_ 169

1

1.

,

,

,

.

2.

3 , 3 .

. 3 : 3 3 .

(1)

.

.(2)

.

O2 CO2 .

(3)

O2 CO2 .

170 _ 2010

. 4 : 4 3

.

+ + +

. 3

( 45% + 5%) + (25%) + (25%)

. 3

(1)

, .

.

(2)

,

.

_ 171

2

1.

.

(1) .

(2) .

(3) .

.

(1) .

(2) ( ) .

.

2. ()

95% .

.

, .

172 _ 2010

(1) : .

, 2/3 .

, , , , .

.

.

.

, .

.

.

(2) : .

.

.

.

.

, .

.

, .

.

_ 173

(3) : .

.

.

.

. ()

, 5%

3/4 .

(1)

.

.

.

, .

~ .

( ) , .

.

() ()

, . .

174 _ 2010

(1)

.

, .

(2)

.

(3)

, .

, .

.

(4) : , .

(5) : .

(6) : .

3.

,

.

. ()

(1) ()

, .

.

-

_ 175

,

.

(2) ()

3 .

.

.

, , .

(3)

: ,

.

.

5 2 25=32

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

176 _ 2010

(1) A + O2 B + C

.

:

.

4FeO [] + O2 = 2Fe2O3 []

.

.

2FeS2 [] + 7O2 + 2H2O = 2FeSO4 [1] + 2H2SO4

(2) A + H2O B + C

H+ OH-

.

K2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2H2O = H2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2KOH

(3) A + H2O A H2O ,

.

.

2Fe2O3 [] + 3H2O = 2Fe2O3 3H2O []

_ 177

(4) A + H2O + CO2 B + C()

(0.03%) CO2 10 ,

1% .

H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3

-

HCO3- + H2O H3O

+ + CO3-2

, .

K2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2H2O + CO2 =

H4Al2Si2O9 [kaolinite] + 4SiO + K2CO3

.

+ H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2

.

+ H2O + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H2O

Mg(OH)2 + H2O + CO2 MgCO3 + 2H2O

.

(1) : .

(2) : ,

CO2

178 _ 2010

3

3 ,

(Three phase) .

.

. .

1.

.

. , 3,

, , , , .

2.

.

2.0mm 2.0

, , , ,

.

.

_ 179

(mm) 1g

(cm2/g)

() > 2.00mm > 2.00mm - -

() 2.00~1.00 90 11.3(2.00)*

() 1.00~0.50 2.00~0.20 720 22.6(1.00)*

() 0.50~0.25 5,700 45.3(0.5)*

() 0.25~0.10 0.20~0.02 46,000 90.6(0.25)*

() 0.10~0.05 722,000 226.4(0.10)*

() 0.05~0.002 0.02~0.002 5,776,000 452.8(0.05)*

() < 0.002 < 0.002 90,260,853,0001,509,434

(510-6)**

( )* - (mm)

( )** - (mm)

.

(1)

.

.

(2)

.

.

(3)

,

.

180 _ 2010

(4)

, , .

.

,

. .

(1)

(2) (1 ) ( )

(3)

,

. ,

.

.

(1)

.

,

.

_ 181

(2)

pipette

.

(3)

(hydrometer)

.

.

(1)

.

, , .

(2) 3

3

.

100% , .

.

182 _ 2010

(3)

.

.

: .

: ,

.

: ,

.

_ 183

(4)

-

Sand

Silt

Loam

Clay

S

Si

L

C

-

) SiCL, SC, SCL

(5)

(C) ,

(S) , ,

(L)

3.

.

, .

.

(0.25~1.00) .

, .

.

0.25~1.00

60% ,

5% .

0.25~1.00 70% 80%

184 _ 2010

0.05 1% .

(pH), (Electrical Conductivity)

.

.

pH 6.0~6.5 pH 5.5~7.0

.

.

0.1mS/cm 0.01% .

. , ,

.

USGA

Particle NameUSGA Particle

DiameterSuggested Particle

Distribution (by weight)

Fine gravel 2.0 ~ 3.410%

3%

Very-coarse sand 1.0 ~ 2.0

Coarse sand 0.5 ~ 1.060%

Medium sand 0.25 ~ 0.50

Fine sand 0.15 ~ 0.25 20%

Very-fine sand 0.05 ~ 0.15 5%

10% Silt 0.002 ~ 0.05 5%

Clay < 0.002 5%

4.

,

.

() .

_ 185

.

(1) ()

3 .

.

2.5~3.0g/cm3 , 2.65g/cm3.

, .

(2) ()

, . .

.

, .

.

1.0~1.2g/cm3 .

( : g/cm3)

4.5~5.3

3.6~4.0

3.3~3.5

3.3~3.5

2.9~3.5

2.9~3.4

2.83

2.7~3.1

kaolinite

2.7~3.0

2.65

2.62

2.6~2.7

2.56

2.5~2.8

2.5

1.1~1.3

186 _ 2010

.

() ()

(1)

, .

(2)

() :

() :

: ,

.

: .

: , , .

(3)

. ,

1 : 1

.

_ 187

(4)

,

.

.

: .

: .

:

.

(%)

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

40%

43%

47%

50%

55%

58%

(mm)

(%)

< 0.5

0.5 ~ 1.0

1.0 ~ 2.0

2.0 ~ 3.0

3.0 ~ 5.0

47.5

50.0

54.7

59.6

62.6

2.7

24.5

29.6

35.1

38.7

44.8

25.5

25.1

24.5

23.9

188 _ 2010

.

() ()

1:1

.

(1)

( )

.

Ca , Na

.

.

Ca .

.

.

Ca- H- .

.

() .

.

_ 189

,

.

,

.

, .

, , .

0.1%

25~60%

(2)

(3)

,

.

, .

, .

190 _ 2010

1cm

.

, .

B , .

~ ,

.

A

,

.

5.

,

.

.

_ 191

.

.

(1) : .

(2) : .

Fe2O3

Fe2O3 3H2O

FeO

(3) : .

(4) : , .

(5) : ~

,

.

(6) : , , .

(7) : , , , .

(8) .

(9) : .

192 _ 2010

.

Munsell ,

.(1) : 40 .

(2) : 0, 10 11 .

(3) : 0 10 .

(4) 5YR 5/6 , 5YR , 5/ , /6 .

6.

.

,

. ,

,

.

.

.

(1) : , , , , ,

(2) : ,

_ 193

.

1g 1

.

(1) : (0) < (0.2) < (0.4) < (1)

(2) 4

.

(3)

.

.

(1) > > >

(2) >

(3) .

(4) >

(5) > > >

. 4.

(1)

(2) > > > > > >

.

(1) .

(2) .

194 _ 2010

.

(1)

(2) .

7.

.

(1)

( ) (

) .

(2)

,

.

bar(mbar) (atm)

, pF() .

(

), (

).

1atm = 1.0133bar = 1.033kg/cm2 = 1,033cm = 760mm Hg = pF 3

.

.

_ 195

(1) (combined water)

, .

100~110 10,000bar(pF 7)

.

.

(2) (hygroscopic water)

.

31bar(pF 4.5)

.

100~110 8~10 .

10 ,

.

.

(3) (capillary water)

.

1/3~31bar(pF 2.54~4.5),

.

.

,

.

196 _ 2010

(4) (gravitational water)

,

.

1/3bar(pF 2.54) .

.

.

.

,

. ,

.

(1)

, .

100~110

,

.

,

.

31bar, 50% 1,000bar.

1g (m2)

1.06

3.00

18.42

23.81

4.24

12.00

73.68

95.24

_ 197

(2)

,

.

.

10bar(pF 3.9), .

,

.

15bar(pF 4.2).

.

() .

.

(3)

1,000(1,000G)

.

,

0.5~1bar.

(4)

198 _ 2010

. ,

.

1/3bar(pF 2.54)

(5)

,

.

, pF 0.

.

, .

(6)

0.1~10bar ,

,

.

0.1~1bar

, 1bar(1) .

, Wollny 60~80% .

(7)

.

_ 199

pF pF pF

7.0 4.2 4.5

4.5 ~ 7.0 2.5 ~ 4.2

()4.2

2.5 ~ 4.5 2.7 ~ 3.0 3.9

0 ~ 2.5 1.8 ~ 3.0 2.5

0

.

(1)

,

.

(lysimeter) : ,

.

- Darcy

, f : (cm/sec)

k : (cm/sec)

h : (cm)

l : (cm)

Q : (cm3/sec)

A : (cm2)

200 _ 2010

(2)

.

:

2 .

,

.

,

.

(3)

100%.

.

()

.

.

(1) :

(2) :

(3) : 1g (g)

, 200~1,000 .

.

_ 201

(soil moisture regime) ,

.

20% ,

80% . 30%

, 70%

.

.

(1)

100~110 5~6

.

(2) ()

block ,

.

(3)

,

.

(4) tensiometer()

,

.

202 _ 2010

8.

.

, .

(1)

.

(2) .

79.01 20.93 0.03

75 ~ 80 10 ~ 20 0.1 ~ 10

.

(1)

,

.

(2)

, .

(3)

_ 203

.

.

.

, (ODR) 2010-8g//min

30~4010-2g//min .

: , , , ,

: , , ,

: ,

CO2

(CH4) , .

.

(1) ( )

(2)

(3)

(4) ,

204 _ 2010

4

. 16 ,

,

13 (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn,

Mo, B, Cu, Cl) .

.

, ( ),

, , .

1.

0.002mm ,

. .

.

, 4

8 .

(1) 4

4 1 4

.

NH4+

K+ .

_ 205

(2) 8

6 (OH-) Al+3 Mg+2 8

.

1 : 1 OH- PO4-3

.

.

(1)

1:1 2:1 (chlorite)

8

(2)

.

.

K+ NH4+ .

.

montmorillonite, vermiculite

206 _ 2010

.

.

.

illite, kaolinite

.

(1) Kaoline

1:1 OH- .

O-H .

.

, .

podzol .

kaolinite, halloysite, metahalloysite .

(2) Montmorillonite

2 : 1

, ,

4 Al+3 15% .

8 Al+3

.

_ 207

saponite : 2 Al+3 3 Mg+2 .

nontronite : Al+3 Fe .

volkonskoitte : Al+3 Cr .

sauconite : Al+3 Zn .

(3) Illite

, 2 : 1 ,

4 Al+3

K+ K+

.

SiO2 K2O(K+) .

glauconitepyrophyllitemuscovitebiotitetalc .

(4) Chlorite

2 : 1 () 1 : 1 (brucite ) .

.

(5) Vermiculite

2 : 1 , .

2 .

.

(6)

(OH-) H+

.

, ,

208 _ 2010

.

gibbsite .

(7) Allophane

.

, .

, .

pH .

2.

.

.

.

(1)

4 Si+4 8 Al+3

.

.

2 : 1 2 : 2 .

_ 209

a c

.

.

1 : 1 .

(2) (pH )

H+ pH

.

H+

.

H+ H+

H+ .

.

(1)

(OH) (COOH) H+

. pH pH

pH .

(2)

(NH2+) .

H+ .

210 _ 2010

1 : 1 = + pH ()

2 : 1 2 : 2 = (3/4) + pH (1/4) = pH

. (CEC) = (BEC)

(1)

, 100g

mg (milli equivalent ; me) . ,

100g .

: me/100g [

]

)

,

1

20 . , 1mg

20mg .

(2) (me) (mg)

me / 100g>

_ 211

CEC 100me/100g 100g Ca CEC

Ca = 100 20 = 2000mg Ca .

(3) CEC

pH CEC , pH CEC

pH CEC .

CEC .

(4) CEC

CEC pH ,

, . .

(5)

pH

, pH

pH .

(me/100g)

CEC CEC

> 200 chlorite 10 ~ 40

allophane 30 ~ 200 illite 10 ~ 40

vermiculite 100 ~ 150 kaolinite 3 ~ 15

montmorillonite 80 ~ 150 halloysite(2H2O) 5 ~ 10

halloysite(4H2O) 40 ~ 50

212 _ 2010

.

CEC (Ca+2 Mg+2 K+ Na+ ) , CEC H+ Al+3 .

(1) pH

pH ,

pH , pH

.

kaolinite pH montmorillonite

pH .

pH kaolinite montmorillonite

.

(2)

50% , pH

.

_ 213

3.

,

.

.

, , pH

. pH 7 , pH 7

pH 7 . pH

7 ?

? .

H2O .

H2O . 25

10-7 mol/L ( ) (H+) 10-7 mol/L

(OH-) . (H+)

(OH-) .

( ) .

. 10-7 mol/L

-log -log10-7 7. pH 7 .

,

,

10-14.

.

pH 7

.

.

214 _ 2010

. ?

pH 5

.

, .

pH

.

6.0~7.0

.

_ 215

4.

()

pH (H2O 1:5) 5.5 ~ 6.5 6.0 ~ 7.0 6.0 ~ 7.0 5.5 ~ 7.0

(dS/m) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

(%) 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.5 ~ 2.5 2

(%) 0.01 ~ 0.05 0.05 ~ 0.10 0.05 ~ 0.15 0.05

(mg/kg) 100 ~ 300 100 ~ 200 50 ~ 200 50 ~ 200

(cmol+/kg) 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.0

(cmol+/kg)

3 ~ 6 3 ~ 8 5 ~ 11 5 ~ 11

- 4 ~ 10 6 ~ 13 6 ~ 13

- 5 ~ 12 7 ~ 15 7 ~ 15

(cmol+/kg) 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.0

(cmol+/kg) 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.0 ~ 2.0

(mg/kg) 2 2 2 2

(mg/kg) 2 2 2 2

(mg/kg) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

(mg/kg) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

(cmol+/kg) 5.0 ~ 10.0 5.0 ~ 15.0 10.0 ~ 20.0 10.0 ~ 20.0

216 _ 2010

5 USGA

(USGA Green Section)

1960 4

. .

USGA (intermediate layer)

2( ) 3( )

( 1 ).

USGA (: 3, : 2)

1.

.

16(400), 18~20(450~500)

.

, , ()

geotextile fabric .

_ 217

2.

USGA .

,

. 15(5m)

.

.

.

.

. ,

4(100) .

150 200 0.5%

.

.

geotextile fabric ,

fabric .

( 3 ) 1(25)

. .

. PVC

.

.

.

, flat

. flat 12(300) geotextile

. Flat

.

flat .

218 _ 2010

3.

( 1 )

.

Bridging factor D15() 8 D85()

Permeability factor D15() 5 D15()

Uniformity factor

D90() / D15() 3.0

12

2 10%

1 5%

USGA

( )

12.7 10%

6.4 ~ 9 65%

2 10%

-

( ) 1 ~ 4 90%

.

2 .

2~4(50~100) (

3

) .

_ 219

.

(2 )

. .

.

. .

. 2~5 .

.

,

.

.

.

15% 15%

.

,

. D85() 85%()

. D15() 15%()

.

(bridging) D15() D85() 8 .

(permeability) D15() D15() 5 .

220 _ 2010

3.0 (D90/D15) . 1/2(12) 100% , 10 (2) 10%

, 18 (1) 5% .

4.

.

USGA 3

.

USGA

()

3.4~2.0 3%10%

2.0~1.0

0.5~1.0

0.25~0.50 60%

0.15~0.25 20%

0.05~0.15 5%

10% 0.002~0.05 5%

0.002 3%

60%,

5~20% . //

.

.

- .

(ASTM D2974 Method D)

85% .

_ 221

- , ,

. 1 ,

.

.

.

.

.

( ),

,

.

, .

USGA 12(300)

.

.

USGA ( ASTM ) 4

.

33 ~ 55%

15 ~ 30%

15 ~ 25%

6 inch/hr (150/hr)

222 _ 2010

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

5. , ,

12(300)

1(25mm) .

.

_ 223

6

1.

.

.

.

(1) :

(2) :

(3) :

.

(1) :

(2) :

(3) :

2.

.

.

2~3

.

. (Thatch)

(1)

224 _ 2010

(2)

.

, .

.

.

.

(3)

, .

.

, (Verticut) .

.

. ()

. 2~3

0~2cm

5cm .

.

.

,

.

.

.

_ 225

.

.

.

.

.

(, ,

) . 10cm

7~8cm 2~5cm .

.

.

.

.

.

.

3.

.

(1)

(2) (, )

226 _ 2010

.

(1) (Coring)

6~19mm, 7~18cm

.

.

(Core aerification)

.

.

aeration :

CO2 :

drainage

:

:

water retention :

layered soil :

_ 227

()

,

.

3

.

: 3 ~ 6 , 9 ~ 10

: 5 ~ 7

.

228 _ 2010

(2) (Slicing)

V

V .

, .

.

(Spiking) () (Slicing)

. ,

.

_ 229

(3) (Spiking)

,

.

.

.

,

.

(4) (Verticutting)

. (Vertical

mowing Vertical cutting) .

V M

, .

.

1

.

230 _ 2010

(Vertical mowing)

_ 231

.

.

(5) (Top dressing)

() .

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

232 _ 2010

,

. ,

. ,

.

.

_ 233

7

1.

.

,

. ,

,

.

2.

.

.

.

.

15%~20% 80%~85%

.

pH

.

.

234 _ 2010

.

(1) .

(2)

.

(3) () .

(4) .

(5) .

(6) , , ,

.

.

.

10~20

.

_ 235

.

.

.

10~15cm

( 5 )

1

(1 )

4~5

( )

()

( 500g~1kg)

,,

(, , )

236 _ 2010

.

.

.

1kg

4 ( 1, 4 2, 3 )

4

0.5~1kg

.

, ,

.

( )

_ 237

3.

: (), , ,

: (pH), (EC), (O.M),

(CEC), (T-N), (Ca, Mg, K, Na),

, (Fe, Mn, Zn)

.

(1)

.

, .

,

.

,

, ,

,

.

238 _ 2010

>3.43.4 -

2.0

2.0 -

1.0

1.0 -

0.5

0.50 -

0.25

0.25 -

0.15

0.15 -

0.05

0.05

- - - - (%) - - - -

None

10% 60% 20%

10%

3%

5%

>3.43.4 -

2.0

2.0 -

1.0

1.0 -

0.5

0.50 -

0.25

0.25 -

0.15

0.15 -

0.05

0.05

- - - - (%) - - - -

20% 60% 20%

>3.4

3.4 -

2.0

2.0 -

1.0

1.0 -

0.5

0.50 -

0.25

0.25 -

0.15

0.15 -

0.05

0.05

- - - - (%) - - - -

75%

(2)

1)

.

_ 239

(combined water)

- , .

- 100~110 10,000bar(pF7)

- .

(hygroscopic water)

-

- 31bar(pF4.5)

- 100~110 8~10 .

- 10 ,

-

(capillary water)

-

- 1/3~31bar(pF 2.54~4.5),

-

-

- ,

(gravitational water)

- ,

.

240 _ 2010

- 1/3bar(pF 2.54)

- .

- .

2)

- 100~110 5~6

()

- block ,

- ,

tensiometer()

- ,

11.3 7.9 3.4

18.1 11.3 6.8

19.8 11.9 7.9

21.5 11.3 10.2

22.3 8.2 14.1

(%)

_ 241

(3)

,

, ,

.

Hysteresis() .

.

. 2mm

, Membrane plate apparatus

Pressure porous plate apparatus 1

, .

1/3 ,

1/10

.

242 _ 2010

(4)

mm .

(core) (cylinder

infilterometer) .

(double ring) .

(mm/h) =

() ()

(5)

(hardness), .

() () , /

.

_ 243

pH

(kg/cm2)

2.4

2.2 - 2.4

1.8 - 2.2

1.8

()

.

(1) (pH)

,

pH .

,

.

pH

. pH

meter .

pH

pH (H2O 1:5) 5.5 ~ 6.5 6.0 ~ 7.0 6.0 ~ 7.0 5.5 ~ 7.0

244 _ 2010

(2) (EC)

.

,

,

1, 1

, dS/m .

(dS/m) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

(3) (O.M)

(cation exchange capacity, CEC)

.

, .

.

(%) 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.5 ~ 2.5 2

_ 245

(4) (CEC)

, 1 cmolc

(cmolc/kg). CEC

. CEC

.

(cmolc/kg) 5.0 ~ 10.0 5.0 ~ 15.0 10.0 ~ 20.0 10.0 ~ 20.0

(5)

, CaMgKNa (exchangeable basic cation)

.

.

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