updateinchildhoodcancer’...
TRANSCRIPT
4/30/18
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Update in Childhood cancer management
17 พฤษภาคม 2561 ผศ.พญ.พรพรรณ ศรีพรสวรรค์ หน่วยโลหิตวิทยาและมะเร็งวิทยา
ภาควิชากุมารเวชศาสตร์ คณะแพทยศาสตร์ ม.สงขลานครินทร์
Scope of talk
• Outline of pediatric cancer • Procedure in oncologic pa:ents • Oncologic emergency
-‐ Hyperleukocytosis -‐ Tumor lysis syndrome -‐ Superior Vena Cava Obstruc:on
Pediatric cancer • The age standardized rate (ASR) of childhood cancer in Thailand was 79.7 per million
• มะเร็งเม็ดเลือดขาว (Acute leukemia) • มะเร็งต่อมน้ําเหลือง (Lymphoma) • มะเร็งชนิดก้อน (Solid tumor)
– Neuroblastoma – Brain tumor – Wilm’s tumor – Rhabdomyosarcoma / Ewing’s sarcoma – Osteosarcoma – Re:noblastoma
Leukemia
Acute leukemia
ALL : Acute lymphoblas:c leukemia
ANLL: Acute non-‐lymphoblas:c leukemia
CML: Chronic Myeloid leukemia
Clinical manifesta:on (n=107) Clinical % of pt.
Pallor 94 Fever 82 Anorexia 52 Weight loss 36 Hepatomegaly 91 Lymphadenopathy 76 Splenomegaly 65 Arthralgia 37 Bleeding diathesis 39
Lymphoma
• Non-‐Hodgkin Lymphoma • 70% • B or T cell • Young children • Mul:ple LN • Progressive course
Hodgkins Lymphoma • 30% • B cell • Adolescent • Single LN • Indolent course
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Procedure in Oncology pa:ent
• BM aspira:on • Lumbar puncture • Central line care
– Port A catheter inser:on – Hickman catheter inser:on
การเจาะไขกระดูก • First Diagnosis/ Relapse
– Wright stain for morphology – Flow cytochemistry (Immunophemotype) – Cytogene:c test – Clo]ed marrow for patho report
• During treatment • A^er induc:on/ start MT phase/ off treatment -‐ Wright stain only
ตําแหน่งการเจาะไขกระดูก • Anterior :bial (age < 2 yr, BW < 10 kgs) • Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) (age 2-‐ 8 yr, BW 10-‐30 kgs) • Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) (age > 8 yr, BW > 30 kgs)
การเจาะน้ําไขสันหลัง • เพื่อการวินิจฉัย / เพื่อการให้ยาเคมีบําบัด • ส่งตรวจ • Cell count & differen:al count • Fluid protein/sugar • CSF cytology
• ควรให้เคมีบําบัดช้าๆและหลีกเลี่ยง trauma • Posi:oning & Seda:ve drug **
Port A cathter Huber needle inser:on
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Port-‐A care
• SASH (Saline-‐Administer-‐Saline-‐Heparin) • If medica:on incompa:ble with NSS, use D5W • Flush port q 4 weeks when not in use • Change needle q 3 days/ 7 days with ATB • Heparin should be open & use in 24 hr period
Hickman catheter
a small cuff under the skin à to help the line resist infec:on
How to flush • Heparin 100 units/ml weekly, 10 units/ml daily or a^er each used
§ Flush in a pulsa:le (stop/start) manner § 10 to 20 ml of normal saline is used for the first flush, followed by 2 to 3 ml of heparin flush
§ Maintain posi:ve pressure -‐ Start injec:ng before releasing the clamp -‐ Reapply the clamp while there is s:ll 1/2-‐1 ml in the syringe
How much volume? Catheter Priming Volumes, Flush/ Discard Volumes BardHickman (Double Lumen) Priming vol. Flush/Discard Volumes
size
W R
size
W
R
7F
0.6ml 0.8ml 7F 1.8ml 2.4ml
9F 0.6ml 1.3ml
9F 1.8ml 3.9ml
10F 1.3ml 1.3ml 10F 3.9ml 3.9ml
12F 1.8ml 1.8ml 12F 5.4ml 5.4ml
Heparinization § Heparin → the standard flushing solu:on § The most common heparin dose ═ 100 units/ml § Volumes must be at least adequate to fill the catheter plus an addi:onal 1 to 2 ml
§ 5 ml for flush/ discard volume § Heparin no more than 50 units/kg should be given within a four-‐hour interval (pediatric)
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Dressing § Change a transparent dressing → q 7 days, gauze dressing → q 48 hours , if becomes damp or soiled → change it as soon as possible § The ini:al dressing should be le^ between 24 and 48 hours
-‐ Dressing : secured occlusively on all four edges Perform safety loop !
Oncologic emergency
Hyperleukocytosis
• WBC > 100,000 / µL
• 5-‐20 % of acute leukemia
• symptoma:c when
– ALL > 300,000 (T cell, infant)
– ANLL > 100,000 / µL
– CML > 600,000 / µL
leukocyte
Hyperleukocytosis
• Adhesive reac:on b/w abnormal endothelium & leukemic blast
• Myeloblasts vs Lymphoblasts (larger, less deformable, more adherent to vv.)
• Increases blood viscosity à thrombi in microcircula:on
• Respiratory failure – stasis in pulmonary vasculature à vascular damage à pulmonary edema
– release of cytokinesà :ssue hypoxia
• Hemorrhage – CNS, GI, pulmonary, pericardial
– coagulopathy in M3, M4, M5
Management of Hyperleukocytosis
• Tumor lysis syndrome precau:on
• Platelet transfusion, keep Plt > 20,000 /µL
• Avoid PRC transfusion (prevent hyperviscosity)
• Leukapheresis or Exchange transfusion
• Avoid diure:cs : mannitol 0.5-‐1 gm/kg for oliguria
• Specific treatment : chemotherapy, steroid
Tumor lysis syndrome
• Common in high turn over rate tumor: Burki]’s lymphoma, T-‐cell leukemia/lymphoma, high WBC
• Renal failure, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia & hypocalcemia
• Monitor BW, V/S, BP, urine output, O2sat • LAB: CBC c plt, BUN/Cr, electrolyte, Ca, PO4 Uric acid, LDH, LFT • May need ICU monitoring
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Defini:on
• Rapid spontaneous/treatment-‐related death of tumor cells • Cairo-‐Bishop classifica:on
– laboratory TLS – clinical TLS
• 2 or more metabolic abnormali:es or change in serum value by 25% occur during the same 24 hr periods within 3 days before or 7 days a^er ini:a:on of therapy
• Peak risk ~ 24-‐48 hr a^er start treatment
เกณฑ์การวินิจฉัย Laboratory TLS
Metabolic abnormality Criteria for classifica:on
hyperuricemia uric acid > 8.0 mg/dL or > UNL
hyperkalemia potassium > 6.0 mg/dL
hyperphosphatemia phosphate > 6.5 mg/dL > 4.5 mg/dL in adults
hypocalcemia corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL
Clinical TLS
Laboratory TLS plus
• cardiac dysrhythmia or sudden death
• seizure or clinical hypocalcemia
• acute kidney injury :
– increased serum crea:nine level of 0.3 mg/dL
– serum crea:nine > 1.5 UNL
– oliguria (urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 6 hr)
Preven:on & Hydra:on
• Monitoring : blood chemistry, I&O, BP, BW
• Hydra:on – 2-‐3 x maintenance fluid with 5% D/N/2
– maintain urine output > 3ml/kg/hr
– may need furosemide 0.5-‐1 mg/kg or mannitol 0.5 gm/kg
– keep urine sp.gr. < 1.010 – avoid adding K in IV fluid
• Alkaliniza:ons : Unclear benefit, decrease CaPO4 solubility “Not rou:nely done anymore”
Hyperuricemia
• Symptoma:c at uric acid level > 10 mg/dL lethargy, N/V, oliguria, anuria, hematuria, seizures, uric calculi
Tumor nuclei Xanthine oxidase
Purine à hypoxanthine à xanthine à uric acid
allantoin
Urate oxidase
Hyperuricemia (> 8 mg/dL)
• Allopurinol 300 mg/m2/day or 10 mg/kg/day PO (max 800mg/day)
• Rasburicase 0.15-‐0.2 mg/kg/d IV infusion in 30 min
• Hydra:on > 2 liters/m2/day, keep urine output > 100 ml /m2/hr
• Diure:cs & Mannitol
• Furosemide 0.05 mg/kg/h con:nuous infusion if unresponse
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Hyperkalemia K > 7mEq/L à sinus arrest
• Frequent laboratory assessment
• Accurate laboratory assessment
• EKG monitoring
Hyperkalemia > 6 mEq/L
• EKG monitoring
• no K added un:l tumor lysis is controlled
• Kayexalate 1 g/kg PO q 6 hr with 50% sorbitol 50-‐150 ml
• CaCl2 10 mg/kg or Calcium gluconate 100-‐200 mg/kg IV
for arrhythmia (don’t give in the same line of NaHCO3)
• NaHCO3 1-‐2 mEq/kg to stablize myocardial cell • Glucose (0.5 gm/kg/hr) + Insulin (0.1 u/kg/hr)
Emergency situa:on
1 unit/kg of RI plus 25% glucose 2 ml/kg IV
Hyperphosphatemia – age < 5 yr àPO4 > 6.5 mg/dL
age > 5 yr àPO4 > 4.5 mg/dL
– Lymphoblasts has 4x the PO4 than lymphocytes
Rx. aluminum hydroxide 50-‐150 mg/kg/day
keep Ca x PO4 < 60 mg/dL, low PO4 diet
Hypocalcemia (Ca2+ < 1.5 mEq/L)
• Only treat if symptoma:c: Fa:gue, cramping, tetany, laryngospasm, seizure
• 10% Ca gluconate 0.5-‐1 ml/kg slow IV infusion • Discon:nued when symptoms resolved • Indica:on
• Arrhythmia due to hyper K
• Hypocalcemia with symptoms of neuromuscular
irritability (Chvostek or Trousseau sign +ve)
Superior Vena Cava Obstruc:on syndrome
Pathophysiology
Superior Medias:nal
Syndrome (SMS)
Compression of trachea
SVC Syndrome Compression of SVC
• Thin wall, low intraluminal pressure à obstruc:on
• Impaired venous return
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Signs & Symptoms
• Plethora or facial cyanosis • Conjunc:val suffusion • Swelling at face, neck, arms
and upper chest
• Superficial dilated veins • Orthopnea • Headache, dizziness, fain:ng, stupor, coma, seizure
• Pulsus paradoxus à cardiac failure
• Cough, stridor dyspnea, airway obstruc:on à respiratory failure
3S which may precipitate Respiratory Arrest
• Supine posi:on
• Stress
• Seda:on
Evalua:on & Inves:ga:ons
• History and physical examina:on • CBC & BM aspira:on • Imaging study: CXR (PA, lat.), CT scan • Tumor markers • Thoracenthesis and cytology • Tissue diagnosis
– lymph node biopsy under local anesthesia – fine needle biopsy: CT guide
Treatment of SVC Syndrome • Extreme care to avoid 3S
• Oxygen support • Elevate pa:ent’s head to decrease hydrosta:c pressure • Avoid IVF on the swollen arm
• If intubated à extuba:on may not possible un:l mass decreased in size
• Diagnosis should be made quickly & least invasive manner
• High risk: Trachea size reduc:on > 50% à Anesthesist
Treatment of SVC Syndrome • Steroid
– Prednisolone 60 mg/m2/day divided q 6 hr
– Methylprednisolone 48 mg/m2/day q 12 hr
– Dexamethasone 4 mg IV q 6 hr
• Biopsy should be done as soon as pa:ent stable
• Chemotherapy a^er biopsy obtained Like us on facebook