nhanh lch trnh m ca mt mt gp phn h thp gi c, gim githnh sn xut, cho php ngi s dng c c nhiu la chn hn i vi hng hadch v; nhng mt khc c th gy bt li cho cc doanh nghip hoc ngnh vi khnng cnh tranh thp, cn c thi gian chun b t chc li hoc chuyn hng snxut.2.2. Tnh hnh Vit Nam thc hin Hip nh Hp tc kinh t ton din ASEAN Trung Quc Hip nh khung v hp tc kinh t ton din ASEAN - Trung Quc nhm xydng mt Khu vc thng mi t do ASEAN - Trung Quc trong vng 10 nm. Lnhvc t do ha bao gm thng mi hng ha, thng mi dch v, u t, cc hp tckhc v ti chnh, ngn hng, cng nghip. T do ha thng mi hng ha c tinhnh vi 3 danh mc ct gim thu quan: thu hoch sm, thng thng v nhy cm.2.2.1. Danh mc thu hoch sm Danh mc ny bao gm cc nng sn t Chng 1 n Chng 8 ca H thnghi ha ha (HS) v phn loi sn phm vi lch trnh gim thu quan nhanh nht, btu t 1/7/2003 v kt thc 1/1/2008 (xem Bng 1 v Bng 2). Theo danh mc ny,nhm sn phm c thu sut kh cao (nhm 1 trn 30%) nm 2003 bao gm nhiu snphm m Vit Nam c kh nng cnh tranh cao cng nh mt s sn phm Vit Namkh cnh tranh. Nhm sn phm vi thu sut trung bnh (nhm 2) v thp (nhm 3)ch yu gm cc sn phm c kh nng cnh tranh trung bnh hoc thp.Vit Nam thc hin ng tin 100% cc dng thu cam kt i vi ccsn phm trong Chng trnh thu hoch sm. Bng 1: Lch trnh gim thu quan theo danh mc thu hoch sm ca Vit Namtrong khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN Trung Quc (%)Nhm snTi thi im TrcTrcTrcTrcTrcphm1/7/2003 1/1/2004 1/1/2005 1/1/2006 1/1/2007 1/1/2008Nhm 1thu sut30 20 15 1050Nhm 215thu sut