11

22

( ( (1)(1)(2))(2))

(MOSFET) (MOSFET)

(BJT)(BJT)

( ( (3)(3)(4))(4))

CMOS CMOS

( ( (5))(5))

33

Microelectronic circuitsMicroelectronic circuits, by , by SedraSedra/Smith, Fifth edition, 2004 /Smith, Fifth edition, 2004

44

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Microelectronic circuit designMicroelectronic circuit design

by by

Jaeger/Blalock, Second edition, 2003Jaeger/Blalock, Second edition, 2003

Introductory circuits for electrical and Introductory circuits for electrical and computer engineeringcomputer engineering

by Nilsson/Riedel, by Nilsson/Riedel,

20022002

Electronic principles: Physicals, Models, Electronic principles: Physicals, Models, and Circuitsand Circuits

by Gray/Searle, 1969by Gray/Searle, 1969

Physics and technology of semiconductor Physics and technology of semiconductor devicesdevices

by A. S. Grove, by A. S. Grove,

55

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..pdfpdf

..pcmpcm

1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.

PowerCamPowerCam

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www.www.powercampowercam.com.tw.com.tw/ /

http://www.isu.edu.tw/http://www.isu.edu.tw/site/21http://www.isu.edu.tw/interface/dept.php?dept_mno=21&dept_id=0http://www.isu.edu.tw/interface/dept.php?dept_mno=21&dept_id=0

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Step 1Step 1

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* * Supplementary pages for Supplementary pages for illustration use.illustration use.

~ ~ The subject will not be covered in The subject will not be covered in our current lecture.our current lecture.

Examples in the Chapter will only be Examples in the Chapter will only be discussed on the class.discussed on the class.

Electronics (I)Electronics (I) (())

Lecture Notes: Open Session Lecture Notes: Open Session and Chapter Oneand Chapter One

Q&A mail to: wzyang@mail.isu.edu.tw Q&A mail to: wzyang@mail.isu.edu.tw

Chapter One

Introduction to Electronics

12

IntroductionIntroduction Microelectronics refers to the Microelectronics refers to the integratedintegrated--circuit (IC)circuit (IC) technology that is capable of producing circuits that technology that is capable of producing circuits that contain millions of components in a small piece of silicon contain millions of components in a small piece of silicon (known as a silicon chip) whose area is in the order of 100 (known as a silicon chip) whose area is in the order of 100 mmmm22. .

ICICICIC 100 mm100 mm2 2

In this course we shall study electronic devices that can In this course we shall study electronic devices that can be used singly (in the design of discrete circuits) or as be used singly (in the design of discrete circuits) or as components of an integratedcomponents of an integrated--circuit (IC) chip.circuit (IC) chip.

SignalSignal AmplifierAmplifier Frequency ResponseFrequency Response Logic inverterLogic inverter

SignalSignal

1.1 Signal1.1 Signal

Signals contain information about a variety of Signals contain information about a variety of things and activities in our physical world.things and activities in our physical world.

To extract required information from a set of To extract required information from a set of signals, the observer (be it a human or a signals, the observer (be it a human or a machine) invariably needs to process the signals machine) invariably needs to process the signals in some predetermined manner.in some predetermined manner.((

))

This signal processing is This signal processing is usually most conveniently usually most conveniently performed by electronic performed by electronic systems.systems.

For this to be possible, For this to be possible,

however, the signal must first however, the signal must first be converted into an be converted into an electrical signal, that is, a electrical signal, that is, a voltage or a current. This voltage or a current. This process is accomplished by process is accomplished by devices known as devices known as transducerstransducers..

Signal is an information carrier.Signal is an information carrier.

Process (signal processing):Process (signal processing):The procedure extracts information from a The procedure extracts information from a set of signals. set of signals.

Transducer:Transducer:The converter changes the nonThe converter changes the non--electric electric signal (temperature, voice, image etc.) to signal (temperature, voice, image etc.) to electric signals.electric signals.

Summary:Summary:

In electronic system, the form In electronic system, the form of signal sources (or source of signal sources (or source transformations) can be in transformations) can be in ThThveninvenin form (voltage form (voltage source), Fig. 1.1(a), or Norton source), Fig. 1.1(a), or Norton form (current source), Fig. form (current source), Fig. 1.1(b).1.1(b).

(( ) )

((ThThveninvenin) )

(Norton) (Norton)

Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source:(a) the Thvenin

form, and (b) the

Norton form.

The representation of Fig. 1.1(a) is The representation of Fig. 1.1(a) is preferred when preferred when RRss is low.is low.RRss1.1a1.1a

The representation of Fig. 1.1(b) is The representation of Fig. 1.1(b) is preferred when preferred when RRss is high.is high.RRss1.1b1.1b

( ) ( )s s sv t R i t=

The parameters of these two forms are related by

A signal is a timeA signal is a time-- varying quantity that varying quantity that can be represented can be represented by a graph such as by a graph such as that shown in Fig. that shown in Fig. 1.2.1.2.

1.21.2

1.2 Frequency spectrum of 1.2 Frequency spectrum of signalssignals

An extremely useful characterization of An extremely useful characterization of signal, and for that matter of an arbitrary signal, and for that matter of an arbitrary function of time, is in terms of its function of time, is in terms of its frequency spectrum.frequency spectrum.

Signal can be represented in time domain Signal can be represented in time domain or in frequency domain.or in frequency domain.

Such a description of signals is obtained through the Such a description of signals is obtained through the mathematical tools of Fourier series or Fourier mathematical tools of Fourier series or Fourier transform. They provide the means for representing transform. They provide the means for representing a voltage signal a voltage signal vv ss (t(t)) or a current signal or a current signal ii ss (t(t)) as the as the sum of sinesum of sine--wave signals of different frequencies wave signals of different frequencies and amplitudes.and amplitudes.

This makes the sine wave a very important signal in This makes the sine wave a very important signal in the analysis, design, and testing of electronic the analysis, design, and testing of electronic circuits. circuits.

( ) sin cos( 90 ), cos

cos .

a t t it is lagging t by 90 in phase angle. (b) t

=

Summary:Summary:

A signal can be expressed as a timeA signal can be expressed as a time--varying function or varying function or as in terms of its spectrum. as in terms of its spectrum.

Mathematical tools of Fourier series and Fourier Mathematical tools of Fourier series and Fourier transform can be used to find out its spectrum transform can be used to find out its spectrum components.components.

The concept of sinusoidal wave is very important for The concept of sinusoidal wave is very important for signal processing. signal processing.

(() )

In the case depicted in Fig. In the case depicted in Fig. 1.3, the time origin has 1.3, the time origin has been chosen so that the been chosen so that the phase angle is 0. phase angle is 0. 1.31.3

It should be mentioned It should be mentioned that it is common to that it is common to express the amplitude of a express the amplitude of a sinesine--wave signal in terms wave signal in terms of its of its rootroot--meanmean--square square ((rmsrms)) value, which is equal value, which is equal to the peak value divided to the peak value divided by by 22 . .

22

2

* * rmsrms (root(root--meanmean--square) value: square) value:

This is the value used to express AC voltage amplitude in This is the value used to express AC voltage amplitude in terms of its equivalent DC voltage value when both have terms of its equivalent DC voltage value when both have the same power consumptions on a resistor R.the same power consumptions on a resistor R.

RR

Note: AC is for Note: AC is for alternating current (alternating current ())and DC is for direct current (and DC is for direct current (). ).

2

2

2 2

0

/ ,/

( ) ( ) /( ) ( ) /

1 ( / ) /T

rms

Power consumption in DC:I V RP IV V R

Power consumption in AC:i t v t Rp t v t R

Expression of AC power in terms of its DC equivalence:

P v R dt V RT

=

= =

=

=

= =

*

We define the RMS value asWe define the RMS value as

For a signal ofFor a signal of

Its RMS value can be found asIts RMS value can be found as

( ) sin

(

a

a a

v t V t

V : peak value or amplitude; also expressed as V )

=

2/1

0

21