· ˇ˜.! ˚˜˛$!ˇ%.!% ˜ % ˚˛˜!$%˛˚˛5˛˘)6˛ %& 7 "˚!-˜& +˜ ˛)(˜ / 01...

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EST. ECON., SÃO PAULO, V. 33, N. 3, P. 435-466, JULHO-SETEMBRO 2003 Fatores Determinantes e Evolução da Economia Submersa no Brasil Roberto Name Ribeiro Receita Federal, Ministério da Fazenda Mirta Noemi Sataka Bugarin Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Brasília RESUMO O presente estudo visa determinar os principais fatores econômicos que estimulam a ativida- de econômica submersa do Brasil e analisar a sua evolução durante o período 1994-1999. A metodologia consiste na utilização do modelo MIMIC, ou de múltiplas causas e múltiplos indicadores, desenvolvido por Joreskog e Goldberger (1975) e estimado mediante o LISREL de Joreskog e Sorbon (1993). Depreende-se da análise, primeiro, que a carga tributária, o grau de regulamentação da economia e a taxa de desemprego atuam como fortes fatores determinantes da atividade subterrânea no País e, segundo, que a evolução do índice da economia submersa, estimado pelo modelo, apresenta um nítido crescimento durante o período de análise. PALAVRAS-CHAVE economia submersa, índice da economia submersa, modelo múltiplas causas múltiplos indicadores ABSTRACT The present study aims to determine the main economic factors acting as the driving force of the Brazilian informal economic activity and analyze its evolution during the period 1994- 1999. To this end, the MIMIC (multiple indexes multiple indirect causes) model developed by Joreskog e Goldberger (1975) is estimated using the Joreskog e Sorbon (1993) s LISREL software. The econometric results suggest that, first, the tax burden, the degree of economic activity regulation as well as the unemployment rate are the strongest factors acting as the driving force behind the informal activity in the country and, second, that the informal economic activity index estimated by the model presents a clear increase along the considered period of study. KEY WORDS shadow economy, informal economic activity index, MIMIC models JEL Classification O17

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#334#3D3 33E#

#33 G#IJA#EJAA

Variável Definição Fonte

Indicadoras

CRES Produto Interno Bruto IBGE - SCN NTSCT Número de Trabalhadores sem Carteira de Trabalho - SP IBGE - PME

Causais

DIGPDI Taxa de Inflação - Índice Geral de Preços - Disponibilidade Interna IPEADATA - FGV DESEMP Taxa de Desemprego - Brasil IBGE - PME DTRADE Índice das Importações e Exportações pelo PIB IPEADATA – FUNCEX RDPOC Renda Disponível pela População Ocupada Total Vide Nota 1 SALMIM Salário Mínimo Min. Trab. NTCCT Número de Trabalhadores com Carteira de Trabalho - SP IBGE - PME

CTRIB* Carga Tributária Total SRF - MPAS POC*

População Ocupada Total IBGE - PME

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M3#/λγ 0

Variáveis Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3 Modelo 4

Indicadoras

CRES [+] λ1

1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,000

NTSCT [+] λ2

2,0074 (0,4946) 4,0587

2,0184 (0,500) 4,0319

1,9809 (0,481) 4,1140

1,9919 (0,4874) 4,0867

Causais DIGPDI [+] γ1

0,0049

(0,0352) 0,1389

0,0058 (0,035) 0,1657

0,0057 (0,035) 0,1592

0,0066

(0,0356) 0,1854

DESEMP [+] γ2

0,1110 (0,0674) 1,6465

0,1063 (0,066) 1,6106

0,1169 (0,068) 1,6991

0,1120 (0,0673) 1,6642

DTRADE [ - ] γ3

0,0115 (0,0360) 0,3200

____ 0,0122 (0,036) 0,3324

____

RDPOC [ - ] γ4

-0,1336 (0,0531) -2,5175

-0,1341 (0,053) -2,5254

-0,1300 (0,052) -2,4952

-0,1307 (0,0522) -2,5038

SALMIM [ ? ] γ5

0,0243 (0,0358) 0,6778

0,0244 (0,035) 0,6854

____ ____

NTCCT [ - ] γ6

-0,2591 (0,0933) -2,7756

-0,2582 (0,093) -2,7644

-0,2631 (0,094) -2,7989

-0,2623 (0,0940) -2,7904

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M#3E#/λγ 0

Variáveis Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3 Modelo 4

Indicadoras

CRES [+] λ1

0,5440 0,5425 0,5476 0,5461

NTSCT [+] λ2

1,0920 1,0950 1,0847 1,0877

Causais

DIGPDI [+] γ1

0,0090 0,0107 0,0104 0,0121

DESEMP [+] γ2

0,2041 0,1960 0,2135 0,2051

DTRADE [ - ] γ3

0,0212 ____ 0,0223 ____

RDPOC [ - ] γ4

-0,2456 -0,2473 -0,2375 -0,2393

SALMIM [ ? ] γ5

0,0446 0,0449 ____ ____

NTCCT [ - ] γ6

-0,4763 -0,4760 -0,4804 -0,4803

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Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3 Modelo 4

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Período Valor

Médio do Índice

Evolução do Índice

Agosto/94 – Julho/95

0,93

-

Agosto/95 – Julho/96 1,03 10,75% Agosto/96 – Julho/97 1,04 0,97% Agosto/97 – Julho/98 1,15 10,58% Agosto/98 – Julho/99 1,23 6,96% Média Total do Período 1,08 26,00% Desvio-padrão

0,12

Coeficiente de Variação

11%

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P

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Variável Teste ADF CRES

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