CHAPTER

1SENTENCE STRUCTURE문장의 구조

Unit 1 : Main Components of the Sentence문장의 구성 요소

Unit 2 : Phrases and Clauses구와 절

14 Whole GRAMMAR

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문장의 구성 요소 문장은 S + V를 기본으로, 동사의 성격에 따라 O(목적어)나 C(보어)를 갖는다.

수식어 형용사(명사 수식)와 부사(문장 전체, 동사, 형용사, 다른 부사 등 수식)

연결사 전치사(전치사 + 명사)와 접속사(단어, 구, 절을 연결)

주부와 술부 주부(주어와 그 수식어)와 술부(서술어와 그 수식어)

A: Have you heard about Amy?

B: No. Did anything happen to her?

A: Yes. She had a car accident last week.

B: Oh, no! Was she hurt?

A: No. It was a small accident and nobody was hurt.

B: I’m glad she’s okay.

1. 문장의 구성 요소

① 주어(Subject): 주로 명사, 대명사가 사용되며 ‘~은 / 는 / 이 / 가’로 해석

King Sejong created an easily learnable alphabet, Hangul. <주어 → 명사>

I didn’t know you’re interested in animals. <주어 → 대명사>

② 동사(Verb): 주어의 상태·동작을 나타내는 말로 ‘~하다’로 해석

We are interested in volunteer work. <상태>

I gave that book to Cindy yesterday. <동작>

③ 목적어(Object): 동작이나 상태의 대상으로 주로 명사, 대명사가 사용되며 ‘~을 / 를 / 에게’로 해석

직접목적어와 간접목적어로 구분되기도 함

She quit the job last month. <목적어 → 명사>

I have to meet them at the airport. <목적어 → 대명사>

■ 직접목적어(Direct Object): 행위를 당하는 입장, 주로 ‘~을 / 를’로 해석

The coach threw the ball. <D.O → the ball>

■ 간접목적어(Indirect Object): 4형식 문형에서 사용되며, 주로 ‘~에게’로 해석

Peter asked Mr. Green a question. <I.O → Mr. Green / D.O → a question>

④ 보어(Complement): 주어나 목적어를 보충 설명하는 말로 주로 명사, 형용사가 사용

Good looks can be an advantage. <주어 보충 → 명사 보어>

To worry that you are not pretty enough is useless. <주어 보충 → 형용사 보어>

We call her “Baby.” <목적어 보충 → 명사 보어>

I found the building new. <목적어 보충 → 형용사 보어>

UNIT 1 : Main Components of the Sentence 문장의 구성 요소

Chapter 1 15

2. 수식어(Modifiers)

① 형용사(Adjective): 명사와 대명사를 꾸며 주는 말

That brown-eyed girl is my sister. → 명사 수식

He is slow to learn.

② 형용사적 수식어: 형용사 외 명사를 꾸며 주는 말

The girl with long hair is Jack’s girlfriend. → 전치사구

The man who lives next door works at the company. → 관계사절

③ 부사(Adverb): 문장 전체, 동사, 형용사, 다른 부사 등을 꾸며 주는 말

Strangely, he was kind to everyone today. → 문장 전체 수식

He can jump high. → 동사 수식

He got a very high score in English. → 형용사 수식

He can jump very high. → 부사 수식

3. 연결사

① 전치사(Preposition): 명사·대명사 앞에 놓여 시간, 장소, 방향 등을 나타냄

They kept shouting loudly at the police. → 전치사 + 명사

Mike complained about her. → 전치사 + 대명사

② 접속사(Conjunction): 단어, 구, 절 등을 이어 주는 말

Food is more than calories and nutrients for the body. → 단어 연결

They need no protection from summer sun or winter cold. → 구 연결

Playing the games was for fun, but the results were educational. → 절 연결

4. 주부와 술부 (The subject and predicate)

주부: 주어와 그 수식어 부분 술부: 서술어와 그 수식어 부분

I

We

The woman standing over there

The legs of most reptiles

had a very scary experience.

are proud of our products and services.

is my teacher.

are on the sides of their body.

● 명사나 대명사 보어는 부사가 아닌 형용사 및 그 상당어구

I was happy to hear that. ( not I was happily to hear that.)

● 전치사 뒤에는 반드시 명사나 대명사 혹은 동명사(V-ing)가 위치  Thank you for come here for blood donation. (X) Thank you for to come here for blood donation. (X) Thank you for coming here for blood donation. (O)

● <There / Here + V + S ~> 구조에서 주어·동사의 수 일치에 주의 There has been some mistake in the report. (not There have been ~.)

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EXERCISE 점검 및 강화

B. Fill in the blanks with the given words.

bright / brightly easy / easily reasonable / reasonably different / differently

1. The walls are decorated with very colors.

2. She told us why she was late and it sounded very .

3. He had a opinion on the issue. So he responded .

4. Don’t expect it to be . It cannot be answered .

D. Find the errors and rewrite the correct sentences.

1. According to the brochure, the school near the downtown area.

2. They didn’t remember clear what happened yesterday.

3. Here is some pictures of my son when he was little.

4. The man suffered from lack of sleep so he fell sleepy in the end.

A. Choose the correct one.

1. The genius dies (young / youth).

2. Would you (marry / marrying) me?

3. Jake (writes / writing) a letter to my family twice a month.

4. Lee (is / speaks) his native language at home.

5. The flight will (arriving / arrive at) Incheon International Airport soon.

1. Find the words appropriate for the blanks.

There ________ a lot of pictures on the wall. The pictures on the wall ________ of my mother’s family.

① be - is ② am – to be ③ are - are ④ is - being ⑤ to be - be

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C. Choose the correct one.

1. They are famous for (be / to be / being) a lot of fun.

2. In spite of (she made efforts / her efforts), things went wrong.

3. My sister speaks English well, (and / to) my brother doesn’t.

4. Thanks to (you help me / your help), all was done well.

5. He is cooking dinner and (talk / to talk / talking) on the phone at the

same time.

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All IN ONE 통합 문제 유형

A. Read the following conversation and complete the sentences with the given words. Change the word form if necessary.

A: (1) do you want to have for dinner?

B: I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s (2) some pizza.

A: Well, I had pizza (3) lunch already. I’d like to order some

Chinese food, if that’s okay.

B: (4) is my favorite, (5) their noodles.

A: Great. I know the best place, Jade Chinese Restaurant. But I have to

check the (6) phone number first. It was a wrong number

when I called last week.

B: Why don’t you Google it?

for order what present Chinese food especially

B. Read the text below. Fill in the blanks rearranging the given words.

As I woke up, I (1) (in the dark,

see, barely, anything, could). It seemed like the middle of the night.

However, someone was cooking dinner somewhere. I could smell chips.

I licked my lips. I hadn’t eaten all my dinner (2)

(so, was, tired, I, because). I wondered who was cooking in the kitchen. I

wondered (3) (the person,

would, if, sharing, consider, a chip or two). I made my way downstairs and

reached the door. I opened it and (4)

(a, was, there, now, stronger, smell, much).

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Read and complete the sentences putting the given words in the proper place.1. Remember that the sun is shining behind the clouds. (brightly)

2. To collect coins my brother’s hobby. (is)

3. He bought a very car. (beautiful).

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18 Whole GRAMMAR

PRACTICE 내신 문제 유형

주어진 우리말과 같은 뜻이 되도록, 괄호 속의 단어를 활용해 문장을 완성하시오. (6 ~ 9)

6. 우리가 논의해야 할 몇몇 일들이 있다. (a few, are, there, things)

we need to discuss.

7. 그 회사는 그런 큰 주문을 다룰 능력이 없다. (that large, an, handling, order)

The company isn’t capable of .

밑줄 친 부분의 쓰임이 나머지 넷과 다른 것을 고르시오. (1 ~ 3)

1. ① You are worthy of respect and love.

② The whales fight in love battles during the breeding season.

③ Austin seems to love walking in the woods with her sister.

④ Look at the world with new eyes, with love and compassion.

⑤ You should know that true love isn’t prejudicial.

2. ① The weather forecast predicted rain for today.

② Suddenly heavy bursts of rain began to fall on the tents and stages.

③ It is expected to rain nationwide evenly tomorrow.

④ The heavy rains will last on and off until next Monday.

⑤ The rain will weaken and clear up by Sunday.

3. ① I wrote a column on high school sports for a local newspaper.

② Aim high and just go for it!

③ Some students receive a high score on the test.

④ Prices are still high in spite of the government announcement.

⑤ My parents’ standards are too high to catch up with.

밑줄 친 부분의 쓰임이 나머지 넷과 다른 것을 고르시오. (4 ~ 5)

4. ① People in that area were pretty friendly.

② We’ll never know what he’s really thinking.

③ It feels very humid today.

④ How fast can you get the job done?

⑤ Be sure to drive safely.

5. ① The children have been really noisy these days.

② The chairperson has worked hard all her life.

③ We’ve been very happy in this lovely house.

④ The man led a lonely life with few friends.

⑤ The kids read quite difficult books for their age.

Chapter 1 19

8. 내가 콘택트렌즈 찾는 것을 도와주겠니? (my, look, contact, for, lens)

Could you help me ?

9. 그는 아무 말도 없이 사라졌다. (a word, saying, without)

He disappeared .

다음 중 문법상 틀리거나 어색한 부분을 고르시오. (10 ~ 11)

10. The late ① arrive of the President has ② caused them ③ to ④ change

the ⑤ previous schedule.

11. We ① expecting ② someone ③ to come in ④ a few minutes ⑤ later.

다음 문장의 빈칸에 알맞지 않은 것을 고르시오. (12 ~ 13)

12. The whole story very odd.

① sounded ② seemed ③ was ④ made ⑤ is

13. The girl looks .

① happy ② friendly ③ ugly ④ busy ⑤ hungrily

14. 밑줄 친 부분 중에서 문법상 어색한 것을 고르시오.

When I ① was young, I loved reading a book. However, my father

would force me ② to come down and ③ watch TV with the rest of the

family whenever I wasup in my room ④ happy reading a book. There

⑤ was no escape.

15. (A), (B), (C) 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

I woke up and (A) stretch / stretched when the alarm on the table went

off. I looked (B) myself / at myself in the mirror and nodded in (C)

satisfaction / satisfactory . It was a baseball game day, and I was certain

the only thing to answer my skill would be a storm of applause. I took a

shower, humming my favorite song.

(A) (B) (C)

① stretch myself satisfaction

② stretch myself satisfactory

③ stretched myself satisfaction

④ stretched at myself satisfaction

⑤ stretched at myself satisfactory

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구 2개 이상의 단어로 구성되어 있고, 문장에서 하나의 품사 역할을 담당.

명사구, 형용사구, 부사구

절 [주어 + 동사]의 구성, 문장에서 명사·형용사·부사의 역할

등위절 (and, but, or 등), 명사절, 형용사절, 부사절 (주절 + 종속절)

A: Hey, Christine. It’s me, Jennifer.

B: Oh, sorry, Jennifer. I couldn’t see you because I’m not wearing contact

lenses now.

A: Why not?

B: I tried to put them on this morning, but it really hurt, so I couldn’t.

A: You’d better go see a doctor right away. Your eyes are a little red.

B: Actually, I’m on my way there.

A: I see. Take care.

1. 구 (Phrases)

둘 이상의 단어가 의미 단위로 결합하여 문장에서 하나의 품사 역할을 하는 것

명사, 형용사, 부사의 역할을 하며, 구에는 주어나 동사가 없다.

① 명사구: 동명사구와 부정사구로 명사처럼 주어, 목적어, 보어 역할

Reading comic books is my hobby. <동명사구 → 주어>

Would you mind opening the door for me? <동명사구 → 목적어>

My hobby is surfing the Internet. <동명사구 → 보어>

To finish the work within a week seems impossible. <부정사구 → 주어>

I need to find another job. <부정사구 → 목적어>

My job was to travel once or twice a month. <부정사구 → 보어>

② 형용사구: 부정사구, 전치사구로 형용사처럼 명사 수식, 보어 역할

They need someone to talk with. <부정사구 → someone 수식>

They seem to have lots of luggage. <부정사구 → 보어 역할>

Look at the boy with the sunglasses on. <전치사구 → the boy 수식>

③ 부사구: 부정사구, 분사구, 전치사구로 부사처럼 문장 전체, 동사, 형용사, 다른 부사를 수식

To my disappointment, he deceived me again. <전치사구 → 문장 전체 수식>

The lake is dangerous to swim in. <부정사구 → dangerous 수식>

Wounded seriously, he still tried to fight. <분사구 → 문장 전체 수식>

Don’t judge a book by its cover. <전치사구 → judge 수식>

UNIT 2 : Phrases and Clauses 구와 절

Chapter 1 21

2. 절 (Clauses)

주어와 동사를 포함하는 구조이고, 문장에서 명사, 형용사, 부사의 역할을 함

① 등위절: 등위접속사 and, but, or 등으로 문장과 문장이 연결된 경우

He was listening to music and I was studying for my math exam.

Will you come along or should I come to you?

② 명사절: 접속사(if / whether / that), 의문사(what / how / where…), 관계대명사(what…)으로 시작하

며 명사처럼 주어, 목적어, 보어 및 동격의 역할

I believe that we need to protect endangered species of animals.<접속사 that이 이끄는 명사절>

Alan can’t decide if he should go or stay home. <접속사 if가 이끄는 명사절>

It doesn’t matter whether we win or lose. <접속사 whether가 이끄는 명사절>

We know what he looks like. <의문사가 이끄는 명사절>

He will do what you tell him to do. <관계대명사 what이 이끄는 명사절>

③ 형용사절: 관계사가 이끄는 절로 명사를 수식

I was talking to the woman who was sitting next to me. <명사 the woman을 수식>

Friday is the day which I like the most. <명사 the day를 수식>

This is the house where my father grew up. <명사 the house를 수식>

④ 부사절: 시간, 조건, 양보, 목적, 이유, 결과 등의 종속접속사와 함께 쓰여 부사 역할

When he was about eight years old, Brian climbed trees every day. → 시간

Once the talk began, it took 7 hours to come up with an agreement. → 조건

Though I explained my situation, they never believed in me. → 양보

We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as

much as we speak. → 목적

As the weather is so cold, he is wearing a coat. → 이유

We were so tired that we couldn’t finish the project. → 결과

● 명사구/명사절이 주어로 올 경우 주어•동사의 수 일치에 주의: 단수 취급

To eat regular meals is important. (not To eat regular meals are ~.)

● 양보절(as though/even though/if + 주어 + 동사~)과 양보구(in spite of, despite + 명사/동명사구) 표현에 주의  Despite he failed the exam, he will have another chance soon. (X)  Although he failed the exam, he will have another chance soon. (O)

●  이유를 나타내는 부사절(because + 주어 + 동사~)과 이유를 나타내는 부사구(because of + 명사/동명사구) 표현에 주의

Daniel was late again because of the traffic. (not ...because the traffic.)

● if/whether 둘 다 명사절을 이끌 수 있지만 if는 주어로 쓰일 수 없다. If he likes me or not is really important. (X) Whether he likes me or not is really important. (O)

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EXERCISE 점검 및 강화

C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

despite though because because of

1. his illness, he passed the exam.

2. We rely on the attorney many people recommended him.

3. she made many mistakes, you can’t fire her.

4. the heavy storm, some bridges were broken down.

D. Translate the following into English. Use the given words.

1. 비가 많이 와서 그 경기는 연기되었다. (because, put off)

2. 그는 어제 큰 생선을 사서 나를 위해 요리했다. (and)

3. 심한 안개로 비행기가 출발하지 않았다. (due to, dense, depart)

4. 비록 그녀는 어리지만 현명하다. (though, smart)

.

A. Read the following and write P for a phrase and S for a sentence.

1. The fact that you are late again

2. Because of many masterpieces

3. Passing a national exam is difficult for him.

4. The girl wearing a purple vest

5. Close your book and answer these questions.

Choose the right one and complete the sentence.

with your mouth full get up at the conference

1. Jerry met his students .

2. Generally speaking, talking is not a good manner.

3. They can’t early in the morning.

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B. Choose the correct one.

1. We (go / going) to the museum to do our homework.

2. To get a good grade, you’d better review what you (to learn / learned).

3. (Because / Though) you are diligent, you’re rich.

4. I need a pen or a pencil (write / to write) with.

Chapter 1 23

All IN ONE 통합 문제 유형

A. Read the following conversation and underline phrases and clauses. Write them in the box below the passage.

A: Did you hear about the car accident? I think it happened in your

neighborhood.

B: Actually it happened in front of my house.

A: Really? Were you there when the accident happened?

B: No. I don’t know what exactly happened. My sister told me that a boy

was hit by a motorcycle.

A: That’s right. Fortunately he was wearing a helmet, so he didn’t get a

serious injury from the accident.

B: It’s a good thing. Wearing helmets is extremely important.

Phrases Clauses

about the car accident when the accident happened

Find the errors and rewrite the correct sentences.1. To read many books are very important to young students.

2. The number of books in the library have been increased.

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B. Read the following and choose the right word according to the meaning.

People around the world (1) have / has various food taboos and they

avoid eating certain foods. The reasons for food taboos are different (2)

depend / depending on the cultures or countries. One major reason is

(3) because / due to the religious aspect. For example, people in India

(4) don’t kill / kill or eat cows. They also respect rats (5) unless / because

they believe the animals are a form of God. Some taboos for pregnant

women are also interesting. (6) In some countries / Some countries

the women don’t eat squid because they believe eating squid makes their

babies be born with no bones.

24 Whole GRAMMAR

다음 주어진 단어를 우리말과 같은 뜻이 되도록 배열하시오. (4 ~ 6)

4. 그녀는 오늘 아침 일찍 오지 못했다. (this morning, early, come)

She didn’t .

5. 비록 그는 어리지만 많은 사람들이 그를 존경한다. (young, respect, many people, is, him)

Though he .

6. 그 큰 시계는 학교 가운데 있다. (clock, tall, the, in the middle, stands)

of the school.

PRACTICE 내신 문제 유형

다음 주어진 문장의 밑줄 친 부분과 쓰임이 같은 것을 고르시오. (1 ~ 3)

1. He finished painting the fence 30 minutes ago.

① Walking for 10 minutes every morning is good for your health.

② I don’t know what to do after this class.

③ He threw away his old furniture when moving.

④ Jungin has lived in Seoul for 20 years.

⑤ My brother loves watching TV all day long.

2. I bought a piece of cheese cake.

① Give me your studying plan before sleeping.

② What do you think your school has to do for students?

③ Bring some food in the refrigerator.

④ Who is that girl wearing a blue coat?

⑤ People prefer small cars due to the high oil price.

3. My aunt took care of me instead of my mother.

① Thanks to your help, we arrived in New York safely.

② May I turn down the volume?

③ After graduation, he moved to the city.

④ The concert never starts on time.

⑤ It’s time for you to leave for school.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르시오. (7 ~ 9)

7. The princess is beautiful, (so / but) she is proud of herself.

8. I am fond of (singing / sing) at the singing room.

9. Take good care of both your family (and / or) mine too.

Chapter 1 25

다음 중 틀린 부분을 찾아 바르게 고치시오. (10 ~ 11)

10. I ① will phone you ② if I ③ can’t come with you, ④ so please ⑤ giving

me your phone number.

11. ① Many current members of the club ② has ③ fully ④ agreed with the

⑤ new policy.

다음 문장의 빈칸에 알맞은 것을 고르시오. (12 ~ 13)

12. The team played two games, and they won one game lost

the other.

① but ② or ③ though ④ as ⑤ so

13. Mary bought a gorgeous and car.

① well ② difference ③ terrible ④ fun ⑤ luxurious

14. 밑줄 친 부분 중에서 어법상 어색한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever heard of ① color therapy? ② The origin of color

healing is from ancient Egypt. ③ Nowadays many scientists have studied

the relations of color and people’s emotions. They say colors cause

some emotional reactions in people ④ depending on their personalities

⑤ because of personalities differ from person to person.

15. (A), (B), (C) 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There are different school terms (A) in the world / the world . In

Japan, students have 243 school days every year (B) include / including

a half-day on Saturdays, but students from America have less than 180

school days a year. In Germany, students have to go to school for 220

days a year. If you want more information about other countries, just (C)

click the button below / below click the button .

(A) (B) (C)

① in the world include click the button below

② in the world including click the button below

③ in the world include below click the button

④ the world including below click the button

⑤ the world include click the button below