اقتصاديات البيئة
TRANSCRIPT
-
4002 /
-
1
. .
" "
.
.
-
2
:
:
. . 1 : . 2 . . . .
:
. . 1 . . 2 . . 3
. /
./
:/
. . 1 . . 2 . . 3
-
3
. :
:
. .
.
.
.
.
. )0002 PENU( .
. .
( ) ( )
(.4991 )
.
:
(. 2991 )
.
.
.
-
4
. .)0991 renruT ,ecraeP(
.
.
(.2 1 )
-
5
(1)
( 1)
. (-) .
)+(
.
.
( 2)
)+(
.
)
.(
)+(
)
.( ( 3)
. (-) )+( (-) :
elbaniatsus ot hcaorppA stsimonocE ehgnisanuM nahoM ,tnempoleveD .91 :3991 ,rebmeceD ,4.oN ,03 .loV ,tnempoleveD dna ecnaniF
)+( (-)
-
6
(2)
/
.
.
.
. . .
.
. . . .
.
:
,ehgnisanuM nahoM dna zurC odirfliW ,drofraW ymereJ-04 :3991 ,rebmetpeS ,3.oN ,03 .loV ,tnempoleveD dna ecnaniF .34
-
7
. .
.
: . 1
" . "
" " .
. .
.
.
:
. ) N
.N ( .
) . (
.
. .
. seitilanretxE fo yroehT
.
-
8
: x ( 1) (. 2) ( 1)
x ( )2) )x(e( ) x . . )x(e x
. P x .
] [) (ex) (
xaMxPCxx
=
=
2
1
: .i x = i
. )x = )x(c )x =)x(e (. )x(c
x xq( 1)
: =/ PCx) ( = xq
xq) (
. .
xq) (
.x
x ( 1) . x
ezilanretnI( ( 2) .x )ytilanretxe eht
.
: x
xaMXPCxex] [) ( ) (x
1=
-
9
: xe) ( =+ PCxex) ( ) ( : xc x x : xe
. x ( )
( ) < xx eq .
. : . 2
:
: .
: . xe
xaMXPCxtx] [) ( ) (x
1=
x =+ PCxtx) ( ) (
. xe x = txex) ( ) (
)x(e .
xe) ( . .
.
: . ( 2)
(1) " " ) .
( ( 2)
.
:
-
01
x2) ( x1) ( r (2) r
. ( 2) x2) (
:
(1) =+ xxaMxPxrcx 11111] [) ( (2) = xxaMxrex 1222] [) (
: ( )= xx 21
+= PrCx1) ( : x1 = rex2) ( : x2
r = xx 21
(.x2 )x1
=+ PCxex 11) ( ) ( : x1
xe .xe
.
( )
( )
.
-
11
: :
.
. : . 1
.
. .
. . ( )
.
.
.
.
. : . 2
.
.
)i( )i( .
.
.
(xat ytreporP) .
.
-
21
( xat ecnareves)
.
.
: . 3
.DTS dradnatS
.)DTS(
. ( 3)
(. )
)6791( naehsiM :ecruoS
DTS )
.DTS
: =
2= QDTS =++ QQQQ 32123
( )
-
31
)6791( nahsiM :ecruoS
:
: ++ QDOQBOQEO 222 = DTS
++ QAOQBOQCO 123 = f 2132 QDQAQCQE p+ 00 2132 QDQAQCQE =
DTS
.
. DTS
-
41
: /
.
. .
(.1991 )
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
. . /
(. )
-
51
:
. MO - MO
MO - .
) ( )
(.
. /
MO -
. LNMO FNMO MO . MO
. MO MO
.LNF
( ) BO .
L
0 MO
M B
F N
tnemetaba XdNMSMxA
-
61
.
.
:/
. )6791 nahsiM(
.
:
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
tn) ( ) ( ) (
tt
n
t
tn
tt
n
t
rrrCE
rCVPCEC
rrr
rBVPB
+++
++
+=+
+=+
+++
++
+=
+=
=
=
1...C
1C
1 C
1
1...B
1B
1 B
1
n2
12
1
n2
12
1
= / CVP BVP
: . Bt . Ct . n .( ) r
. BVP . CVP
. CE . n t
.
/ .
) (
-
71
. .
/ " "
. .
. .
. . " "
. .
.
.
:/
: . 1
) / . (
.
.
. / .
. .
. .
. /
-
81
: . 2
.
: . 3
: /
.
.
.
.
-
19
:
(UNEP)) 2000( " (LAEO "
. )1994( "
" . )1991( " " . )1992( " "
.
:
M.L. Cropper & E.O. Wallace (1992), Enviorment Economics: A Survey, pp. 657-740, Journal of Economics Literature, Vol.30.
Pearce, D. T. Turner (1990), Economics of National
Resources and the Enviroment, London, Harvester and Wheat Sheaf.
Munasinghe, M. (1993), Economists, Approach to
Sustainable Development, Finance and Development, Vol.30, No.4, December, pp.19.
Warford, J., W. Cruz, M. Munasinghe, Finance and
Development, Vol.30, No.3, September 1993, pp.40-43. E.J. Mishan, (1976), Cost Benefit Analysis, New York:
Preager Publishers. Groharlem Brundtland.
-
02
: .
. .
. :
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
. . .
. . .
.
.
. .
.
.
:
.
.
.
: * mth.1_poleved/gro.ipa-bara.www//:ptth