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TRANSCRIPT
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韓國中東學會論叢, 第32-2號
韓國中東學會, 2011, 81-103
Iran's Current Economic Situation and
Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation
with Iran
이란의 경제환경과 한국-이란경제협력 확대방안
1)
정영규(Jeong, Young-Kyu)*
Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Iran's Current Economic Situation and Characteristics
Ⅲ. Iran's Industrial Policies
Ⅳ. Iran's Current Industrial Situation and Economic Exchange
Situation with Korea
Ⅴ. Strategies for Expanding Korea-Iran Economic Cooperation.
* Hyoup Sung University
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82 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
이란의 경제환경과 한국-이란경제협력
확대방안
정영규(Jeong, Young-Kyu)
Hyup Sung University
석유와 천연가스의 생산과 수출이 주요 수입원인 이란경제는 1980년대
중반 이후 세계에서 가장 낮은 경제성장율을 기록하기도 하였으나 2000년 하
반기부터 시작된 국제유가의 지속적인 상승으로 최근까지 경제성장율이 5%
대 이상의 고도성장을 지속하고 있다. 경제협력차원에서 이란은 우리나라와
매우 중요한 의미를 부여하고 있다. 특히, 산업구조 및 에너지 분야에서 우리
나라와는 상호보완적인 경제협력 파트너로서 의미가 아주 크다.
첫째, 이란은 세계경제 전체에서 차지하는 비중은 작지만 원유생산 및 수
출에서 세계2위를 차지하고 있기 때문에 세계경제에 미치는 파급효과는 매우
크다. 이러한 이유 때문에 중국과 일본은 이란의 에너지 개발에 대한 투자를
증가시키고 있고, 앞으로도 한국 및 외국인의 투자가 지속적으로 증가할 것으
로 보인다. 둘째, 이란은 한국과 매우 상호 보완적인 산업구조를 가지고 있어
경제협력의 가능성이 매우 높다. 이러한 경제구조는 에너지산업뿐만 아니라
제조업 육성을 도모하고 있으므로 우리나라의 자본, 기술, 경험이 매우 필요
하다. 그리고 무역측면에서 이란은 원유를 수출하고 있고, IT, 전자 및 기타
공산품수입을 지속적으로 증가시키고 있어 한국의 입장에서 매우 중요한 경
제파트너로서 부상하고 있다.
우리나라는 이란과 경제적 측면에서 상호 보완성이 매우 높은 만큼, 원유,
상품무역, 직접투자 이외에도 다양한 경로를 통하여 경제협력을 지속적으로
강화하고 있다.
주제어 : 이란의 산업 및 경제구조, 에너지산업, 한국과의 경제협력
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 83
Ⅰ. Introduction
A recent increase in international oil price is making great
contributions to activating the economies of countries in Middle East.
As of the end of 2009, these countries occupy 71% of oil deposits,
37.2% of oil output, 46.2% of oil exports, 46% of natural gas deposits,
15.1% of output and 16.3% of exports in the world.
The economy of Middle East, whose key revenue comes from
production and export of oil and natural gas, suffered the lowest
economic growth rate in the world since the mid 1980s2), but it has
been maintaining a rapid growth of above 5% till recently because of a
continued rise of international oil price started with the end of 2000.
Especially our country, which accomplished economic growth by
advancing into construction market in Middle East from the 1970s till
recently, is expected to have a favorable opportunity that our
companies, large and small, will enter the markets because recent high
oil prices are making economies there prosperous.
Among the countries in Middle East, as Iran is the second place in
the world's output and exports of oil and natural gas3), is located in a
favorable place in trying to advance into countries of Central Asia, and
is the largest market with a high level of education and economic
growth potential in the region, it is a very important country as a
bridgehead which Korea must establish to advance into Middle East.4)
Thus, this study performs an in-depth analysis of Iran's economy, a
2) During this period, an annual average growth rate of per capita income in Middle East was only 1% or so.
3) Oil exports account for 80-90% of its total exports.
4) Two oil crises in the 1970s worked as serious threats to the global economy, but brought economic opportunities to do investments in the infrastructure and increase their product revenue to oil producing countries.
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84 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
country with a very great economic value and importance among our
cooperation countries in the Gulf Region, and examines the possibility
of economic cooperation between both countries.
Ⅱ. Iran's Current Economic Situation and
Characteristics
As an important producer and exporter of crude oil and natural gas
in Middle East, Iran's current economic situation and characteristics
are as follows.
1. Characteristics of Iran's Economy
In many aspects, Iran has economic characteristics different from
undeveloped countries as well as advanced countries. Iran's economic
characteristics can be summarized as follows: First, Iran has 7.5 times
as large a territory as the Korean Peninsula and abundant natural
resources(the world's second largest deposits of crude oil and natural
gas).
Iran's economy has a structural problem in that its dependence on
oil is too high, but the country has been maintaining a rapid economic
growth of above 5% on high oil prices continued ever since 2000.
Second, as Iran has been using an economic growth strategy of
fostering non-petroleum industries to shed its oil dependent economic
structure since a long time ago, non-petroleum manufacturing
industries like steel, automobile, agricultural products processing, etc.
have become developed unlike other countries in the region. Oil and
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 85
natural gas industry accounts for approximately 25% of its total GDP.
Third, as the government intervenes in economic activities
extensively5) and has a tax system which lacks direct tax like income
tax or value added tax, or has very low direct tax, if any, energy
exports are a key source of its government revenue, indeed.6) Thus,
public expenditures and subsidies spent by the government cause its
budget deficit rate to increase continuously.
Fourth, political instability and geopolitical risk have a great ripple
effect on the economy. Iran saw a political upheaval like Khomeini
Revolution in 1980, and recent military tension surrounding nuclear
issues is threatening its economic stability.
2. Iran's Economic Situation
Although Iran suffered economic difficulties due to the aftermath of
long wars, the country with a population 69 million people as of 2010
is a power in Middle East and its per capita income has increased to
4,870$ as of the end of 2009 on high oil prices.
1) Economic Situation
Iran has been maintaining a rapid economic growth of 5 to 7%
5) This is also considered as a direct result of its oil dependent economic structure; meanwhile, all the governments in the Gulf Region are characterized by allocation state or rentier state. That is, the government sells natural resources like oil or natural gas and distributes the profit to the people. If the government directly develops oil fields and distributes to the people profits earned through management and sale of oil, the government cannot but play a critical role in all areas including production, trade and distribution.
6) The ratio of energy industry in the government's finance and export is greater compared to that in GDP.
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86 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
annually on high oil prices continued since 2000. In 2008 when high
oil prices were continued, the country attained an economic growth of
6.5%.
2) Industrial Structure
In 2009, component ratios in GDP by industries are as follows:
service 43.9%, manufacturing 45.2%, agriculture 10.9%, etc. The ratio
of petroleum industry in GDP drastically decreased to 10 to 20% in
recent years from 30 to 40% in the 1970s, but as oil exports still
occupy 80% of its total revenue, petroleum industry acts as an axis of
the economy and foreign direct investment is also concentrated mostly
on industries associated with petroleum.
3) Trade
As US economic sanctions against Iran are continued, Iran is trying
to strengthen economic exchange with countries in Europe and Asia.
Key countries exporting goods to Iran in 2008 include Japan (18.6%),
China (9.8%), Italy (6.1%), Korea (5.5%), South Africa (5.4%), etc. and
key countries importing goods from Iran include Germany (12.4%),
France (8.6%), Italy (7.5%), China (7.6%), UAE(7.4%), etc.
Iran's key economic indicators
unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
GDP100
million1,941 1.041 1,122 - 1,373 1,261 1,948 2,861 3,373
per capita GDP
$ - - - - 1,991 1,750 3,223 3,949 4,600
realGDP growth
rate% 6.1 3.5 6.5 3.0 6.7 5.0 5.7 7.8 6.5
population million million - - - 69 69 68.6 69.1 69.9
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 87
output10
thousandbld
380.8 365.0 390.0 - 387.9 - - -
crude oil
the volume
of export
10 thousand
bld260.5 - - - - - - -
exports billion $ 24.2 18.5 14.6 - - - - -
inflation rate % 14.0 14.0 15.8 - 15.6 14.6 10.2 17.1 25.6
unemployment rate
% 14.6 - - - - - - 12.3 12.5
exports billion $ - 23.7 28.1 - 20.9 60 60.0 97.4 100
imports billion $ - 18.1 23.7 - 17.0 40 40.9 56.5 68.5
current balance
billion $ 126 52.5 3.7 40.0 23.9 15 14.0 34.0 23.9
total foreign debts
billion $ 87 70.8 9.2 - 125.9 17 14.8 21.0 13.9
foreign exchange reserves
billion $ - - - - - - 46.3 82.0 96.5
exchange rate(annual average)
IR/dollar 8,095 7,908 7,925 8,305 9,093 9,115 9,242 9,281 9,429
Sources : MEED, EIU Country Report, etc.
Note : The exchange rate is as of Dec. 31, 2008.
Ⅲ. Iran's Industrial Policies
Iran's economic policies have the following characteristics: First, the
country is modifying its industrial structure from petroleum centered
structure into non-petroleum and manufacturing centered structure.
Second, the country is actively pushing ahead with the privatization of
state-owned enterprises in order to remove inefficient factors of those
enterprises and raise the efficiency of the whole economy.
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88 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
1. Industrial Policies
The first characteristic of Iran's industrial policies is its effort to
reform and evolve its industrial structure from petroleum centered
structure into non-petroleum and manufacturing centered structure.
The core of these policies lies in maintaining profits earned by selling
natural resources like oil and natural gas and simultaneously fostering
non-petroleum and manufacturing industries in case these natural
resources will be exhausted.7)
International oil prices, which have surged more than three times
to 75$ from 20$ a barrel after 2000, have brought economic benefits
to Iran, but the government hopes that oil prices will rise gradually
instead of surging rapidly and causing great shocks to its economy.8)
The government is the most concerned about rapid plunge of oil
prices which might cause decisive damages to its domestic economy
and threaten the stabilization of its political system because of
possible decrease of subsidies and unemployment problems.
What is the most noticeable in Iran's recent energy policy is a
change from controlling oil output into increasing its production
capacity. As an increase in oil consumed by China and India is
expected to continue for some time, Iran is investing a large amount
of capital in oil development to meet those demands.
The Iranian government is also trying to foster service industry.
7) Fostering manufacturing industry, agriculture and service industry is not only important in preparing for the future but also absolutely needed to solve unemployment problem emerging as the most serious socioeconomic issue.
8) In contrast, as a sudden surge in oil prices might cause recession of the global economy or a decrease in oil demand by prompting the development of alternative energy sources, OPEC countries including Iran do not like a sudden surge in oil prices.
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 89
That's because fostering manufacturing industry and agriculture as well
as service industries including finance industry, tourism, logistics
industry, business service, etc is important in preparing for the future
and absolutely needed to solve unemployment problem emerging as the
most serious socioeconomic issue.
2. Economic Reform Policies
What is the most characteristic in Iran's economic reform policies
is its active effort to remove inefficient factors of state-run
enterprises and privatize them. Poor performances of Iranian
government's effort to diversify its industrial structure over 20 years
result from problems in its economic system.
As the government plays an overwhelming economic role as rentier
state and private sectors are scarcely developed yet, industrial policies
led by the government cannot but have limitations.
And in an environment where the government makes sure that the
people can enjoy a certain standard of living by providing jobs and
subsidies, there are few incentives provided for employment, job
training or human resource development. Insufficient workforce
accumulated by human capital and insufficient incentives for labor
activities are considered as the most serious obstacle to the success
of industrial structure diversification policy.9)
9) Institutions making corporate investment difficult, untransparent and unfair administrative procedures and corruption are also among serious obstacles. These problems acted as factors which hindered the investment of local and foreign investors in a decisive manner. For this reason, foreign direct investment remained at a low level till 1990s.
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90 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
Public Enterprise Privatization Results and Institutions
related to Foreign Direct Investment
privatization results
year 2003 2004
enterprise Khouzestan Cement Company Iran Marine Industries Company
size(million $)
246 21
related to foreign investment change of institutions
lawfor protection of foreigner
investmentand for promoting foreigner investment (enacted in 2002)
content non-petroleum industry promotion of foreigner investment
petroleum industry investment protection
source : EIU Country profile; Meed
To cope with structural problems, Iran promoted policies of
reducing the government's roles in the economy, activating private
economy by opening its economy, cutting down subsidies, fostering
large and small companies, etc. Iran's effort to lift sanctions associated
with foreigners' investment is also one of important changes in
economic policies after 2002.
3. Energy Development Policies
1) Petroleum
Iran with the world's second largest oil deposits of 132,5 billion
barrels (11.2% of the world's deposits) produced 4,4 million barrels a
day in 2008, which was the largest output but Saudi Arabia in the Gulf
region. Among this output, crude oil was 4 million barrels. Given that
Iran's maximum daily production capacity is 4,2 million barrels, its
extra production capacity is estimated to be as little as 200,000
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 91
barrels.10)
The ratio of natural loss in an existing oil field is 8∼11%, which
means that 300 thousand to 500 thousand barrels of oil is estimated to
be evaporated everyday. Thus, if Iran is to increase its oil production
capacity in accordance with a worldwide increase in oil demand, the
country must explore and develop new oil fields and increase its
investments in improving recovery rate of existing oil fields.
As Iran produced 6 million barrels per day in 1974 and has rich
deposits, the country is expected to be capable of increasing its
production capacity with investments. Now Iran aims at expanding its
production capacity to 4.8 to 5 million barrels a day by 2010.
However, given the reduction rate of oil produced in existing oil
fields11), its financial condition and technological level, it is a
dominant view that Iran cannot accomplish its goal without
attracting foreign capital and technology in a large scale.
Iran's constitution forbids a foreign company to own natural
resource deposits, but the government allows a foreign oil company to
advance into Iran through a buy-back contract in order to foster
foreign direct investment in petroleum industry since the late 1990s.
According to this contract, Iran branch of a foreign oil company
signs a development contract with National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
and makes investments to develop an oil field; and NIOC pays working
expense, cost of capital and a small amount of risk premium with
produced oil or natural gas. If the contract term expires in 5 to 7
years, operation right of the oil field is transferred to NIOC.
10) Many experts believe that if Iran fails to develop new oil fields, its oil production capacity is likely to decrease.
11) A large part of Iran's oil production facilities were destroyed due to the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the 8 year War Against Iraq, but its production capacity is recently on the increase .
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92 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
After buy-back contract system was introduced, ENI (Darkhovin Oil
Field) from Italy, Total (Doroud Oil Field) from France, a Japanese
consortium led by Inpex (Azadegan Oil Field), CNPC (MIS Oil Field)
from China, etc. participated in the project for renovating existing oil
fields.
However, NIOC and a foreign consortium led by Inpex, a Japanese
oil company, signed a two billion dollar investment contract for
renovating Azadegan Oil Field which is considered to have 2.6 million
barrel deposit as the largest oil field discovered in 30 years, but the
project is being delayed because of change of Iranian regimes and
financial problems.
2) Natural Gas
Iran, which has the world's second largest oil deposits (15.7% of
the world's deposits), is an importer of natural gas because of
importing gas from Turkey, but the country is expected to become a
major exporter of natural gas.12) Iran invested more than 15 billion
dollars for Saufa Gas Field Development Project, which is Iran's
largest energy project.
This project is going to be carried on by dividing into 30 phases.
In the end of 2005, project developers for 18 phases were chosen and
projects from phase 1 to phase 5 are already producing gas. Gas
produced in early phases of the project will be used to meet domestic
demand. This gas will be used to expand domestic demand by
transforming domestically consumed oil into natural gas or to raise the
pressure by inserting it into oil fields.
12) 내용이 없습니다.
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 93
Energy Development Plan
oil production capacity(barrels/day)
natural gas production capacity
characteristics
4.8 million (in 2010)800 million ㎥ a day
(in 2010)
foreign technology and capital are needed to accomplish the goal of oil
production
3. Policies for Promoting Free Economic Zone
Although there were great breakthroughs in the integration of the
global economy with recent activated international trade and capital
movement, Iran's economy featured very closed characteristics like
varied government regulations, protective policies, norms behind the
times, etc.
As non-tariff barriers and administrative expediency are prevalent,
it is estimated that transaction cost except tax and tariff amounts to
11% of the total amount of trade, indeed. While Iran badly needed to
attract overseas capital and technology for developing its national
economy, this poor environment for investment acted as a barrier to
foreign direct investment.
Current Situation of Free Economic Zone (in 2008)
the number of free economic
zones
the number
of compani
es
employment(thousand people)
employment ratio compared to the total labor force
key industries
6 2,435 - - leather & textile, shoes, finance & legal service
source
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94 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
Ⅳ. Iran's Current Industrial Situation and Economic
Exchange Situation with Korea
1. Current Situation of Key Industries
1) Petrochemical Industry
Petrochemical industry including tire, plastic container, textile,
paint, detergent, glue, chemical fertilizer intermediate materials is an
industrial area in which Iran has a competitive edge. To move away
from economic structure depending excessively on crude oil, Iran
selected petrochemical industry as its strategic industry and attracted
overseas capital of 11.7 billion dollars.
This industry produces chemical goods amounting to 8.5 billion
dollars and exports 5.5 billion dollars of goods every year. The
country plans to increase its output more than three times and to hold
6% of the domestic market and 32% of the Middle East market in the
future. As petrochemical products can replace metal materials, the
market is forecast to become larger rapidly.
2) Energy Industry
Iran's energy industry mostly referred to as oil and gas is operated
exclusively by state-run enterprises. In spite of forbidding foreign
companies to participate in its own petroleum industry, Iran has been
trying to attract foreign direct investment since 1989.
3) Textile Industry
Textile industry employing 110 thousand Iranians plays a vital role
in the economy of Iran. As 50% of textile machinery in the country
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 95
are run-down and import substitution is impossible, Iran imports all the
required textile machines amounting to 40 million dollars.
4) Automobile Industry
In consideration of the effect which automobile industry has on its
national economy, Iran is promoting the establishment of joint
automobile companies including car parts as its national project for
strengthening its technology and military power.
Automobile companies there manufacture Peugjeot, Pride, Musso,
Verna, Rio, Maxima, etc in the country. As of the end of 2009, 60% of
10 million vehicles running in the country are rundown, so there is a
great demand for new vehicles.
Iran's Current Situation of Automobile Production
이란의 자동차 생산현황
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
2002년 2003년 2004년 2005년 2006년
소형
중형
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96 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
Iran's automobile output, especially that of small cars continues to
increase. In 2006, the Iranian government signed a contract for
establishing a joint automobile company which manufactures Samand, a
car brand produced within Egypt and Syria, and Kia Pride and built the
foundation for exporting vehicles.
2. Current Situation of Economic Exchange with Korea
1) Recent Trade Volume
Our country's exports to Iran amounted to $4.842.560.000 in 2008
and $3.991.900.000 in 2009. Meanwhile, the country's imports from
Iran accounted for $8.223.060.000 in 2008 and $5.745.750.000 in 2009.
Starting with 2008, all indicators including export, import, trade
balance, trade volume, etc. tend to decrease.
Current Situation of Trade Volume between Korea and Iran
2006 2007 2008 20092010(Jan-A
ug)
exports 2559 3266 4343 3992 3169
19.50% 27.60% 33% -8.10% -34.60%
imports 5049 6482 8226 5746 5095
42.80% 28.40% 26.90% -30.10% -49.50%
trade balance
2490 3216 3881 1754 1926
78.60% 29.20% 20.70% -54.80 0%
trade volume
7608 9748 12566 9738 8264
34.0% 27.60% 29.40% -22.50% -15.20%
source: kotis
Our country's trade with Iran, which enjoyed unsought gains and
booms because of economic sanctions of the United states, UN and
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 97
EU against Iran, started to decrease. On the other hand, the upswing
in exports of steel products including steel plate for manufacturing
vehicles, car parts, and synthetic resins contributed to increased
exports to Iran.
2) Trading Items
Our country's key exports include steel products, transportation
machinery, petrochemical goods, home appliances, etc., whereas key
imports include crude oil, LPG, other petrochemical products, fruits,
etc.
3) Korean Residents in Iran
As of the end of 2009, a total of 525 Koreans reside in Iran.
Among the people, 80% is visitors and the others are students and
emigrants.
Ⅴ. Strategies for Expanding Korea-Iran Economic
Cooperation
1. Direction of Economic Cooperation
With regard to economic cooperation, Iran sees Korea as a very
important partner. Especially from a perspective of industrial structure
and energy, Iran is very important to us as a mutually complementary
economic cooperation partner.
First, Iran, which occupies a small part of the global economy, is
the second largest producer and exporter of crude oil. As a result,
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98 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
Iran's influence on the global economy is considerably great.
For this reason, China and Japan continue their strategies of
securing independent energy sources, even though the countries are
closely linked to the United States in terms of politics and economy.
Particularly China and Japan are expanding their investments for
energy development in Iran; and investments by Korea and other
countries are also expected to increase continuously.
Second, as Iran has a mutually complementary industrial structure
to us, both countries are most likely to mutually benefit from economic
cooperation. Iran's economic structure aiming at fostering
manufacturing industry as well as energy industry absolutely needs our
country's capital, technology and experience.
And with regard to trading, as Iran exports crude oil to Korea and
imports more and more Korean industrial products including IT and
electronic goods, Korea is emerging as a very important economic
partner to Iran.
2. Strategy and Methodology of Economic Cooperation
As Iran is mutually complementary with us from a economic
perspective, Korea is continuously strengthening cooperation with Iran
in varied areas in addition to crude oil. goods trade and direct
investment.
What is the most important for us in economic cooperation with
Iran is a long-term policy for securing crude oil in a stable way.
Japan and China, two neighboring countries of ours, have been
investing a considerable amount of money in oil field development
projects of Iran so that they can secure crude oil in a stable way.
Second, technological support is an extension of economic
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 99
cooperation. Our country strengthening economic cooperation in
accordance with Iran's policy of sophisticating industrial structure is
forecast to further expand economic cooperation associated with
technology in the future. Especially in recent years, as Iran's requests
for technology cooperation in IT and electronics industry are
increasing, technology cooperation in these areas are forecast to
increase continuously.
Third, construction industry is also an area for economic
cooperation between the two countries, As construction demand in Iran
increases explosively on its rapid economic growth, our country is
actively participating in varied construction projects.
Fourth, as mentioned above, economic cooperation between the two
countries is possible in varied areas like finance, construction, IT,
harbor, logistics, etc. Until now, Korea-Iran economic cooperation was
limited to three areas of energy import, goods export, construction &
plant contract.
However, as Iran's economic development strategy includes varied
areas of industry, Korea needs to diversify economic cooperation
areas. In accordance with Iran's policies for fostering service industry
including finance, real estate development, logistics, tourism, business
service, medical service, etc., Korea needs to actively examine the
possibility of cooperation and participation in these areas.
Fifth, it is desirable to consider Iran's political economic situation
and push ahead with economic cooperation case by case at the level
of private corporation. As public sector occupies larger part of Iran's
economy and decision making is concentrated in the sector, it is
effective to approach a case after another in a different way.
Sixth, the government needs to transform its assistance for
companies entering Iran into direct assistance. If the government can
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100 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
provide direct support for a company advancing into Iran, it will be a
more effective method. For example, if the government expands export
insurance or reduces benchmark policy interest rate for companies
advancing into Iran, it will be a very effective policy.
Seventh, the government needs to strengthen diplomatic policies
towards Iran. Especially summit diplomacy can serve as an opportunity
that the whole society including the government and companies can
upgrade understanding of and interest in Iran as well as raise trust in
bilateral relations. Therefore, the government needs to further
strengthen economic cooperation with Iran through summit diplomacy.
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 101
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102 韓國中東學會論叢 第32-2號
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Middlle East Economic Cooperation", Korea Institute for
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Countries and South Korea's strategy to expand daejungdong
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Iran's Current Economic Situation and Korea's Strategy for Expanding Cooperation with Iran : 정 영 규 103
정영규소 속 협성대학교 국제통상학과이메일 [email protected]
논문접수일 2011년 9월 7일심사완료일 2011년 10월 2일게재확정일 2011년 10월 14일