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The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios Terry Keating based on presentations from Markus Amann, Zig Klimont, and the IIASA team Rita Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener (JRC) Oliver Wild (Lancaster University) HTAP Workshop on Global Emission Scenarios Laxenburg, February 11-13, 2015

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Page 1: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios

Terry Keating based on presentations from

Markus Amann, Zig Klimont, and the IIASA teamRita Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener (JRC)Oliver Wild (Lancaster University)

HTAP Workshop on Global Emission ScenariosLaxenburg, February 11-13, 2015

Page 2: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Activity projections for HTAP scenarios

• Energy and industrial production derived from IEA’s ETP model

• Published in 2012

• 16 world regions

• Detailed representation of the energy sector

• 6˚/4˚/2˚ scenarios

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Energy consumption by fuel (EJ/yr)

Coal Gas Oil

0

100

200

300

400

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

RCP range

ETP 6°

ETP 2°

0

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400

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

RCP range

ETP 6°

ETP 2°

0

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2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

RCP range

ETP 6°

ETP 2°

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Global CO2 emissions

0

20

40

60

80

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

GtCO2/yr RCP range

ETP 6°

ETP 2°

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Key features• Driven by HTAP objectives and the need to improve representation of aerosol 

emissions in the global long‐term IAM (Integrated Assessment Models) scenarios

• Developed with IIASA’s GAINS modelThe emissions of all species are estimated using the same primary activity data set within one common framework, which assures internal consistency (also with the CO2 calculation), including multi‐pollutant character of several control technologies

• 165 regions,  period 1990‐2050 

• Considered pollutants: SO2, NOx, PM (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, BC, OC, OM), NMVOC, CO, NH3, CH4

• Improved spatial (0.5ox0.5o) distribution – updated proxies 

• Annual and monthly distribution of emissions

• A number of ‘new’ sources included: shale gas, gas flaring, wick lamps, diesel generators, superemitters

• Several scenarios: CLE, NFC, MTFR, Climate mitigation, SLCP mitigation

Page 6: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Three air pollution control scenarios

• Current legislation (CLE)– Full implementation of national legislations as of 2013– Including known implementation failures– Europe: baseline for 2014 NEC review, China: 11th Five years plan– International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels

• No Further Controls (NFC)– No change in emission factors after 2015

• Maximum technically feasible reductions (MTFR)– All currently available control technologies– Subject to site‐specific application limits– No premature scrapping of existing capital stock– Disregarding implementation barriers, costs, institutional issues, etc.

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Future air pollutant emissions –the role for AQ policies

0

20

40

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1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLE

GAINS NFC

GAINS MTFR

NOx

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLE

GAINS NFC

GAINS MTFR

BC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLE

GAINS NFC

GAINS MTFR

SO2

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Future air pollutant emissions –the role for climate policies

0

20

40

60

80

100

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160

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLE

GAINS NFC

GAINS MTFR

GAINS 2° CLE

SO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLEGAINS NFCGAINS MTFRGAINS 2° CLE

NOx

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLEGAINS NFCGAINS MTFRGAINS 2° CLE

BC

Page 9: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Future air pollutant emissions –Non‐energy‐related emissions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLEGAINS NFCGAINS MTFRGAINS 2° CLE

VOC

0

10

20

30

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90

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

NH3

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700

800

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

RCP

GAINS CLEGAINS NFCGAINS MTFRGAINS 2° CLE

CH4

Page 10: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

‘Current legislation’ emissionsby UNEP world region [million tons]

Source: GAINS model; ECLIPSE V5 scenario

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

ShippingN. America, EuropeLatin AmericaEast AsiaAfricaSWC Asia

SO2

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1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Million tons

ShippingNorth AmericaLatin AmericaEast AsiaAfricaSWC Asia

NOx

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Million tons

ShippingNorth AmericaLatin AmericaEast AsiaAfricaSWC Asia

BC

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‘Current legislation’ emissions by key sectors [million tons]

Source: GAINS model; ECLIPSE V5 scenario

SO2 NOx PM2.5 BC

Page 12: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Global CH4 emissions and mitigation potentials

Source: GAINS model; ECLIPSE V5 scenario

0

100

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600

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Baselin

e em

ission

s Mt C

H4

Baseline

Livestock Rice cultivation Coal miningOil production Gas production Gas transmissionGas distrib networks Solid waste WastewaterCombustion

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Emission

s with

 max te

chnical red

uctio

n Mt 

CH4

Max technical mitigation

Page 13: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Global BC emissions in 2000, Tg BC (excluding forest and grassland fires)Source: GAINS model – ECLIPSE results (Klimont et al., in preparation)

Range of global estimates shown in Bond et al., 2013

GAINS; excluding ‘new/re-estimated’ sources GAINS; all sources

Page 14: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Bottom Line

• The ECLIPSE scenarios show a wider range of potential outcomes for aerosol emissions than projected in the RCP (Regional Concentration Pathway) scenarios 

– The scenarios highlight the importance of enforcement of existing policies in the mid‐term as they can contribute to significant reductions or at least stabilization of aerosol emissions, especially in Europe, North America and East Asia

– In the long term, however, current policies do not guarantee that emissions would not be raising again and therefore call for more action, even in the developed world.

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HTAP 2010 Findings

Reconstruction of Historical Ozone Trends

O. Wild et al., ACPD, 2011

Page 16: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

How will regional boundary conditions change?European Inflow based on HTAP1

Quantify changes in European ozone under a range of likely future precursor emissions:  ‐5 to +6 ppb by the 2030s  (based on HTAP1)

Extend/refine approach using HTAP2 results…

Provision of future boundary conditions for regional models…Oliver Wild

Page 17: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

From emissions to impacts:  the FAst Scenario Screening Tool: TM5‐FASST

•Emissions considered: ‐ SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3,  CO ; CH4, Elemental Carbon, Primary Organic Matter,  other primary PM

•Examples of impacts considered:‐ PM2.5 and O3 surface concentration and population exposure‐ O3 metrics for crops and vegetation exposure + impact on yield loss‐ Radiative forcing and  CO2eq of SLCFs (GWP and GTP based)‐ Temperature trend for selected time horizons and emission trajectories of pollutants and CO2‐Deposition of BC, nitrogen and impacts on sensitive ecosystems

•Global Source ‐ Receptor model for air pollutants, radiative forcing and deposition

•Simplified linear emission‐concentration/forcing/deposition relations between regions

•Uses TM5‐CTM output (2‐way nested model, 1°x1° over multiple zoom regions)

Rita Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener

Page 18: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

TM5‐FASST

Overlaps with a ranges of IAMs (e.g. IMAGE‐MESSAGE‐POLES)

The HTAP regional mask is fairly consistent 

Page 19: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

Function of atmospheric concentrations, population density and exposure‐response functions  

Page 20: The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios · The HTAP (GAINS/ECLIPSE v5) Scenarios ... – International shipping: IMO agreement, low sulfur fuels ... GAINS 2° CLE CH4

China+ China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

Western Europe China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

USA China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

India+ China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

Where is it coming from?Change in Particulate Matter 2050 CLE ‐ 2050 MFR

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China+ China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

Western Europe China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

USA China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

India+ China+

India+

USA

Central Europe

Western Europe

ROW

Where is it coming from?O3 change by emission source region: 2050 CLE ‐ 2050 MFR

(Change in annual mean surface ozone concentration)

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Focusing Our Analyses to Provide Information Relevant to Air Quality Management

1. How well can current global and regional models quantify:a. Spatial patterns and temporal trends in 

i. Surface ozone concentrationsii. Fine particle concentrationsiii. Nitrogen deposition

b. Elevated levels of ozone in urban and rural locations, including high elevation sites.

c. Contributions of local and regional anthropogenic sources as distinguished from i. Anthropogenic sources outside the region (e.g.  North America or the United 

States)ii. Stratospheric intrusioniii. Biogenic, wildfires, wind‐blown dust, and other uncontrollable emissions

2. Are robust and generally acceptable model performance standards established and routinely applied in the global and regional modeling communities?

3. Establishing Regional Boundary Conditionsa. In a nested system, how does global model performance affect regional model 

performance?b. How should future year regional boundary conditions (e.g. for western U.S. 

regional modeling) be determined or evaluated?   

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Data sources and references• Activity data, drivers:

– Energy use: IEA and EUROSTAT statistics; IEA/OECD projections until 2050 (Energy Technology Perspectives, 2012; PRIMES, 2013):

• 6oC scenario – consistent (until 2035) with the WEO 2011 • 2oC mitigation scenario – comparable to the WEO 450ppm

– Agriculture: Eurostat, FAO (2012)

– Shipping: QUANTIFY (EU FP6; Endresen et al., 2007; IMO, 2011)

– Gas flaring: Elvidge et al. (2009)

– Industrial production, waste, other: IEA, UN, national stats, …

• Papers: – Published: Klimont et al (2013; Global SO2), Stohl et al (2013; Arctic BC), Yttri et al. (2014; BC Europe), 

Lund et al. (2014; transport BC), Safieddine et al. (2014; ozone), Gadahvi et al. (2015; BC India)– Submitted: Eckhard et al (aerosols, BC Arctic), Huneeus et al (Global SO2, inverse modelling)– In preparation: Klimont et al. (documentation of ECLIPSE), 

• The gridded emission data has been accessible via several portals:– ECLIPSE (http://nilu.eclipse.no) – GEIA (http://www.geiacenter.org) and directly at ECCAD http://eccad.sedoo.fr– IIASA/GAINS (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at) 

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Role of ‘new’ sources in global emissionsGAINS Baseline, ECLISPE V5 (excl int shipping, savannah & forest fires)

NOx, Mt NO2 BC, Mt

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TM5‐FASST: 

y = 0.95x + 0.71R² = 0.84

0

5

10

0 5 10TM

5 ‐FAS

ST

TM5 full model

PM2.5, µg/m³

y = 0.98x + 0.01R² = 0.99

00.20.40.60.81

1.21.41.6

0 0.5 1 1.5

TM5 ‐FAS

ST 

TM5 full model

BC, µg/m³

Testing against ‘full’ model results

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How would the regional pollution change due emission developments within the region compared to those outside for 

the given emission scenarios?

TM5‐FASST evaluation of premature mortalities and crop losses