دانستنی های آتش نشانی کامل 88-13

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8/37

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: 10

"

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. HIGH FLAMMABLE 21 -11

8/37 12

FLAMMABLE LIQUID .

3/93 8/37 13

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID .

: 14

: ( ) -1

: -2

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17

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: 18

: -1 : -2

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-20

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CH4 + 2O2------- CO2 + 2H20 + heat

2H2 + O2------- 2H2O + heat

: 22

CxHy + ( x + y/4 ) O2 ----- x CO2 + ( y/2 ) H2O :

C3H8 + 5O2 ---------- 3CO2 + 4H2O

23

Fuel + Oxygen ------ Heat + Water + Co2

) " O2( ( Fuel ): 24

" .

) : O ( ) H ( 25

F : Cx Hy O2

)PVC ( 26 .

. Chain Reaction 27

. : 28

: 29

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. " -30

( ) 31

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-7 -6

: . -32

BTU : -33

.

: -34

H2 Cal./gr 33887 -- CH4 " 13265 --

C2H6 "12399 --

C3H8 "12033 -- C2H4 "12021 --

C2H2 "11930 --

: -35

.

052/94 CO+1/2O2..>CO2 EXOTHERMIC -36 .

67 CO2+C>2CO ENDOTHERMIC" " " " -- 37

.

-38

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: . -2

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CONDUCTION( ) - 1-44

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CONVECTION ( ) 44 -2

.......... RADIATION 44 - 3

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73 .

. 7/49

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47 :

) 30 (

---------------- -------------------------------------------------------- H2 7/8

CH4 1/1 C2H6 3/1

C3H8 3/1

C4H10 C7H16 C6H6 3/1

C10H22 C10H20 C7H8 ( 2/1(

C2H6 C5H10 4/1

C6H12 6/1

C8H10 ( 1(

) : ( -48 530 5 " " 730 10

30 "843 " "

" " 927 1

" " 1010 2 " " 1093 4 " " 1260 8

. ( )

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-------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

525 = 977 -

" 700 " 1290

" 800" 1470

" 900 " 1650 --"

" 1000" 1830 "

" 1100 " 2010 --

" 1200" 2190

" 1300" 2370 -- " 1400" 2550

" 1500" 2730

) ( : -- 50 : ........................... FLAMMABLE -- : .................................. COMBUSTIBLE -- " : ........... EXPLOSIVE -- -- .......... " : CORROSIVE -- ............. " : TOXIC - -- " : ........ HARMFUL -- -- ........." : OXIDANT -- " : ......... RADIOACTIVE -- -- " : ................. INFECTION -- .................." : IRRITANT --

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: MSDS -- 51

E= EXPLOSIVE

O = OXIDANT

F = FLAMMABLE

T = TOXIC

EF = EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE

VT = VERY TOXIC C = CORROSIVE

Xn = HARMFUL

X l = IRRITANT

52- L E L

LEL= LOWER EXPLOSION ( EXPLOSIVE ) LIMIT

53 - UEL

U E L = UPPER EXPLOSION ( EXPLOSIVE ) LIMIT

54LFL LFL = LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT

55 U F L

U F L = UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT

LEL , UEL -56 .

57 2(1 : -- " " 2(2(6(1 " " -- " " 2(2(6(2(6(1 " " -- " " 1 " " ( -- 500600 " " --

. 1400 1100 900

11


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1- 58

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15 5 15 5

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/ 58-2

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:

-- 61 Flammable Liquids: Flammable liquids are classified as Class I Liquids and are described as any liquid that has a flash point below 100F (37.8C). Class I liquids are further classified as follows: (a) Class IA Liquids those liquids that have flash points below 73F (22.8C) and boiling points below 100F (37.8C); (b) Class IB Liquids those liquids that have flash points below 73F (22.8C) and boiling points at or above 100F (37.8C); (c) Class IC Liquids those liquids that have flash points at or above 73F (22.8C), but below 100F (37.8C).

- -- 62Combustible Liquids: Combustible liquids are classified as Class II or III Liquids and are described as any liquid that has a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C). Combustible liquids are classified as Class II or Class III as follows: (a) Class II Liquid any liquid that has a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C) and below 140F (60C); (b) Class IIIA any liquid that has a flash point at or above 140F (60C), but below 200F (93C); (c) Class IIIB any liquid that has a flash point at or above 200F (93C).

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-- 63

----

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--- 65 ----

.

:

:- -66 .

Incandescence . : _

. Luminescence _


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: 67

( ) -- :

--

( ) --

: : 68

................................ : -- A

: ..................................... -- B

...... : .................. -- C

: .............................. -- D

( ) : .............. -- E

: : 69

-- A

" " -- B

-- C

D

K

:: 70

A

B C

D

F

.

16


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: 71 A --- ( ABC (

B --

) (

. . CO2

C --

. D --- ) DRY POWDER . (

(

E --- ( CO2 (

. 24021211 1301 :

.

.

K wet chemical

. ) COOLING( -- 72

( )

"

" .

) SPRAY or FOG ( .

)WATER MIST . (

17


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( SMOTHERING ( SMOLDERING 73

0.1 9/20 78

. ..........

" 15"

8

8

. "

.

74

" .

. CO2 , BCF 75 FIRST AID BCF --

. .

-- 76 ( ) 2.5 - -5 6-12 " " 2 3.3" " 5 -8" " " 3 5 " " 3 -5 3 20" " " 1.7 7.5" " 4 -8 " 1535" " " 1.22 " " 3-5 " 320"

CO2 BCF CO2 77

8

BCF 24021211 1301BCF .

18


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) Dry Powder ( 78

" "

. .

79

: ---

( ) : -- 1

: ........ -- 2

,CO2 , N2) ( ) : diluent ( -- 3

: ) inhibitor ( -- 4 : ..... --- ----

H2O WATER

2000 -- 80

.

. SUFACE TENSION -- 81

. ( ) -- 82

.

( -- 83

) .

. 540 80 -- 84

( . 1700 -- 85

. ) .

34 CO2 -- 86

. CO2

12.3 CO2 810 -- 87

.

19


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7 -- 88

.

. -- 89

( ) - -90 .

. 6000 ) 18 ( -- 91

WETTING AGENT -- 92

: ................

SUFACTANT = SURFACE ACTIVE MATERIAL -- 93

THIN WATER LIGHT WATER

: ............

. 3000 -- 94

. 8.34 -- 95

. 231" " " " " " -- 96

. 7.5 7.481 -- 97

. 62.5" " " " -- 98

. 1728" " " " -- 99

-- 100

48.88 21.11 120 70

psi 50 psi 2500

.

psig13750 ( ) 220 "

.

. 90 75 -- 101

. 102 ) D=2) ( D2O ( -- 103

D20=2 O .

20


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: H2O2 -- 104

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-- 105

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1-106

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6-106 .

. : .

. Hypoliminimum : .1 .

. .

. .

. Epilimnion : .2 .

. Thermoclin : .3 .

. ) T=277 K (

T=277 K .

.

: ---

CO2 +H2 -----

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9-106

. .

. .

. . .

.

:[ --

( : ( ( : ( ( : ( ( : ( 10 ( ( %

--

24


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10-106

-- 11-106 ............. . -1 . -2 5 . -3

. 10 .

2000 .( -4 .)

550 . -5 . 10000 10

25

.

IUPAC oxidane

() , , ,aqua

HO

-- CAS

InChI InChI=/HO/hH

g/mol

(atm ,C ) g/cm (atm ,C ) g/cm

(F ) ( K) C

( F) ( K) C

( C) (J/(gK


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--12-106

. -1 . -2 -3

. . -4

. -5

.( -6

) .

:*

. -- . -- . -- . -- ) 260 ( 500 ) 0.51 ( --

) . 1359( 48000

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CO2 107 5/1 -- .

: --

. CO2 -- CO2

.

.

. --

--

. Liquified Gas "

. --

. 7-8 2402-1301- 1211 -- . 15 CO2 -- . 0.56 CO2 -- . 110 CO2 --

. 110 CO2 --

) 0.03 ( --

. . ! 4 3 0.03 -- -- CO2 . 58

. --

27


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. 45 14 --

) . 150 ( x 5 x 10 3 1.35 --

) . 2x2x2 ( 8 --

. CAP BURST DISK CO2 --

--

: -- 108

" :

) 1 ) " " 2

" " ) 3

) " " 4

) " " 5

: -- 109

:

: . ( ) --

) CO2( ) N2 : ( --

( ) . . -- ) CO2 : ( --

. N2 CO2 : -- 110

N2 CO2 -- 111

.

.

28


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: -- 112

.

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. -- -- -- . --

: -- 114

.... :

--

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: ( )

FACTORY TEST ) ( ) HYDROSTATIC TEST ( .

( ) : -- 116

-- .

-- ( ) : -- 117

-- 3 -- 2 -1

-6 -5 -4

-8 -7

.

)( :

. -- 118

29


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: 119

LIGHT ( LOW ) HAZARD : ) 1

) A (

. ORDINARY ( MODERATE ) HAZARD ) : ( ) 2

) B) ( A (

) . : ( .......... EXTRA ( HIGH ) HAZARD ) 3

) B) ( A ( ( ) .

: ...........

-- 120

: -

CO3NA2 , CO3K2 -- : -- ) 1

) CO3HK2 ( CO3HNa ( ) -- : -- ) 2

) . Purple k ( ) SO4 K2) ( SO4Na2 ( -- : -- ) 3 . A,B,C ( ) -- : ) 4

MONNEX -- ) 5

14) " UREA (

.

.


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30

. B 160 24 80B 8

16 18 5

.

0.01

. : -

) " : Dry Powder(

C S : .............

S 1

. C -- 2

_ . . DX

CHEMICAL POWDER DRY POWDER --- ( ) DRY CHEMICAL POWDER . ABC ,A,B,C

60 " --- .

-- .

. --

. --


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31

CO2 121

. -- 1 ) . 1.529 ( -- 2

.

. 15 21 -- 3

. 6

4

. . -- 5

( ) . -- 6 + 87.8 69.9 PSIG750 -- 7

87.8 ) 31 21.0556(

.

. 8 -- CO2 ( ) 79 110

. . 9

: -- - ( . -- 1 ( ) . -- 2 .3

- 1: " : --- . --- 2

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122 -- JET FIRE

.

123 -- POOL FIRE

.

.

124 -- FLASH FIRE

" ( )

Flash Fire

.

125 -- FLASH POINT

.

--- FIRE POINT

.

126 -- AUTO IGNITION --

( )

.

127 -- EXPLOSION

( ) .

128 -- EXPLOSIVE .

129 -- VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSION

( ) :

. -- . ( ) -- " . -- . --

33


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130 -- SMOKE & COMBUSTION

. --

CO,CO2, HCN : --

.

( --

).

-- SO2 O2 .

) MSDS .(

-- CO .

. CO 70-80

Co has an affinity 300 times than of o2 -- VAPOR DENSITY -- 131

.

VAPOR PRESSURE -- 132

.

DUST EXPLOSION -- 133

. .L.E.L

. --

--

. : -- 134

) BTU23850 ( 25157) " kg 0.45 ( -1

. 1200 -2

.


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34 -- 135

700 30-60 -1 ( ....) . . ) . 500-700 ( 930 1300 -2 ( ) .-3

. 1400 600 -4

. 1400 -5

. 49 -75 - 6

. 250) cotton ( -7 . wool ait (230 -205 ( -8 . 218 246 -9

. 190 260 - 10

: --- ***

-1

-2

. ( ) -3

. --

33 25 -- .


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35 : -- 136

-E - D .. - C .. -B .. - A --

-- + +

- -- + + +

-+ ----

+ +-+ + + + ---- B

+-+ + + AB

------------------ + + ------------------------------------------------------- D ()

CO2 ------ + + --------- + +

+ -------- + -- + --- ---- -

: + +

+

-- +

--

) MULTIPORPUSE CHEMICAL POWDER) ( ABC ( ---

. ---

.

PURPLEK ---

.

: 137

.


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36 ) F K ( -- 138

Fire Wet Chemical For Class K or F

Rate : 2A : K 6 Liters to 2.5 gal.

. 80 54 12 10

: 2007 NFPA 139

15600 2005 --

.

. 150 -- . " " " " " 1270 -- . 539 --

--

. " n : 2005 2002 :

n . 35

n .

n .

n 13 .

.

) . 4 ( -- ( ) . --

. 1400***

" :140

n " --

-- --

.


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37 : -- 141

Fire Extinguishers Rating ( Osha )

Class A Rating ( ) --

1-A ,2-A, 3-A ,4-A , 6-A , 10-A, 20- A , 30-A , and 40-A

2.5 A-2) 1.25 ( A-1

. .A = 50 gal 40

Class B Rating ( ) B --

1- B ,2-B, 5-B , 10-B , 20 B , 30-B, 40-B ,..,640-B ( " ) B-1

640 B 640

.

-- 142

) . ( ( ) -- ) AFFF ( " " " " . -- )CO2( ( ). " " " " -- . ( ) " " " " -- )CO2( " " . -- ) ( ) Wetting Agent( . " --

: 143 ( ) -- 1

) (

. 10 5 . ( ) 4 : -- 2

. ( ) 4 :


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38 -- 3

. ) Fluore- Synthetic( -- 4

3 1.5 "

. " -- 5

.

( ) . 6 4 :

-- 144 1 -- LX = Low Expansion Foam

. . 15 1 5 1 2 -- MX = Medium Expansion Foam

150 1 75 1 500 1 50 1

. 3 -- HX = High Expansion Foam ( )

1000 1 750 1 500 1 500 1

" . .

-- 145

"

.

-- 146

Inline Inductor, Pick Up Tube .

147 -- Water + Foam Compound -------- Solution


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39 . " 97 3 3 148

" . 94 6 6

. 94 6 6 97 3 3

: 4 -- 149 . -- 2 . -- 1 .4 . -- 3

( ) : 4 150 ( ) --4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1

B A NFPA 151

.

NFPA 152

-- LX 20 -- MX 200 20 -- HX 2000 200

-- 153

-- 3 -- 2 -- 1

: -- 154

. --

: -- 155

.

. 156

" -- 157

Kugelschaum .

. 120 158

4 -- 159

.

40


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Osha -- 160

Type of extinguishers Test interval (years)

Soda acid (soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) Soda acid (stainless steel shell) Cartridge operated water and/or antifreeze Stored pressure water and/or antifreeze Wetting agent Foam (soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) Foam (stainless steel shell) Aqueous Film Forming foam (AFFF) Loaded stream Dry chemical with stainless steel Carbon Dioxide Dry chemical, stored pressure, with mild steel, brazed brass or aluminum shells Dry chemical, cartridge or cylinder operated, with mild steel shells Halon 1211 Halon 1301 Dry powder, cartridge or cylinder operated with mild steel shells

(1) 5 5 5 5

(1) 5 5 5 5 5

12

12 12 12 12

A ( ) -- 161

" .


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41

B ( ) -- 162

. NFPA-10 -- 163-


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42

. NFPA --- 164-

.


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43 NFPA ( ) --165--

) PASS ( -- 166

1. PULL... Pull the pin. This will also break the tamper seal.

2. AIM... Aim low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or its horn or hose) at the base of the fire. Note: Do not touch the plastic discharge horn on CO2 extinguishers, it gets very cold and may damage skin.

3. SQUEEZE... Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent.

4. SWEEP... Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it appears to be out. Watch the area. If the fire re-ignites, repeat steps 2 - 4.

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OSHA -- 167

Fire and extinguisher operation

Fire triangle To understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to understand a little about fire. Fire is a very rapid chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material, which results in the release of heat, light, flames, and smoke. For fire to exist, the following four elements must be present at the same time:

Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and The chemical reaction that is fire.

How a fire extinguisher works Portable fire extinguishers apply an extinguishing agent that will either cool burning fuel, displace or remove oxygen, or stop the chemical reaction so a fire cannot continue to burn. When the handle of an extinguisher is compressed, agent is expelled out the nozzle. A fire extinguisher works much like a can of hair spray.

All portable fire extinguishers must be approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory to verify compliance with applicable standards [29 CFR 1910.157(c)(2)]. Equipment that passes the laboratory's tests are labeled and given an alpha-numeric classification based on the type and size of fire it will extinguish. Let's take a look at the label pictured. The classification is: 1-A:10-BC

The letters (A, B, and C) represent the type(s) of fire for which the extinguisher has been approved. The number in front of the A rating indicates how much water the extinguisher is equal to and represents 1.25 gallons of water for every unit of one. For example, a 4-A rated extinguisher would be equal to five (4 x 1.25) gallons of water. The number in front of the B rating represents the area in square feet of a class B fire that a non-expert user should be able to extinguish. Using the above example, a non-expert user should be able to put out a flammable liquid fire that is as large as 10 square feet.


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OSHA -- 168

Types of fire extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different types of fire. The three most common types of fire extinguishers are: air pressurized water, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and dry chemical. The following table provides information regarding the type of fire and which fire extinguisher should be used.

Extinguisher Type Type of Fire

Water

Ordinary Combustibles Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics require a water type extinguisher labeled A.

CO2

Flammable Liquids Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids require an extinguisher labeled B.

OR

Dry Chemical

Electrical Equipment Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical equipment, computers, and other electrical sources require an extinguisher labeled C.

Multi-Purpose

Ordinary Combustibles, Flammable Liquids, or Electrical Equipment Multi-purpose dry chemical is suitable for use on class A, B, and C.


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Class D

Metals Fires involving powders, flakes or shavings of combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium require special extinguishers labeled D.

Class K

Kitchen Fires Fires involving combustible cooking fluids such as oils and fats. Note: Your present fire extinguishing equipment may not put out a fire involving vegetable oil in your deep fat fryer.

Water - Air-pressurized water extinguishers (APW)

Water is one of the most commonly used extinguishing agents for type A fires. You can recognize an APW by its large silver container. They are filled about two-thirds of the way with ordinary water, then pressurized with air. In some cases, detergents are added to the water to produce a foam. They stand about two to three feet tall and weigh approximately 25 pounds when full. APWs extinguish fire by cooling the surface of the fuel to remove the "heat" element of the fire triangle. APWs are designed for Class A (wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and certain plastics) fires only.

Important:

Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid fires. Water is extremely ineffective at extinguishing this type of fire and may make matters worse by the spreading the fire.

Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire. Water is a good conductor and may lead to electrocution if used to extinguish an electrical fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged and/or de-energized before using a water extinguisher on an electrical fire.


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CO2 or Dry Chemical - Carbon dioxide extinguishers

This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a non-flammable gas under extreme pressure. These extinguishers put out fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when you use this extinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also has a cooling effect on the fire. You can recognize this type of extinguisher by its hard horn and absent pressure gauge. CO2 cylinders are red and range in size from five to 100 pounds or larger. CO2 extinguishers are designed for Class B and C (flammable liquid and electrical) fires only.

Important:

CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they may continue to smolder and re-ignite after the CO2 dissipates.

Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while people are present without proper respiratory protection.

Locations: Carbon dioxide extinguishers will frequently be found in industrial vehicles, mechanical rooms, offices, computer labs, and flammable liquid storage areas.

Multi-purpose - Dry chemical extinguishers

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin layer of fire retardant powder, separating the fuel from the oxygen. The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective. Dry chemical extinguishers are usually rated for class B and C fires and may be marked multiple purpose for use in A, B, and C fires. They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant. ABC fire extinguishers are red in color, and range in size from five pounds to 20 pounds. Dry Chemical extinguishers will have a label indicating they may be used on class A, B, and/or C fires.

or


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Locations: These extinguishers will be found in a variety of locations including: public hallways, laboratories, mechanical rooms, break rooms, chemical storage areas, offices, commercial vehicles, and other areas with flammable liquids. Class K - Dry and wet chemical extinguishers for kitchen fires

Due to the higher heating rates of vegetable oils in commercial cooking appliances NFPA 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers, now includes a Class K rating for kitchen fires extinguishers which are now required to be installed in all applicable restaurant kitchens. Once a fire starts in a deep fryer, it cannot always be extinguished by traditional range hoods or Class B extinguishers.

Do not attempt to use a Class A extinguisher containing water or CO2 on a deep fat fryer fire. An explosive type reaction may result.

Place a placard near the Class K fire extinguisher which states: "In case of appliance fire, use this extinguisher only after the fixed fire suppression system has been actuated". Class K fire extinguishers are only intended to be used after the activation of a built-in hood suppression system. If no commercial cooking system hood and fire suppression system exists, Class K extinguishers are not required.

Extinguishing agents in many Class K extinguishers are electrically conductive and should only be used after electrical power to the kitchen appliance has been shut off. Class K extinguishers use a variety of agents. Potassium bicarbonate is used in some Class K dry chemical extinguishers, and there are also Class K wet chemical extinguishers which spray a fine mist.

Travel distance to a Class K extinguisher shall not exceed 30 feet.

Install a 2-A water-type extinguisher or 6L wet chemical fire extinguisher for solid fuel cooking appliances with fire boxes.

Inspect, test and maintain Class K fire extinguishers yearly.

Locations: These extinguishers will be found in commercial cooking operations such as restaurants, cafeterias, and other locations where food would be served. Accessibility Assistance: Contact the OSHA Directorate of Science, Technology and Medicine at 202-693-2300 for assistance accessing PDF materials.

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NFPA -- 169 ---

--170--

51


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NFPA FFFP AFFF --171--

) NFPA ( --172--

52


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) NFPA( 1301 1211 -- 173 ---

) NFPA ( ) ( -- 174 ---

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) NFPA ( ) ( -- 175 ---

" ( )

( ) .( " ).

) . GAUGE (

) NFPA ( -- 176 ---

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) K or F ( -- 177 ---

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. -- 178 ---

) 22.7 ( 75 -- 179 ----

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) B ( -- 180 -- --

----

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) NFPA ( -- 181---

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n

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---

......... CO2 -- 182 ---

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* --183--

) psi 514.5 ( 35 CO2 55 75 --

.

53.5 34.5 CO2 55-75 --

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: -- 184- 12 ( ) . -- 1

12 12" . . 2

. . psi 3 --

( ) . pressure gauge"

.

) Fire Protection Handbook NFPA ( --185-- : 1 -- G 1 Powder ( : (

.

2 -- MET LX Powder ]PO4 )2 Ca3 30) ] CO2 2000 150350 . 3 -- NaX Powder

. 4 -- Foundry Flux

.

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) A B C )Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical -- 186---

) . NO4 )3 PO4 350400

: C B A

350 150 30 20 10 6 5 2.5

. 3000 500 .

) CO2 ( -- 187

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( NFC ( NFPA -- 188

n .

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) OSHA ( --189--

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OSHA - --190-

Extinguisher Placement and Spacing

Portable fire extinguishers can be an effective early response to a developing fire, if they are installed

and used properly. In this section, we are going to review general information about the placement

and spacing of portable fire extinguishers.

If employees use portable fire extinguishers to fight small fires, they must be installed in all areas of the workplace. To ensure each area is protected

properly, ask yourself the following questions:

Is the extinguisher readily accessible in the event of a fire?

Is the extinguisher fully charged and working properly?

Is the extinguisher readily accessible in the event of a fire?

To avoid putting workers in danger, fire extinguishers should be located throughout the workplace and readily accessible in the event of a fire . You can usually find them in hallways, laundry rooms, meeting

rooms, kitchens, mechanical/electrical rooms, and near exit doors.

Selection and placement

If employees use portable fire extinguishers, they must be selected and positioned based on the potential type and size of fire that can occur . The following guidelines will help you identify the number

and types of portable fire extinguishers you should have.

Type of Fire

Size and Spacing

Class A The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that locations such as offices, classrooms, and assembly halls that contain mainly Class A combustible materials have one 2-A extinguisher for every 3,000 square feet. [Standard for

Portable Fire Extinguishers (NFPA 10/2007), Table 6.2.1.1, Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A Hazards)].

OSHA requires that all employees have access to an extinguisher within 75 feet

travel-distance.

Note: Uniformly spaced standpipe systems or hose stations connected to a sprinkler system for emergency use can be used instead of Class A portable fire extinguishers, if they meet the respective requirements of , provide total coverage of the area to be

protected, and employees are trained at least annually in their use.


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Class B Locations that contain Class B flammables, such as workshops, storage areas,

research operations, garages, warehouses, or service and manufacturing areas requires that all employees have access to an extinguisher within 50 feet travel-

distance .

Hazard Extinguisher Spacing

Light (Low) - Small amounts of flammable liquids used for copy machines,

art departments, etc., that are stored safely and kept in closed containers.

5-B 30' 10-B 50'

Ordinary (Moderate) - The total amount of flammable liquids are present in greater amounts than expected under low-hazard

locations. This can include garages, workshops, or support service areas.

10-B 30' 20-B 50'

Extra (High) - Locations where flammable liquids are present and used in large quantities. This includes areas used

for storage, production, woodworking (finishing), vehicle repair, aircraft and boat

servicing, or where painting, dipping, and coating, operations are performed with

flammable liquids.

40-B 30' 80-B 50'

(2007), Table NFPA 10d for Portable Fire Extinguishers, (Adapted from Standar6.3.1.1, Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B Hazards)

Class C Class C extinguishers are required where energized electrical equipment is used. The

extinguisher size and spacing is based on its Class A or B hazard.

Class D Locations where combustible metal powders, flakes, shavings, or similarly sized

materials are generated at least once every two weeks must install Class D portable fire extinguishers not more then 75 feet from the hazard.

Class K Locations where potential fire hazards from combustible cooking media (vegetable or

animal oils and fats) exist must install Class K extinguishers at a maximum travel ].Installations for Class K Hazards. See Section 6.6, 10 NFPAdistance of 30 feet. [

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Installation

To prevent fire extinguishers from being moved or damaged, they should be mounted on brackets or in wall cabinets with the carrying

handle placed 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire extinguishers need to be mounted at lower heights with the carrying

handle about 3 feet from the floor.

Before installing any portable fire extinguisher, check the label to be sure it is approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory .

Prohibited fire extinguishers

The following types of portable fire extinguishers are considered

dangerous and should not be used:

1. Any extinguisher having a shell construction of copper or brass joined by soft solder and/or rivets;

2. Any extinguisher that must be turned upside down to rupture a cartridge or to start an uncontrollable pressure generating chemical reaction to expel the

agen. This includes:

Soda acid Foam Water-cartridge Loaded stream cartridge

3. Extinguishers that use chlorobromomethane (Halon 1011) or carbon tetrachloride as an extinguishing agent. These agents are toxic and carbon tetrachloride may cause cancer and can produce phosgene gas (used as a

chemical weapon during World War I) when used on electrical fires.

Is the extinguisher fully charged and working properly?

Regular maintenance and inspections of your portable fire extinguishers will provide assurance that they will operate effectively and safely if they are needed.

Inspect all extinguishers at least once a month. Use the following checklist as a guide.

1. Is each extinguisher in its designated place, clearly visible, and not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects that could interfere with

access during an emergency? 2. Is the nameplate with operating instructions

legible and facing outward? 3. Is the pressure gauge showing that the

extinguisher is fully charged (the needle should be in the green zone)?

4. Is the pin and tamper seal intact? 5. Is the extinguisher in good condition and showing

no signs of physical damage, corrosion, or leakage?


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6. Have all dry powder extinguishers been gently rocked top to bottom to make sure the powder is

not packing?

67 : OSHA --191--


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Hydrostatic Test Intervals Depending on the type(s) of extinguishers you have, they must be emptied and hydrostatically tested at the intervals specified in Table L-1. Extinguisher shells, cylinders, or cartridges that fail a hydrostatic pressure test, or which are not fit for testing, shall be removed from service and the workplace [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(14)].

Testing Intervals (Table L-1)

Type of Extinguishers Special Requirements Test Interval (years)

Foam (soldered brass shells)

Soda acid (soldered brass shells)

Must be removed

from service

*Soda acid (stainless steel shell) Foam (stainless steel shell)

Note: Test self-generating type soda acid and foam extinguishers at 350 psi (2,410 kPa) [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(12)].

5 Years

*Cartridge operated water and/or antifreeze Stored pressure water and/or antifreeze Wetting agent Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Loaded stream Dry chemical with stainless steel

5 Years

Carbon Dioxide

Note: (C02 extinguishers that have a hose assembly equipped with a shut-off nozzle must be tested at 1,250 psi (8,620 kPa) [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(6)]. Hose assemblies must also be tested within a protective cage device [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(9)].

5 Years

68 -- 192

) PRESSURE SERVICE) ( WORKING PRESSURE ( --


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.

) FACTORY TEST PRESSURE ( ---

. ) MILD STEEL SHELL ( ) ( -- . ) COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDER ( --

. CO2 , N2 ) D.O.T. )U.S.DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION -- . 1967 ) I.C.C. )INTERSTATE COMMERECE COMMISSION -- 1967( ) . ) C.T.C. )CANADIAN TRANSPORT COMMISSION

.

) B.T.C. )BOARD OF TRANSPORT COMMISSIONERS OF CANADA -- ) " .

: -- 193

CC= COSED CUP ,OC= OPEN CUP ,TCC = TAG CLOSED CUP

COC CLEVELAND OPEN CUP

PMCC = PENSKY MACTENTS CLOSED CUP

U.L.= UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES Inc. U.L.C. = OF CANADA Mfr = Manufactuerer

FM = FACTORY MUTUAL TESTING LABORATOIES

69 L D-50 = LETHAL DOSE 50


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--197--

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--202-- Low Pressure Storage Tank 3.5 Kpa(gauge)

100Kpa(gauge) . --203- Pressure Vessel 100 Kpa(gauge) .

Storage Tank--204 . 230

Tank Vehicle -- 450 :

.

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1388

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--

16

The Fire Triangle There are three things necessary to have

a fire: fuel, oxygen (or an oxidizer), and heat (or energy).

FuelFuel

Oxidize

r

Oxidize

r EnergyEnergy

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23

The Tetrahedron Theory

Of Bu

rning

Of Bu

rning

Chain Reaction

Chain Reaction

Energy

Energy

Oxidizer

Oxidizer

(Fuel(Fuel))

DiffusionalDiffusional & continuous re& continuous re--ignition automatically obtained at flame ignition automatically obtained at flame temperature levels.temperature levels.Fuel is in form of vapor and/or gas.Fuel is in form of vapor and/or gas.

( ) --

76

27

The Life Cycle Theory

Input heatInput heat

Ignition continuingIgnition continuing

FuelFuel

ProportioningProportioningMixingMixing

OxygenOxygen


m.masoudmand

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( ) --

25

The Life Cycle Theory The input heat, which is defined as the amount of

heat required to produce the evolution of vapors from the solid or liquid. The input heat will also be the ignition source and must be high enough to reach the ignition temperature of the fuel;

The fuel part: the fuel must be in the proper form to bum;

The fourth part of the theory is proportioning, or the occurrence of intermolecular collisions between oxygen and the hydrocarbon molecule (the "touching" together of the oxidizer leg and the fuel leg of the fire triangle).

--

26

The Life Cycle Theory The fifth step is mixing; that is, the ratio of

fuel to oxygen must be right before ignition can occur (flammable range).

The sixth step is ignition continuity, which is provided by the heat being radiated from the flame back to the surface of the fuel

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--

28

Products of Combustion Heat and combustible gases (inviscible) e.g.

Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon monoxide CO Sulfur dioxide SO2 Acrolein CH2CHCHO Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrofluoric acid HF Hydrogen cyanide HCN Oxides of Nitrogen NOx

Flame and smoke

--

5

Stages of a natural fire - and the standard fire test curve

Cooling .

ISO834 standard fire curve

Ignition - Smouldering

Pre-Flashover

Heating

Post-Flashover1000-1200C

Natural fire curve

Time

Temperature

Flashover

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n

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n

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--

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"

.

دانستنی های آتش نشانی کامل 88-13

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