..." , . :1 . .2 . . 23 . . 4- . .5 . .6 . .7 . .8 . , "., - - : : *** . ( ) " : - - . "3 . - - . . :: . . : . / 1426 4 . . . . . : 5 . : . . 6 . 10 _ 5 _ 1427: ... - - . * : 1 . ( 2 . ( 3 . ( 4 . ( 5 . ( 6 . ( 7 . ( 8 . ( 9 . ( 10 . ( 711 . ( 12 ( -: - -. -. . - . * : 1- 2 . - 3- Atropine . 4- ) 2 + 1 MgO + 1 ( Activated Charcoal .. C76H52O46...( ) : ) 2 :1 :1 ( . 4- Na2CO3 NaHCO3 2%. 5 . - * -: 1 . ( 2 . ( 3 . ( 4 . ( 5( 1 .6 . ( 7 . ( 8 . ( 9 . ( 10 . ( 11 . ( 12 . ( 13 . ( 14 . ( ) ( 15) ( 7 . (16( H2O2 KMnO4 . 8 -: * 1 . . 2 . . 3 . . 4 . C3H6O C6H6 C2H5OH .5 . . 6 . . 7 . . 8 . . -: * 1 . - 2 . - * Hg -: 1 . - 2- HNO3.3 . - -: * : ( : / H2SO4 HNO3 : ( Acetic Acid ) ) CH3COOH ) Citric Acid)C6H8O7.: 1 - . 2 - . 3 - . 4 - . : / OH CO3( ) NaOH ( ) Na2CO3.. . * PH: PH . 1 - 6 . () 7 . ( ) 8 14 . ( ) 9 PH : : 1) - 250 .( 2 . - 3 .- 4- . 10:* 11 Funnel Filter Papers Stand Iron ring Erlenmeyer Flask Leveling bulb Florence flasks Beaker Test tube rack & Test tube Test tube holder Crucible tongsMedicine dropper Test tube brush Wire gauze Test paper ( PH ( PHtester Marta and pestleTable balance Watch glass Graduated cylinder Volumetric pipit Thermometer UU tube Bunsen burner Electric burner: 1 - acid () ( ) ) cooH2 alloy. 3 - anhydrous. 4 - atom. 5 - atomic weight 16 .6 - Base oH .7 - Catalyst . 8 - Chemical change .. 129 . - Chemistry .. 10 . - Combustion Burning .. 11- Compound .. 12 - Crystales .. 13- Density .. 14- DISTILLATION .. 15 .- Electroyte .. 16 - Element .. 17 - Equation .. 18 - Evaporation .. 19 - Filtration . 20 - Formula .13. 21 - Hydrate .. 22 - Hydroxide . ) OH ( 23 - Ion .. . 24 - Matter .. 25 - Metal .. 26- Metalloid .. 27- Mixture .. 28- Molecular weight .. 29- Molecule .. 30- Neutralization .. 31- Organic chemistry .14. 32 - Oxidation . . 33 - Precipitate .. 34 - Reaction . 35 - Reduction . . 36- Salt .. 37- Saturated solution .. 38- Solublity . 100 .39 - Solute .. 40- Solvent .. 41- Solution .. 1542- Sublimation .. 43- Substance .. 44- Symbol .. 45 - Synthesis . ) Analysis (46 - Valence . 47 - Melting point . ) Celsius . ( 48 - Boiling point .. 49 - Chemical name .. 50 - molecular weight. 51 - Senstivity . T-N-T 16 () . 52 - Explosive velocity .. 53 - Initial degree for blasting .. 17

18

: - ) Fe O2 N2 ( .. : H2 .. C6H10O5 C H O .. + + : .. .. : * ... ( ) : : * ( ) ( ) : .. + : = : 6 +6 =12 (. .) : 1- -e 6 P+ 6 n 6 .. 2 .. = - 3- ... 4 - .. -:19 +. e- P+ 18841 ) ( . .. ... 6 + 6 1 K 22 L 83 M 184 N 32

: * 2 8 18 32 .. : Be = 4.. .. : CH4 4 : C + 4H CH4 4- - ) 8 .. (

20 ....Be. . .. .......CHHHH . .. ... . 4

HC * : .. 1 / Li ... 2 / ... .. : * (-:: * .. : : Sodium Na 11 2 :8 :1 2 8 11 .. Chlorine Cl 17 7 2 :8 :7 : Na + ClNaCl 21 .....+Lithium Atom Lithium Ion 2- ........ ........CationsIon ........... ........... .. ......

......... .. . ............

: ( : .. 1( Br Cl.. 8 ... Br35 : 2 : 8 : 18 : 7Cl17 : 2 : 8 : 7

2( H2 O2 H2O 2H2 + O2 2H2O 3 ( H2 4 ( CO2...22 ........... . ........... .. .... ......... .. ..... ... ........................................................... ... . .............. .. .H2O . H2. .........CO2. ........... .... ... : : * H2 H H : : * O2 O O : :* N2 N N231) 2 HgO(s)2 Hg(s) +O2(g)

2) CaCO3(s)CaO(s) +CO2(g)

3)NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

: * .. .. : : * 1 ) ( )( ide ( Cupper Oxide( CuO.. ( Aluminum Oxide( Al2O3 .. ( Potassium Chloride( KCl .. ( : * Sodium Hydroxide(NaOH ) ( )( ide (.. 2 ) ( ) ( ate( 4 ( ) ) ite ( 3 : Sodium Sulphate(Na2SO4( Sodium Sulphite (Na2SO3 ( 3 ) ( per ( Oxygen O2 Hydrogen Peroxide ( H2O2. ( 4( thio : 24 Hydrogen H Carbon C Calcium Ca Helium He Copper Cu Cobalt Co Magnesium Mg Iron Fe Sodium Na Gold Au Silver Ag Potassium k 1) 2 HgO(s)2 Hg(s) +O2(g)

2) CaCO3(s)CaO(s) +CO2(g)

3)NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

Sodium Sulphate(Na2SO4 ( Sodium thio Sulphate (Na2S2O3( : * : .. + + Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(L): .. 1( Combination1)+2( Decomposition2) +3( Displacement3) + +4( Exchange4)+ : / : .. : / : - - 251) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

2) 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl(s)

+ ,Cl , Br ) ( I + 3) Zn(s) +I2(s) ZnI2(s)

+ 4) S8(s) +8 O2(g) 8 SO2(g)

+5)SO2(g) +O2(g) 2 SO3(g)

+ SO2 SO3 6)P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) 4 PCl3(L)

1) 2 HgO(s)2 Hg(s) +O2(g)

2) CaCO3(s)CaO(s) +CO2(g)

3)NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

* NaN3 : / - ( 23 ): / : .. / Neutralization : / : .. : / .. : F2 ,Br2 , Cl2 , I2 O2 , CrO7 , HNO3 , MnO4- : 261) 2Na (s) + 2 H2O(L) 2 NaOH(L)+ H2(g)H2 ... NaOH ... 2) Ca (s) + 2 H2O(L) Ca(OH)2(L)+ H2(g)3) 4 H2(g) + Fe3O4(s) 3 Fe(s)+ 4 H2O(L)1) 2 NaN3(aq) +Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2 NaNO3 (aq)+ PbN6(s)2) K2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2 KNO3 (aq)+ PbCrO4(s)+ + + + 3) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s)+ NaCl(aq)*)Acid

+ AlkaliSalt + H2O*) + + 1)HCl

+ NaOHNaCl + H2O2) 2 HCl

+Mg(OH)2MgCl2 + H2O1) NaHCO3

+HClNaCl + H2O + CO22) CaCO3

+ 2 HClCaCl2 + H2O + CO23) CaSO4

+ 2 HClCaCl2 + H2SO3CaCl2 + H2O + SO2: H2SO3 ( ) H2O + SO21) 2 Mg

+O22 MgO+ + H2 , Na , K , Fe , Al , C , S: : * 1 :( +/ 2 ( ] O2 , I2 , Br2 , Cl2 , N2 , H2[..

3 (:

4 ( :5 () : 63.5 ) ( 16 :( * 1 . ( 2 . ( 3 . ( : * : 1 3 .. .. 5 7 .. .. * e- p + n : 272) 2 Ag+

+Cu2e-2 AgCu+2e3) 2 Na

+Cl22 NaCl4) 8 H2S

+ 8 Cl216 HCl + S85)Cu

+ HNO3 Cu+2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O2)Cu

+O2 CuO3)2 Cu

+O22 CuO4)2 Cu(s)+O2(g) 2 CuO(s)( 2 X 63.5 )+ ( 2 X 16 )2 ( 63.5 + 16 ) 127 32 159 n e-P+ Hydrogen H 1 1 0 1 1 Helium He 4 2 2 2 2 Lithium Li 7 3 4 4 2 :1 Beryllium Ba 9 4 5 4 2 :2 Boron B 11 5 6 5 2 :3 Carbon C 12 6 6 6 2 :4 Nitrogen N 14 7 7 7 2 :5 Oxygen O 16 8 8 8 2 :6 Fluorine F 19 9 10 9 2 :7 Neon Ne 20 10 10 10 2 :8 Sodium Na 23 11 12 11 2 :8 :1 Magnesium Mg 24 12 12 12 2 :8 :2 Aluminum Al 27 13 14 13 2 :8 :3 Silicon Si 28 14 14 14 2 :8 :4 Phosphorous P 31 15 16 15 2 :8 :5 Sulfur S 32 16 16 16 2 :8 :6 Chlorine Cl 35 17 18 17 2 :8 :7 Argon Ar 40 18 22 18 2 :8 :8 Potassium K 39 19 20 192 :8 :8 : 1 CalciumCa40 20 20 202 :8 :8 : 2: * 28 1Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 2 Mercury Hg 3 Ethyl Alcohol C2H5OH 4 Methyl Alcohol CH3OH 5 Hexamine C6H12N4 6 Sodium Azide NaN3 7 Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 8Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 9SodiumbicarbonateNaHCO3 10Sodium Chlorate NaClO3 11Sodium Chloride NaCl 12 Nitric Acid HNO3 13 Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 14 Citric Acid C6H8O7 15 Acetic Acid CH3COOH 16 Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 17 Aluminum Powder Al 18 SulfurS 19 UreaCO(NH2)2 X) 1 ( X) 1 (

29 20 Potassium Nitrate KNO3 21PotassiumPermanganateKMnO4 22Potassium Chlorate KClO3 23 Silver Nitrate AgNO3 24 Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2 25 Magnesium Powder Mg 26 Zinc Powder Zn 27 Sugar C12H22O11 28 Vaseline C12H32 29 Glycerin C3H5(OH)3 30 Phenol C6H5OH 31Hydrazine Hydrate N2H5OH ( ) 32 Nitro Benzene C6H5NO2 33 Charcoal C2H6O 34 Soap C17H35COONa 35 Wood Powder C6H10O5 36 Wax CH3(CH2)14C(CH2)29CH3 3 Bees Wax C15H31COOC30H61 X) 1 ( X) 1 ( : : 1 ( Mn + 2 HCl MnCl2 + H22) Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 +H23) Zn+ MgCl2no reaction) 3 .. ( 1 + == ( 130 Lithium Li * H2 .. * .. Potassium K Barium Ba Strontium Sr Calcium Ca Sodium Na Magnesium Mg * H2.. Aluminum Al Zinc Zn Chromium Cr Iron Fe * H2.. Nickel Ni Tin Sn Lead Pb Hydrogen H2 Antimony Sb * H2 .. Cupper Cu Mercury Hg Silver Ag Palladium Pd Platinum Pt Gold Au X) 1 ( X) 1 ( 2 = ( 3( 100 : % / = 4( / = 5== ( / 6 :( / = 7( x= x 31 100 100 / 3%H2SO4 1.48 98 HNO3 1.52 100H2O2 1.13 35/ - - .. .. ... .. .... : / * 1 .. ( 2 .. ( 3 .. ( 4 .. ( 5 .. ( 6 .. ( 7 .. ( 8( .. 9 .. ( 10 .. ( 11 .. ( : * 1 .. .. ( 2 .. ( 3 .. ( * Acid Radical : OxygenO2( ) MercuryHg )( SulfurS CopperCu) .. ( : H2O CO2 .. : ( ) ( ) 32 .. - .. .. : 1.. ( Dil Hydrochloric Acid Group 2 (.. Conc Sulfuric Acid Group 3 .. ( Miscellaneous Group : / HCl .. : 1( NO2.. 2( CO3 HCO3.. 3 ( )( S2O3 S2o4.. 4 ( S2o4.. 5) ( H2S ( S .. : * .. : / H2SO4 .. : 1( Cl .. 2( Br .. 3( I .. 4( ... .. : * : / .. .. 1 ( SO4..332 ( .. 3 ( P ..==================== * Base Radical : : ( ) ( ) 1 ..- 2- HCl .. 3- H2SO4 .. 4 - H2SO4 .. 5- HNO3.. 6) - HNO3 3 : 1HCl . ( / NaOH( ) ( ) .. NH4.. / HCl .. : 1 ( Pb++.. 2 ( Ag+..3 ( Hg++.. / H2S - - HCl .. KOH() . ( ) : ( 1( Hg+++.. 2( Cu .. 3( Bi .. 4( Cd .. : ( 34 1( HCl As .. 2( HCl Sb .. 3( HCl Sn .. / .. : 1 ( Fe++.. 2 ( Fe+++.. 3 ( Cr .. 4 ( Al .. / H2S :.. 1 ( Zn .. 2 ( Mn .. 3 ( Co .. 4 ( Ni .. / . : 1 ( Ba .. 2 ( Ca .. 3 ( Sr .. / . . : 1 ( Mg .. 2 ( .. 3 ( ... .. / 35 .. : 1( .. 2.. ( :

: * .. : ( ) : . : . . ( ) ( ... ) .. : * 36 + + 1) Fe + S FeS 10001m/sec2) 4 Al + 3 O22 Al2O374 KNO3 + 30 S + 16 C2H2O H2S + 4 H2 + 3 CH4 + 14 CO + S6CO2 + 35 N2 + 19 K2CO3 + K2SO4+ K2S + 8 K2SO3 + 2 KCNS + ( NH4 )2CO3 + S + KCl + 2380 CO + 665 kal/kg ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ) ( ( CNO )2Hg 2 CO + N2 + Hg + NH4NO3 3 # ( 4 x 0.5 ) + ( 0 x 2 )3 > 2TNT C7H5N3O66 # ( 5 x 0.5 ) + ( 7 x 2 )6 > 16.5 PbN6 NI3 . TNT R.D.X... TNT : ) O = C = N )2Hg ) C N = O )2Hg ( ) .. =================== 1 : ( CO2[ CCO2 [ H2O[ [ 2 H2 2 H2O .. HNO3 CaHbOCNd a, b , c , d : CaHbOCNd aCO2 +H2O + N2 a b c : C = 2 a +h----)1( 1 .. C2H4(NO3)2:CH2 ONO22 CO2 + 2 H2O + N2CH2 ONO2 a = 2 , b = 4,c = 6,d= 2 c = 2 a+ 6 = ( 2 x 2 ) + ( 4 2) 6 = 6 = 6 6 .= + : Al3 NH4NO3 + 2 AlAl2O3 + 3 N2 + 6 H2O + 37O2O22b2d2b2b2( CaHbOCNd aCO2 +H2O + N2 + n O2 n .. : 4 C3H5O9N3 12CO2 + 10 H2O +6 N2 + O2 c = 2 a+ 9 = ( 2 x 3 ) + ( 5 2) 9 = 8.5 = 9 8.5 =0.5 = 0.5 x 4 0.5 O x 4 = O2 .. + TNT : .. 17 NH4NO3 + 2 AlAl2O3 + 8.5 N2 + 3 H2O + 7 O23 : ( CO2 , CO , CH4 , H2 , N2 N2O.. CH4 : CaHbOCNd+ n CaHbOCNdCO2 +CO+H2O + H2 +N2 / n . : a . : b . : c . : d . : .. k T = 1600 Co k = 4.24( ) 3185 Co 3218 Co. k ) ( CaHbOCNd CaHbOCNdCaHbOCNd+ n CaHbOCNd ( a + na ) CO2 + () H2O +N2382nd d+2b2d2ba + na =+ b + nb = 2 (+ ) c + nc = 2 ++ ] 2 ][ 2 [] 2 ][ [H COO H COk 2 2b bn +2nd d+ / n : : c + nc = 2 ( a + na ) +( b + nb ( n : / TNT( ) : ( ) TNT : 2 C7H5(NO2)312 CO+ 5 H2 + 3 N2 + 2 C TNT C7H5(NO2)3+n NH4NO37 CO2 + 14 H2O + 12 N2 n : n : C7H5(NO2)3+10.5 NH4NO37 CO2 + 14 H2O + 12 N2 * 2 : 2 C7H5(NO2)3+21 NH4NO314 CO2 + 48 H2O + 24 N2 Nitrameta : NH4NO380 %TNT20 % : 1 ( ) : 2 C7H5(NO2)3+ 21 NH4NO3454+1680= 2134 : * .. / C3H5O9N3 c = 2a+ ) .. 7 X 3) + ( 1 X 5 ) + ( 16 X 9 ) + ( 14 X 3 ( 21+5 + 144 + 42 = 212 c = 2 a +c = ( 2 x 3 ) + ( 5 2) c = 8.51 1- : C = 12, H = 1 , O = 16 , N = 1439212222ba ccban +2222ba ccban +2 0 36 5 . 2 ) 7 2 ( + 5 . 10 ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] ) 3 16 ( 14 ) 4 1 ( 14 21 32 14 3 1 5 12 7 2 + + + + + + + 21341680213445480 20 2b2b-: .. : : ) ( ) ( ) 6 % 14( % .. : 10 .. : .. : : ( ) 1 1 . : .. : / .. .. + ) Al .. ( : 1( .. 2( .. ================== ] TNT R.D.X .. [ 40 NO2 ] C2H5OH [C2H5OH + HNO3C2H5ONO2 + H2O : .. .. ======================= Degree Of Nitration NO2 : 41H2SO4HCCCCCCHHHH H+ HNO3H2SO4HCCCCCCNO2HHH H C6H6 C6H5NO2+ H2OHCCCCCCCH3HHH HH2SO4HNO3HCCCCCCCH3NO2HH HH2SO4HNO3NO2CCCCCCCH3NO2HH HH2SO4HNO3NO2CCCCCCCH3NO2NO2H HTolueneC7H8Nitro TolueneC7H7NO2 Di Nitro TolueneC7H6(NO2)2 Tri Nitro TolueneTNTC7H5(NO2)3 .. : 1) ROH+ HNO3 RONO2 + H2O2) RH + HNO3 RONO2 + H2O : .. 2 ( ) .. =====================2 2 - SO3 42[ ][ ][ ][ ] 320 21HNO ROHH RONOK : 1 .. ( 2 .. ( 3 ( .. .. * 3 4.. . 3 -.. 4 -.. 43#.: : - VOK 1 760 - - 22.4 :

r , q , p , n , m : 1 Pm VomVok 1 ) 1000 : ( / 5.. :

: / .. Qmp P .. = Q2 Q1 Qmp / Q2 : Q1.. : 1 Qkp 1000 : * ) Vavier( : : .. : Pm : : Q2: : Q1:5 - 44CaHbOcNd= m CO2 + n CO + p H2O + q H2 + r N2Vom= ( m + n + p + q + r ) * 22.4Vok 1000 Vom PmPmVVomok1000 C24H32O12(ONO2)8 + 56 C3H5(ONO2)3192 CO2 + 156 H2O + 88 N2Vom = * 22.4 = ( 192 + 156 + 88 ) * 22.4=9766.4 Vok== 711.812719 10081000 4 . 9766+Qkp 1000 Qmp PmPmQmpQkp1000 C10H6(NO2)2 + 19 NH4NO310 CO2 + 41 H2O + 20 N2( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] 2 16 2 14 6 1 12 10 + + ( ) 48 14 4 14 19 + + + +Pm = 1738Q2 =10X 94.3 + 41 X 58.3 + 0 = 3333Q1 =- 5.7 + 19 X 88.6 = 1678 = : : Q2 Q1 Qmp Qmp = Q2 Q1= 3333 1678 = 1655 : : : : T ( ) T = 273 + t t = 15 + t1 t1 15 .. C t115 +t1 + T = 273 = CT1 Qmv T1 C : C = a + bt1 a 15.. b : 1000 Qmv = ( a + bt1) t1=a t1+ bt12 t1 6: .. * a , b .. : * 8.33% 91.76 % Qmv= 21450 : .. 1 : ( 2 : ( N2 a = 4.8 ,b = 0.0006CO2a = 6.25 ,b = 0.0087H2Oa = 5.61 ,b = 0.00333 ( a , a2: a = 6.25 X + 5.61X + 4.8X a = 6.25 X 192+ 5.61 X 156 + 4.8 X 88a = 2497 ===> a2 = 62350094( b: b = 0.0037 X 192 + 0.0033 X 156 + 0.0006 X 88b = 1.2785 ( : 6 - H2 , N2 , O2 , CO a = 4.8,b = 0.000645PmQQmpkp1000 17381000 1655 = 952bQ b a atmv2400021 + + C24H32O12(ONO2)8 + 56 C3H5(ONO2)3192 CO2 + 156 H2O + 88 N2bQ b a atmv2400021 + + 6 ( : 3780 3137 3506 1000 .. .. : 75% 25 ) % ( Qmv =388 : 1 (C3H5(ONO2)3 + 1.25 SiO23 CO2 + 2.5 H2O + 1.5 N2 + 0.25 O2 + 1.25 SiO2 2( a,a2: a = 3 X 6.25 + 2.5 X 5.61 + 1.5 X 4.8 + 0.25 X 4.8 + 1.25 X 11.4a = 57.025 ==>a2 = 1541.10063 ( bb = 0.0037 X 5.50 + 0.0006 X 1.75 = 0.0214 t1= t1 = 2859 Co T = 2859 + 288 = 3147 Ko : 1 .. ( 2: ( 46278 . 1 22145 278 . 1 4000 6235009 24981 + + tt1= 3121 CoT = t1 + 288 = 3121 + 288 = 3409 Ko( )0214 . 0 20214 . 0 388 4000 025 . 57 025 . 572 + + / / 3 7000 1.69 TNT6850 1.62 7210 1.63 8600 1.71 PETN7650 1.75 : * Qmv Qmv = Qmp C Qmp C X v0. = 1 n . T 15 . a : : / Qmp = 1655 n = 71 .. ( ) : : : : / P . : V . : R . : T . : . Amagat 47425 C( ) 010001 v p dv p pdv Tvvvv )v0 v1 ( 1100001vv1pv T

,_

+ 2731 4 . 221n v 05 . 027315273 n p T 4 . 22 4254 . 22425n pCTC a100010330 pnnC 544 . 042533 . 10 4 . 22 C Q Qmp mv bPmQmvQkv1000 n Q Qmp mv544 . 0 71 544 . 0 1655 117466.376 n Q Qmp mv544 . 0RT PV yxPVTP ) CH4 ,CO , C2H2 , H2 , N2 ( X PV PV b = b = 0