week 2- ch. 2- theory

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Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 2Theory, Research, and

Evidence-Based Practice

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Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer !ll "ights "eser#e$

ANA Nursings Social Policy Stateent o!"ssues

Nurses Address: Promotion of health and wellness

Promotion of safety and quality of care

Care, self-care processes, and care coordination

Physical, emotional, and spiritual comfort, discomfort,and pain

Adaptation to physiologic and pathophysiologicprocesses

Emotions related to the eperience of !irth, growthand de"elopment, health, illness, disease, and death

#eanings ascri!ed to health, illness, and other

concepts

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ANA Nursing Social Policy Stateent o!"ssues

Nurses Address $cont%&: 'inguistic and cultural sensiti"ity

(ealth literacy

)ecision ma*ing and the a!ility to ma*e choices +elationships, role performance, and change

processes within relationships

ocial policies and their effects on health

(ealth care systems and their relationships toaccess, cost, and quality of health care

he en"ironment and the pre"ention of disease andin.ury

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Sources o! #no$ledge

raditional/

passed down from generation to generation

Authoritati"e/

comes from an epert, accepted as truth !ased onperson0s percei"ed epertise

cientific/

o!tained through the scientific method $research&

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5/22Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer !ll "ights "eser#e$

Types o! Nursing #no$ledge and"n!luences on Nursing #no$ledge

ypes

cience/*nowledge in and of nursing

Philosophy/the study of wisdom, fundamental*nowledge, and processes used to construct life

Process/a series of actions, conceptual framewor*sand theories guide the actions

1nfluences

(istorical influences/2lorence Nightingale, societalchanges

ocietal influences/schools of nursing !egan withtas*s then mo"ed to education

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%rae$or& o! Nursing Theory

heory: group of concepts that descri!e a pattern ofreality

Can !e tested, changed, or used to guide research

Concepts: a!stract impressions organi3ed into sym!ols of

reality

Conceptual framewor* or model

ypes of reasoning to de"elop theories:

)educti"e reasoning/eamines general ideas andconsiders specific actions or ideas

1nducti"e reasoning/!uilds from specific ideas oractions to conclusions a!out general ideas

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"nterdisciplinary Base !or NursingTheories

4eneral systems theory/

theory for uni"ersal application5 !rea* whole things intoparts to see how they wor* together in systems5 may!e open or closed systems5 interaction of components

Adaptation theory/

ad.ustment of li"ing matter to other li"ing things anden"ironment

(uman adaptation in"ol"es the self, social, and physicalreactions

)e"elopmental theory/

orderly and predicta!le growth and de"elopment fromconception to death5 Eric*son and #aslow aresignificant theorists in nursing

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Bene!its o! Nursing Theory

)irects nurses toward common goal

'eads to impro"ed patient care

Pro"ides rational and *nowledgea!le reasons for nursing

actions

4i"es nurses *nowledge !ase necessary for appropriateactions

(elps resol"e current nursing issues

Prepares nurses to question assumptions and "alues

er"es research, education, and practice

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'oal o! Theoretical %rae$or&s

(olistic patient care

1ndi"iduali3ed care to meet needs of patients

Promotion of health

Pre"ention or treatment of illness

Common theoretical concepts include:

Person

En"ironment (ealth

Nursing

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'oals o! Nursing Research

1mpro"e care of people in clinical setting%

tudy people and the nursing process%

Education

Policy de"elopment

Ethics

Nursing history

)e"elop greater autonomy and strength as a profession%

Pro"ide e"idence-!ased nursing practice%

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National "nstitute o! Nursing Research

4oals of +esearch:

6uild the scientific foundation for clinical practice%

Pre"ent disease and disa!ility%

#anage and eliminate symptoms caused !y illness%

Enhance end-of-life and palliati"e care%

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(ethods o! Nursing Research

7uantitati"e

1n"ol"es concepts of !asic and applied research

#ay ha"e measura!le outcomes, 8quantity9

7ualitati"e

Conducted to gain insight !y disco"ering meanings

6ased on !elief that reality is !ased on perceptions

that differ for each person and change o"er time #ay !e philosophical, emotional 8quality9

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Types o! )uantitative Research

)escripti"e

1dentify the connection !etween factors in a realworld setting

Correlational

o determine the increasing or decreasing effect oftwo components

7uasi-eperimental

o determine the cause-and-effect association!etween factors in a li"e setting

Eperimental

Controlled study of cause-and-effect

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Steps o! )uantitative Research

tate the research pro!lem%

)efine purpose of the study%

+e"iew related literature%

2ormulate hypotheses and "aria!les%

elect research design%

elect population and sample%

Collect data%

Analy3e data%

Communicate findings and conclusions%

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Ters in )uantitative Research

aria!le-

)ependent "aria!le- what will !e studied

1ndependent "aria!le- factors that will affect the"aria!le

(ypothesis

what the researcher !elie"es will happen

)ata

information gathered from the study

1nstruments

assessment tools

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)ualitative Research (ethods

Phenomenology

'i"ed eperience and it0s meaning

4rounded theory

)escription of how an indi"idual0s !eliefs relate totheir actions

Ethnography

Cultural issues (istorical

(ow historical issues affect today0s practice

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Evaluating the Ethics o! Clinical ResearchStudies

alue

cientific "alidity

2air su!.ect selection

2a"ora!le ris*-!enefit ratio

1ndependent re"iew

1nformed consent

+espect for enrolled su!.ects

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"pedients to Nursing Research

+estricted access to resources

'imited time to participate in research

'ac* of educational preparation

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Evidence-Based Practice

Pro!lem-sol"ing approach to ma*ing clinical decisionsusing the !est e"idence a"aila!le

6lends !oth the science and the art of nursing so that the!est patient outcomes are achie"ed

#ay consist of specific nursing inter"entions or may useguidelines esta!lished for the care of patients withcertain illnesses, treatments, or surgical procedures

he use of E6P mandates the analysis and systematicre"iew of research findings

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Steps in "pleenting EBP

tep ;: As* a question a!out a clinical area of interest oran inter"ention%

tep

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As&ing Clinical )uestions in P"C* %orat

P @ patient, population, or pro!lem of interest

1 @ inter"ention of interest $the topic of the study&

C @ comparison of interest $compare to other

inter"ention&

@ outcome of interest $distinguish to outcome&

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Coponents o! a Research +ournal

A!stract- article summary

1ntroduction- discusses the purpose of the study

'iterature re"iew- significant articles on the topic

#ethod- description of the study

+esults- study findings

)iscussion- interpretation of the study and application of

results

+eferences- !i!liography

week 2- ch. 2- theory

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