供應鏈管理Supply Chain Management

供應鏈管理Supply Chain Management

陳光敏 陳光敏 ((Timothy)Timothy)5-Mar5-Mar-2007-2007

資訊管理學系資訊管理學系研討會研討會

觀念和理論篇觀念和理論篇

• 供應鏈管理概念及範圍• 供應鏈管理重要性及價值• 三大核心流程及相關觀念• 資訊系統應用• 附錄 – 常見術語• 綜合討論

全球最大企業軟體廠商US$144 億營業額，年研發經費

US$19 億全球 275,000 家客戶 30,000+ 應用軟體客戶 19,000+ 中小企業客戶 65,000+ 位員工 ; 7,500+ 技術支援員工 145 個國家設有營業據點

Oracle ProfileOracle Profile

The supply chain can be viewed as a series of integrated enterprises which must share information and coordinate physical execution to ensure a smooth, integrated flow of goods, information and cash through the pipeline.

PRODUCTINFORMATION

CASH

供應鏈管理概念供應鏈管理概念

Suppliers CustomersRetailerManufacturer Wholesaler

Most real-world pipelines do not satisfy the integration and information-sharing requirements for true transparent pipeline management

Logistics As Desired

VendorInbound Carrier Manufacturing Distributio

n

Local Delivery Carrier Customer

供應鏈管理概念 供應鏈管理概念 (( 續續 ))

Logistics as Currently Operated

SUPPLIER DISTRIBUTION CONSUMER

MANUFACTURING CUSTOMER

供應鏈範圍供應鏈範圍The supply chain is a compilation of activities, functions, and procedures which enable raw materials to be converted into products, delivered and consumed by end users. . .

Source: Supply Chain Council

Information TechnologyInformation TechnologyInformation TechnologyInformation Technology

StrategicStrategicNetworkNetworkPlanningPlanning

StrategicStrategicNetworkNetworkPlanningPlanning

ProcurementProcurementProcurementProcurementSupplySupplyPlanningPlanningSupplySupply

PlanningPlanningDemandDemandPlanningPlanningDemandDemandPlanningPlanning

OrderOrderManagementManagement

OrderOrderManagementManagement

InventoryInventoryManagementManagement

InventoryInventoryManagementManagementTransportationTransportationTransportationTransportationWarehousingWarehousingWarehousingWarehousing

Su

pp

liers

Su

pp

liers

Su

pp

liers

Su

pp

liers

Cu

stom

ers

Cu

stom

ers

Cu

stom

ers

Cu

stom

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Business Rules and PracticesBusiness Rules and PracticesBusiness Rules and PracticesBusiness Rules and Practices

供應鏈範圍供應鏈範圍 (( 續續 ))Seeks to integrate into one synergistic effort all the relevant operations of a corporation, including marketing, design, customer service, production, purchasing, logistics, and supplier and inventory management.

Supply Chain Council

“ From your supplier’s supplier to your customer’s customer”

Source:

企業面臨的挑戰企業面臨的挑戰

競合對象與巿場區隔日漸全球化多樣少量 , 客製化取代大量生產產品生命週期縮短研發及製程技術日新月異知識及智慧財產權資本化快速回應巿場變化

Can we match the competitor’s 20% price cut?

The carrier can’t ship on time, who

should we call?

The line is down for 8 hours, where do we makethis?

How can we make sure vendor can delivery on time?

Can we accept the rush order? And what impact will be caused?(ATP)

常見的議題常見的議題

Greater CustomerGreater CustomerSatisfactionSatisfaction

Improved Service Level

Quality Flexible ResponsiveBusiness Process

Lower assets level Less logistics costs

Can we offer our major client CTO/HUB/CRP?

Material is shortage!How about second source?

供應鏈管理的挑戰供應鏈管理的挑戰客戶端

– 需求善變造成預測困難– 沒有耐心壓縮反應時間

生產端– 缺乏管理決策所需資訊– 變更設計難以控制– 產銷協調困難

供應端– 供應商交期難控制– 供應商品質不穏定

長鞭效應 (Bullwhip) 產生安全緩衝

啤酒遊戲 啤酒遊戲 ((Beer Game)Beer Game)

Peter M. Senge, 第五項修鍊 (The Fifth Discipline) 60 年代麻省理工學院之史隆管理學院發展 啤酒遊戲簡介： 1.參加遊戲的成員各自扮演不同的角色：零售商

(Retailer) 、大盤商 (Wholesaler) 、配銷商 (Distributor)和工廠 (Factory) 。他們每週的決策就是訂購多少啤酒

2.四個角色之間的聯繫只能通過訂貨傳送單來溝通資訊，不能有其他方式的資訊交流。

3.在啤酒遊戲中每個角色除了工廠外。每個角色都有啤酒庫存，都從下游收到訂單，並且把貨賣給下游。

Source: TopBoss

啤酒遊戲 啤酒遊戲 ((Beer Game) Beer Game) 續續

啤酒遊戲中，消費者需求變動的幅度很小，然而通過整個系統的放大作用將產生很大的危機。即首先是大量缺貨，整個系統訂單都不斷增加，庫存逐漸枯竭，欠貨也不斷增加，好不容易達到訂貨單大批交貨，不料新收到訂貨數量卻開始驟降，這也就是供應鏈中著名的「長鞭效應 (Bullwhip Effect) 」。

供應鏈管理概論供應鏈管理概論

六大環節 : 研發設計 – 採購 – 製造 – 運交 – 銷售 – 服務

三個層面 : 規劃 , 執行 , 評量

供應鏈管理的演進供應鏈管理的演進

部門導向– 客戶及供應商為交易對方– 各部門成本利潤中心

流程導向– 客戶及供應商為交易對方及商業夥伴– 重視部門間橫向流程

整合性企業體– 客戶及供應商為商業夥伴及交易對方– 注重整體營運資源求計畫及整體績效

企業間體系整合– 客戶及供應商為商業夥伴– 走向網狀整合模式

供應鏈管理的價值供應鏈管理的價值

提高營運收入降低營運支出提高運轉資金效率提高資產設備利用效率

同時考量成本、品質、時間同時考量成本、品質、時間

“Serve the customer better, faster, and cheaper”

Quality

Cost

Time

ENHANCED REVENUE & PROFIT

SCM incorporates a holistic, balanced approach to improving business performance.

供應鏈管理效益供應鏈管理效益Delivery Performance - - - - - Inventory Reduction - - - - - -Fulfillment Cycle Time - - - -Forecast Accuracy - - - - - - - -Overall Productivity - - - - - - Lower Supply Chain Costs - Order Fill Rates - - - - - - - - - Improved Capacity

Utilization - - - - - - - - - - - - -

16% - 28%25% - 60%30% - 50%25% - 80%10% - 16%25% - 50%20% - 30%

10% - 20%

Source: 1996 AMR/PRTM Supply Chain Reference Model

InventoryInventoryReductionReduction

50%50%

40%40%

On-timeOn-timeDeliveriesDeliveries

CumulativeCumulativeCycleCycleTimeTime

27%27%

供應鏈管理三大核心流程供應鏈管理三大核心流程需求規劃 (Demand Planning)供應規劃 (Supply Planning)需求履行 (Demand Fulfillment)

PULL PULL PULL PULL PULL

IDEAIDEAIDEAIDEADESIGNDESIGN

PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT

AND ENGINEERING SUPPLIERSMANUFACTURING

PLANTSDISTRIBUTOR

CENTERS CUSTOMERS END USERS

需求規劃需求規劃 ((Demand Demand Planning)Planning)

需求預測 (Demand Forecasting)– 由上而下 (Top-Down Forecasting)– 由下而上 (Bottom-Up Forecasting)– 生命週期規劃 (Life Cycle Planning)– 行銷事件規劃 (Event Planning)– 相依需求預測 (Dependent Demand Forecasting)– 共識預測 (Consensus Forecasting)

需求協同作業 (Demand Collaboration)彈性限制規劃 (Flex Limit Planning)計算淨預測量 (Forecast Netting)

需求規劃之效益需求規劃之效益低庫存水準減少呆滯品風險增加策略銷售通路的客戶服務水準增加新產品上巿的成功率

供應規劃 供應規劃 ((Supply Supply Planning)Planning)

建立供應商及外包商供應體系 (Supply System)

企業規劃 (Corporate Planning)作業規劃 (Operation Planning)

– 存貨規劃 (Inventory Planning)– 主規劃 (Master Planning)– 製造廠規劃 (Factory Planning)– 採購協同作業 (Procurement Collaboration)– 運輸規劃 (Transportation Planning) 及協同作業

配置規劃 (Allocation Planning) 及協同作業

需求履行需求履行 ((Demand Demand Fulfillment)Fulfillment)

訂單承諾 (Order Promising)訂單規劃 (Order Planning)訂單履行 (Order Fulfillment)

常見接單達交模式常見接單達交模式MTS (Make to Stock)MTO (Make to Order)ATO (Assembly to Order)ETO (Engineering to Order)CTO (Configuration to Order)

SuppliersCustomers

Suppliers

Suppliers

Suppliers

Customers

CustomersPlanPlantt Supply Chain Supply Chain

Network DesignNetwork Design

EnterpriseEnterprise

Distribution Distribution CenterCenter

Distribution Distribution CenterCenter

Distribution Planning

ManufacturingPlanning

PlanPlanttProduction

Scheduling

ATP

Supply Chain Planning

Supplier CollaborationDemand Planning

CorporateHQ

供應鏈管理範圍–依功能別供應鏈管理範圍–依功能別

Source: AMR

供應鏈管理範圍供應鏈管理範圍 -- 依時間軸依時間軸Execution SystemExecution SystemExecution SystemExecution System

Shipment SchedulingShipment SchedulingShipment SchedulingShipment Scheduling

Production SchedulingProduction SchedulingProduction SchedulingProduction Scheduling

Transportation PlanningTransportation PlanningTransportation PlanningTransportation Planning

Manufacturing PlanningManufacturing PlanningManufacturing PlanningManufacturing Planning

Distribution PlanningDistribution PlanningDistribution PlanningDistribution Planning

Inventory PlanningInventory PlanningInventory PlanningInventory Planning

Available-to-PromiseAvailable-to-PromiseAvailable-to-PromiseAvailable-to-Promise

Supply Chain PlanningSupply Chain PlanningSupply Chain PlanningSupply Chain Planning

Sales and Operations PlanningSales and Operations PlanningSales and Operations PlanningSales and Operations Planning

Demand PlanningDemand PlanningDemand PlanningDemand Planning

Supply Chain Network DesignSupply Chain Network DesignSupply Chain Network DesignSupply Chain Network Design

Strategic PlanningStrategic PlanningStrategic PlanningStrategic Planning

Seconds/Minutes

Hours/Days

Weeks/Months

Quarters Years Time Horizon

Planning Detail

Source: AMR

供應商關係管理供應商關係管理產品開發設計採購及生產協同運作供應商庫存管理 (Vendor Management

Inventory) 透過彼此資訊的共享 , 形成既分散又整合的公司 , 讓長鞭效應的效果變小 , 而達到降低介面成本的目的

客戶關係管理客戶關係管理 ((CRM)CRM)

客戶關係管理系統 (Customer Relationship Management) ，包含『行銷』、『銷售』、『服務』之全方位整合體系，除隨時檢討服務流程外，更應藉助各項資訊技術與相關應用軟體產品，在服務客戶的過程中，累積可獲利的能量，以便主動積極找尋商機，『適時』、『適量』、『適切』的提供客戶個人化產品，提高企業營業規模，達到企業最重要的『獲利』目標。

先進規劃排程 先進規劃排程 ((Advance Advance Planning and Scheduling)Planning and Scheduling)

針對 SCM 的各項變數及限制進行需求、生產及配銷運籌規劃的運算 , 運用電腦執行先進的演算法則 , 並加上動態規劃

結合限制理論 (Theory of Constraint) 及模塑技術 (Modeling)做為決策支援的工具

常見效益– Constraint-based production scheduling– Visibility of potential issue– What-if simulation– Alternative solution

先進規劃排程系統功能先進規劃排程系統功能自動負載平衡演算法支援設計變更的功能替代料及替代資源規劃建立資源行事曆供給限制因素支援多工廠模型

CPFRCPFR

Collaboration, Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment由美國自發性產業間商務標準協會 (Voluntary

Interindustry Commerce Standards) 所提出通常使用於百貨與流通業解決行業特性的挑戰

– 品項多 , 門巿分散– 訂貨頻率短且多次– 操作人員少– 時效性要求高

營業額與利潤 = 適當的 ( 產品 + 定價 +地點 +數量 +顧客 + 時段 )

CPFR CPFR 三大階段九大步驟三大階段九大步驟階段 步驟 工作項目

第一階段 規劃Planning

Step1 建立協同關係Step2 建立共同營運計劃

第二階段 預測Forecasting

Step3 建立銷售預測Step4 識別銷售預測的異常狀況Step5 協同解決異常項目Step6 建立訂單預測Step7 識別訂單預測的異常狀況Step8 協同解決異常項目

第三階段 補貨Replenishment

Step9 產生訂單

CPFR ModelCPFR Model

Sources: eBizPrise

CPFRCPFR 的價值的價值收入機會 降低存貨增加存貨週轉率提高總資產報酬率

價值鏈管理價值鏈管理 ((Value Chain Value Chain Mgmt)Mgmt)以客戶為核心 , 滿足客戶的個別需求依客戶需求而拉動供應鏈企業協同供應商從產品創意發起 , 一直到把產品交給最終客戶的完整流程

DDSNDDSN

A system of technologies & processes that

senses & reacts to real-time demand signals across a

supply network of customers, suppliers, employeesSource : AMR Research

DDemand emand DDriven riven SSupply upply NNetworketwork

You can’t push a chainYou can’t push a chain

Source : AMR Research

“ keep the factory full”

“ give them what they want”

20th Century - PUSH 21st Century - PULL

DDSN Capability ModelDDSN Capability Model

OrchestrateContinually aim for perfection

CollaborateExtend the definition value outside your own company

AnticipateSensing and shape the demand

ReactRespond to customer demand

Source : AMR Research

How To Go DDSN With Oracle How To Go DDSN With Oracle SolutionsSolutions

Orchestrate

Collaborate

Anticipate

React Supply Chain Planning, Global Order Promising,Production Scheduling

Transportation Planning

Supply Network Design,Balanced Score Card

Demand Management,Trade Promotion Management

Collaborative Planning

附錄

常見術語

附錄

常見術語

常見術語常見術語 MRO – Maintenance, Repair and Operation. 間接性物料採

購 PDM – Product Data Management. 產品資料管理 PLM – Product Lifecycle Management 產品生命週期管理 MES – Manufacturing Execution System. 製造執行系統 Utilization Rate – 機器稼動率 . 產能使用量占最大產能比率 JIT – Just in Time. 即時化生產或零庫存管理 VMI – Vendor Management Inventory. 供應商管理庫存 Alternative Material – 可替代的物料 Alternative Routing – 可替代的生產線 Outsourcing Routing – 外包生產線

常見術語 常見術語 (( 續續 )) Master Production Schedule (MPS) – 主生產排程 Material Requirement Planning (MRP) – 物料需求規劃 Lead Time – 前置時間 B2B (Business to Business) – 企業對企業電子商務 B2C (Business to Consumer) – 企業對消費者電子商務 Rush Order – 緊急訂單或工單 Re-work – 不良重修 RMA – Return Merchandise Authorization/Approval 退貨核準驗收

Original Design Manufacture (ODM) – 客戶委託設計製造代工 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) – 客戶委託製造代工

常見術語 常見術語 (( 續續 )) Sales Force Automation (SFA) – 業務自動化系統 Online Analytical Process (OLAP) – 線上查詢分析程序 Online Transaction Process (OLTP) – 線上交易系統 RosettaNet – 為一非營利機構 , 由全球資訊、電子元件及半導體業者共同發展出產業供應鏈標準 , 以利 B2B 整合

Rough-Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) – 粗略產能規劃 Capacity Requirement Planning (CRP) – 產能需求規劃 Theory of Constraint (TOC) – 限制理論 Hard Constraint – 無法踰越的限制條件 Soft Constraint – 可以磋商的限制條件 Time Bucket – 規劃過程中使用的時間單位

常見術語 常見術語 (( 續續 )) Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) – 貨品保存單位 Engineering Change Notice (ECN) – 工程變更通知

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