updates on asthma and copd

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Updates on Asthma and COPD Keng Sheng Chew School of Medical Sciences Universi6 Sains Malaysia 1

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Presented during the 1st Malaysian National Emergency Critical Care Symposium in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, Nov 2013.

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Page 1: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Updates  on  Asthma  and  COPD  

Keng  Sheng  Chew  School  of  Medical  Sciences  

Universi6  Sains  Malaysia  

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Page 2: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Conflict  of  Interest  

•  I  declare  I  have  received  educa6onal  grants  from  Astra-­‐Zeneca  (M)  Sdn  Bhd  

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Page 3: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Outlines  

•  In  asthma:    •  Con6nuous  neb?  •  IV  B2-­‐agonist?    •  IV  steroids?  •  An6cholinergics?  •  Magnesium  sulphate?  

•  NIPPV?  •  When  intubate?  What  to  look  for?  

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Page 4: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Outlines  

•  In  COPD:  •  Recent  concepts  •  B2-­‐agonists  vs  an6cholinergics?  •  NIPPV?  •  Issues  of  mechanical  ven6la6on  

•  Hypoxic  drive  –how  true  is  this  fear?  

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Page 5: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Updates  on  Asthma  

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Page 6: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Pathophysiology  of  Asthma  

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Page 7: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Pathological  changes  

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Page 8: Updates on Asthma and COPD

“Rules  of  2”  in  asthma  

•  AXacks  >2  6mes  per  week  or  •  Needs  rescuer  inhaler  >2  6mes  per  week  

•  Awakening  due  to  nocturnal  symptoms  >2  6mes  per  month  

•  Use  >2  canisters  of  relievers  per  year  •  If  yes  to  any  =  uncontrolled,  needs  steroids  

•  (Adapted  from  GINA  guideline)  

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Page 9: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Con@nuous  neb  vs  intermiCent  neb?  

•  “Con6nuous”  neb  =  con6nuous  aerosol  delivery  or  sufficient  frequency  of  at  least  1  neb  q15  min  or  >  4  neb/hour  

•  In  a  Cochrane  systema6c  review,  Camargo  et  al  (2009),  8  trials,  n  =  461  

•  Con@nuous  neb  – Benefits  in  severe  disease  – Significant  lung  improvement  at  2  –  3  hours  – Similar  side  effects  (tremors,  increased  K+,  HR)  

– Well  tolerated  9  

Page 10: Updates on Asthma and COPD

IV  Beta-­‐2  agonists  vs  inhaled  Beta-­‐2  agonists?  

•  Travers  et  al  (2001),  in  a  Cochrane  systema6c  review,  15  trials,  n  =  583  

•  IV  beta  agonists  offer  no  therapeu6c  advantage  over  inhaled  forms  of  the  drugs.    

•  However,  no  difference  in  autonomic  side  effects  

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Page 11: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Early    IV  steroids  use?  

•  Rowe  et  al  (2009),  Cochrane  systema6c  review,  12  trials,  n  =  863  

•  IV  steroids  given  within  1  hour:  •  significantly  reduced  admission  rates  (OR  =  0.40,  95%  CI:  0.21  to  0.78)  

•  Benefits  most  pronounced  among  those  with  severe  asthma  and  in  those  who  have  not  yet  been  on  systemic  steroids  prior  to  ED  presenta6on  

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Page 12: Updates on Asthma and COPD

An@cholinergics  

•  An6cholinergics  –  not  to  be  used  alone  •  Teoh  et  al  (2012),  in  a  Cochrane  review,  4  trials,  n  =  171  – An6cholinergics  alone  less  efficacious  and  more  likely  to  fail  

•  An6cholinergics  combined  with  SABA?  – Griffiths  et  al  (2013),  in  a  systema6c  review,  15  trials,  n  =  2497  (pediatrics),  found  

– combining  an6cholinergic  and  SABA  significantly  reduces  the  risk  for  hospital  admission  

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Page 13: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Magnesium  sulphate  

•  Blocks  calcium  channel  •  Relaxes  bronchial  smooth  muscle  •  Inhibits  contrac6le  response  to  endogenous  bronchoconstrictors  

•  Rowe  et  al  (2009):  •  7  trials,  n  =  665  •  Overall  no  improvement  in  lung  func6on,  no  improvement  in  adm  rate  

•  BUT  reduce  admission  rate  in  severe  asthma  subgroup  

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Page 14: Updates on Asthma and COPD

NIPPV  in  Asthma?  

•  Lim  et  al  (2012)  in  a  Cochrane  review,  5  trials,  n  =  206,  preliminary  results  show  NIPPV  has  benefit  of  –  Reduced  hospitaliza6on  rate  –  Reduced  6me  to  discharge  from  ED  –  Improves  lung  func6on  

•  But  s6ll  lack  of  good  evidence,  remains  controversial;  NOT  for  rou6ne  use  

•  Two  of  the  studies:  2  intuba6ons  needed  in  45  par6cipants  on  NPPV  vs  no  intuba6ons  in  41  control  pa6ents  (risk  ra6o  4.48;  95%  CI  0.23  to  89.13)  

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Mechanical  ven@la@on  

•  4  indica6ons  for  intuba6on  (Brenner  et  al,  2009  in  Proceedings  of  the  ATS)  –  cardiac  arrest  –  respiratory  arrest  or  profound  bradypnea  –  physical  exhaus6on  – AMS  (agitated  pa6ent,  interfering  with  oxygen  delivery)    

•  Hypercapnia  per  se  without  evidence  of  physical  exhaus6on  or  mental  changes  IS  NOT  an  indica6on  

•  Persistent  hypercapnia  despite  treatment  +/-­‐  AMS  is  an    indica6on  (PaCO2  increase  ~  5mmHg/Hr  or  more  than  55  –  70  mmHg)  

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Page 16: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Mechanical  ven@la@on  

•  Permissive  hypercapnia  -­‐  minimize  risk  of  increased  intrathoracic  pressure.  Ini6al  sepng:  – TV  6  ml/kg  – Rate  6/min  –  I:E  up  to  1:4  

•  Try  keep  Plateau  pressure  below  30  cm  H20.    

•  Pplat  (or  lung  distension  pressure)  gives  an  es6mate  of  average  of  end-­‐insp  alveolar  P  (Brenner  et  al,  2009)  

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Page 17: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Induc@on  Agents  

•  Ketamine    •  releases  of  catecholamines  

•  bronchial  smooth  muscle  relaxa6on  

•  Side  effects  –  hypersecre6on,  hypertension,  arrhythmias,  and  hallucina6ons  

•  rela6vely  contraindicated  in  pa6ents  with  ischemic  heart  disease,  hypertension,  increased  intracranial  pressure.   17  

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Updates  on  COPD  

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Page 19: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Reversible Irreversible

Source: Peter J. Barnes, MD

Page 20: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Basics  

•  COPD  is  a  systemic  disease,  not  just  pulmomary  (Agus6,  2005)  – systemic  inflamma6on,  systemic  oxida6ve  stress,  ac6va6on  of  circula6ng  inflammatory  cells,  e.g.  neutrophils,  macrphages,  and  augmented  levels  of  pro-­‐inflammatory  cytokines  

•  Extrapulmonary  associa6ons:  IHD,  osteopenia,  cachexia,  malnutri6on,  skeletal  was6ng  

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Page 21: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Bronchodilators  

•  Cochrane  systema6c  review  by  McCrory  et  al  (2005)  – No  significant  difference  in  changes  in  FEV1  between  b2-­‐agonists  and  the  an6cholinergic  ipratropium  at  90  minutes  and  24  hours  and    

–  no  advantage  combining  

•  An6cholinergics  –  slower  onset  (15  min,  peak  60  to  90  min,  and  longer  6  to  8  hrs).  

•  General  consensus  (GOLD)  –  SABA  first,  then  an6cholinergics  

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NIPPV  in  COPD  

•  Ram  FSF  et  al  (2004)  in  a  Cochrane  systema6c  review,  14  trials  involving  n  =  622  (outcomes  of  treatment  failure),  n  =  541  (mortality)  

•  NIPPV  resulted  in  •  decreased  mortality    

•  decreased  need  for  intuba6on    •  reduc6on  in  treatment  failure  

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Page 23: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Mechanical  ven@la@ons  

•  Issues  with  mechanical  ven6la6on  in  COPD  (BruloXe  et  al,  2012):  

•  poorer  prognosis  (mortality  rates  between  20%  and  73%)    

•  a  mean  life  expectancy  of  1  year  

•  Barotrauma,  infec6ons  

•  Discuss  with  family  regarding  pros  and  cons  

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Page 24: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Hypoxic  Drive  in  COPD?  

•  How  real  is  this  fear?  •  Started  off  with  a  paper  by  E.J.M  Campbell  in  1960    

•  Really  no  science  behind  it!  Consensus  opinion  

•  A  Cochrane  review  by  Aus6n  Wood-­‐Baker  (2009)  –  “No  relevant  trials  have  been  published  to  date,  so  there  is  no  evidence  to  indicate  whether  different  oxygen  therapies  in  the  pre-­‐hospital  se@ng  have  an  effect  on  outcome  for  people  with  acute  exacerbaBons  of  COPD”  

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Page 25: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Hypoxic  Drive  in  COPD?  

•  Plant  et  al  (2000)  shows  an  associa6on  between  increased  oxygen  with  hypercapnea,  respiratory  acidosis,  and  ICU  admission  but  this  does  not  occur  in  every  pa6ent  given  increased  FiO2.  

•  May  happen  

•  Careful  observa6on  of  this  pa6ent  •  BUT  remember:  the  risks  of  withholding  oxygen  are  much  greater  than  giving  them  too  much!  

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Page 26: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Summary  

•  In  asthma:    •  Con6nuous  neb?  •  IV  B2-­‐agonist?    •  IV  steroids?  •  An6cholinergics?  •  Magnesium  sulphate?  

•  NIPPV?  •  When  intubate?  What  to  look  for?  

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Page 27: Updates on Asthma and COPD

Summary  

•  In  COPD:  •  Recent  concepts  •  B2-­‐agonists  vs  an6cholinergics?  •  NIPPV?  •  Issues  of  mechanical  ven6la6on  

•  Hypoxic  drive  -­‐  controversials  

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Page 28: Updates on Asthma and COPD

References  •  Camargo  Jr  CA,  Spooner  C,  Rowe  BH.  Con6nuous  

versus  intermiXent  beta-­‐agonists  for  acute  asthma.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2003,  Issue  4.  Art.  No.:  CD001115.  DOI:  10.1002/14651858.CD001115  

•  Travers  A,  Jones  AP,  Kelly  K,  Barker  SJ,  Camargo  CA,  Rowe  BH.  Intravenous  beta2-­‐agonists  for  acute  asthma  in  the  emergency  department.  Cochrane  Database  Syst  Rev.2001;(2)  :CD002988  

•  Rowe  BH,  Spooner  C,Ducharme  F,  Bretzlaff  J,  BotaG.  Early  emergency  department  treatment  of  acute  asthma  with  systemic  cor6costeroids.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2001,  Issue  1.  Art.  No.:  CD002178.  DOI:  10.1002/14651858.CD002178.  

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References  

•  Griffiths  B,  Ducharme  FM.  Combined  inhaled  an6cholinergics  and  short-­‐ac6ng  beta2-­‐agonists  for  ini6al  treatment  of  acute  asthma  in  children.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2013,  Issue  8.  Art.  No.:  CD000060.  DOI:  10.1002/14651858.CD000060.pub2.  

•  Lim  WJ,  Mohammed  Akram  R,  Carson  KV,  Mysore  S,  Labiszewski  NA,  Wedzicha  JA,  Rowe  BH,  Smith  BJ.  Non-­‐invasive  posi6ve  pressure  ven6la6on  for  treatment  of  respiratory  failure  due  to  severe  acute  exacerba6ons  of  asthma.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2012,  Issue  12.  Art.  No.:  CD004360.  DOI  10.1002/14651858.CD004360.pub4.   29  

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References  

•  Barry  Brenner,  Thomas  Corbridge,  and  Antoine  Kazzi  "Intuba6on  and  Mechanical  Ven6la6on  of  the  Asthma6c  Pa6ent  in  Respiratory  Failure",  Proceedings  of  the  American  Thoracic  Society,  Vol.  6,  No.  4  (2009),  pp.  371-­‐379.    

•  McCrory  DC,  Brown  CD.  An6cholinergic  bronchodilators  versus  beta2-­‐sympathomime6c  agents  for  acute  exacerba6ons  of  chronic  obstruc6ve  pulmonary  disease.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2003,  Issue  1.  Art.  No.:  CD003900.  DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003900.  

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References  

•  Agus6  AG.  Systemic  effects  of  chronic  obstruc6ve  pulmonary  disease.  Proc  Am  Thorac  Soc  2005;  2  (4):367-­‐70;  discussion  71-­‐2.    

•  Ram  FSF,  Picot  J,  Lightowler  J,  Wedzicha  JA.  Non-­‐invasive  posi6ve  pressure  ven6la6on  for  treatment  of  respiratory  failure  due  to  exacerba6ons  of  chronic  obstruc6ve  pulmonary  disease.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema6c  Reviews  2004,  Issue  3.  Art.  No.:  CD004104.  DOI:  10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub3.    

•  BruloXe  CA,  Lang  ES.  Acute  exacerba6ons  of  chronic  obstruc6ve  pulmonary  disease  in  the  emergency  department.  Emerg  Med  Clin  North  Am.  2012;  May;30(2):223-­‐47,  vii.  

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References  

•  Teoh  L,  Cates  CJ,  et  al.  An6cholinergic  therapy  for  acute  asthma  in  children.  Cochrane  Database  Syst  Rev  2012,  Issue  4:  CD003797.  

•  Plant  PK,  Owen  JL,  Elliot  MW.  One  year  period  prevalence  study  of  respiratory  acidosis  in  acute  exacerba6ons  of  COPD:  implica6ons  for  the  provision  of  noninvasive  ven6la6on  and  oxygen  administra6on.  Thorax  2000;55:550–4.  

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