the rise of nationalism 19 th century germanunification
TRANSCRIPT
The Rise of Nationalism
19th century
GermanGerman
UNIFICATIOUNIFICATIONN
A DIVA DIVIDED IDED GERGERMANYMANYLoose federation of 39 StatesLoose federation of 39 States
Controlled by 2 PowersControlled by 2 Powers
Austria – HapsburgsAustria – Hapsburgs
Prussia HohenzollernPrussia Hohenzollern
Prussian JunkerPrussian Junker
1851 – King 1851 – King Frederick William IV Frederick William IV appointed him appointed him representative to the representative to the diet of the German diet of the German ConfederationConfederation
Convinced – Convinced – Germany too small Germany too small for Austria & Prussiafor Austria & Prussia
1859 –ambassador 1859 –ambassador to Russiato Russia
1862 – ambassador 1862 – ambassador to Franceto France
Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry
Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834
1858 – King Frederick William IV – 1858 – King Frederick William IV – declared insanedeclared insane
Brother William becomes regentBrother William becomes regent
1861 – Frederick William IV dies1861 – Frederick William IV dies
William I takes the throneWilliam I takes the throne
A NEW A NEW PRUSSIANPRUSSIAN KINGKING
German Unification
Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia?
King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862
Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament)
Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
“Blood&
Iron”
RealpolitikThe “IronChancello
r”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how sausages
and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
Prussia and other German states
Wars of Unification 1864- War against Denmark Austria and Prussia went to war for
the German provinces of Schelswig and Holstein
Prussia would administer Schleswig, and Austria, Holstein
Bismarck “faked” disagreement over the two duchies to goad the Austrians into
Step #1:
The Danish
War[1864]
Step #1:
The Danish
War[1864]The Peace of
ViennaThe Peace of
Vienna
TheGerman
Confederation
TheGerman
Confederation
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
PrussiaPrussia
AustriaAustria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings
Franco-Prussian War The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon with his
army on September 2, 1870 The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870 January, 1871- William was proclaimed Kaiser
of a new, imperial Germany Peace signed in May required France to cede
the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Italian Unification
18183300Failed Attempts at Failed Attempts at Independence Independence
Metternich sent troops Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States3 Italian States
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor Emmanuel
II
Giuseppi Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Italian unification:
Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
18481848 - - RRevolevolutionsutions Guiseppe Mazinni
Risorgimento (Resurgence)
Young Italy
2 lessons from the failures
Need foreign help
Rely on Piedmont for leadership
181849 – 1849 – 187878VictorVictor Emanuel Emanuel SavoySavoy
King of PiedmontKing of PiedmontProvided the Provided the leadership neededleadership needed
18185252Count Cavour in named Prime Minister of PiedmontEconomic Expansion
Built roads, canals, & railroadsExpanded creditStimulated investment in new Industries
1858 –1858 – Agree Agreementment withwith NNapoleoapoleonn IIIIII
In Compensation France would get:
Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and SavoyA Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon
1859 –1859 – The Aust The Austrianrian WarWar
To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria
July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria
Thought war would be too long and costly
Prussia had mobilized
18601860 - Pebi - Pebiscitesscites
Nationalists had taken control in some Northern Italian StatesPlebiscites agreed to join Piedmont
181860 - 60 - GirabaldiGirabaldi Italian PatriotRevolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860By July 1860 Sicily was under Control
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.
1860 –1860 – KKingdom ingdom of of ItalyItaly
Garibaldi yielded to Cavour
Austria-Hungary Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1918 Government abolished most
internal customs barriers, freed trade with Germany and sold off most of the state-owned railway system
German language was used by the administration
City of Vienna underwent extensive rebuilding
Austria-Hungary
Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated by liberals
Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy”
After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled themselves
Hungarian demands strengthened those of the other nationalities in the empire for the same privileges
The Russian Colossus
Three pillars of Russian Absolutism Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism Crimean War Russia loses Reforms of Alexander the II
Russia
The Russian economy stagnated in comparison with the west
1861- Emancipation of 22 million privately owned serfs and 25 million state-owned peasants a few years later
Regional self-governing councils called zemstvos were established in 1864, to promote local government
Russia
Mir- communities of former serfs received grants of land and had the power to allocate this land among individuals and to direct economic activity
Peasants were forced to redeem the land through long-term loans to the government, which in turn compensated the landowners
The landowners received the best land after emancipation
Russia Judicial reform gave all
Russians, even former serfs, access to modern civil courts
Military reform in 1874 ended the 25 year conscription
A six-year term made the army more competitive with western Europe
RUSSIA IN THE MONARCHY
The Last of the Romanovs to rule Russia
-Determined to keep autocratic government
-felt the Alexander II, and his reforms were to blame
-- wanted to hold down reforms
--keep a hold of monarchy
-Romanovs rule for 300 years
1905 REVOLUTIONJanuary 1905 striking workers march for better working conditions Right to strike and other moderate demands.
-led by Orthodox Priest Gapon
-- Marched to Winter Palace singing God Save the Tsar
-- After the assembly starts loyal tsarist troops open fire and kill over 1,000 marchers
-- Riots and Strikes by workers sweep the city
-- peasants roam the countryside looting and burning the homes of nobles
BLOODY SUNDAY 1905