E-mail: tani@ile.osaka-u.ac.jp

1

1.1

1.2 THz

2 THz

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4 THz

2.5

3

3.1 (THz-TDS)

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

5

1 1

1.1 X

(Terahertz, THz)

30GHz12THz (THz )1.1.1

1.1.1

(Hz) (cm-1) 0.75m~2.5m 400~120 THz 13,333~4,000 cm-1 2.5m~25m 120~12 THz 4,000~400 cm-1

25m~1 mm (0.1~1 mm)

120.3 THz (30.3 THz)

400~10 cm-1 (10010 cm-1)

1~10 mm 30030 GHz 10010 cm-1

1 THz1012 Hz1 (=10-12

)1THz300mHz cm-11THz33.3cm-11THzh4.1meVkT(k )48K500nm2.5eV2

(THz)

// X

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)

1 THz = 1 ps = 300 m = 33 cm-1 = 4.1 meV = 48K

(THz)

// X

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)

// X

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)

1 THz = 1 ps = 300 m = 33 cm-1 = 4.1 meV = 48K

1.1.1

2 (Transit

time)

THz

(Quantum Cascade Laser, QCL)THzQCL

1980

DCTHz

THzTHz radiation (THz)THz

(i) S/N

(ii) Kramers-Kronig

(iii) PumpProbe

THz (Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz-TDS) THz THz-TDS THz

THz THz THz THz Continuous Wave, CW THz THz THz InAs THz THz THz - CW-THz THz 3 (Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz TDS) THz-TDS THz

3 THz

THz 300GHz ( )

[Bk6] 11 1.2 THz 1.2.1 THz

1.2.1 THz

,

CO2 (p-Ge)

THz

1.2.1 (a)

Emissivity

1)/exp(12)( 5

2

=

TchhcP

[W cm-3] (1.2.1)

: (cm) c: 3x1010[cm/sec]h:=6.626x10-34 [Jsec] T: [K]

T

Tbm /= m: (1.2.2) THz

300K 10m

4 10m

(1.2.1)

300K1,000K

THz

1.2.1 T=700K 3~4m 1THz(=300m) 6 3~4m 10-6 1THz 3~4m THz (b) Synchrotron

Orbital Radiation, SORSOR X X SOR SOR THz

W THz [So1]

v

43

0

222

6})())(1({

caeNffNPcoh += (1.2.3)

Neac0 , 22 /1/1 cv= f()

[So2] 22 /1/1 cv= 45MeV =75 (1.2.3) 1 2 f()=1 f()=0

N 1,000 SOR SOR 1,000 SOR SOR

1 10 100 1000

10-510-410-310-210-1100101102103 T=700K

T=300K T=77K

Bla

ck b

ody

emitt

ance

(a.u

.)

Wavelength (m)

m

P()

10m()

1 10 100 1000

10-510-410-310-210-1100101102103 T=700K

T=300K T=77K

Bla

ck b

ody

emitt

ance

(a.u

.)

Wavelength (m)

m

P()

10m()

1.2.1 300K 10um

5

THz MeV 10

SOR

THz

THz FELIX USCB 0.320m

(c) GaAs Gunn Gunn

IMPATT (IMPact-ionization Avalanche Transit Time diode) 200GHz300GHz 600GHz700GHz

(RTD, Resonant Tunneling Diode)700GHz

(d) (BWO, Backward Wave Oscillator)

200GHz mW BWO 40GHz1.3THz 1THz 0.10.5mW

140GHz1MW 100850GHz100W (CW) 140660GHz10W (e) CO2

100mWmW THz CO2 MIM(Metal Insulator Metal) CO2

THz Pb1-xSnxTe, Pb1-xSnxSe THz THz p-Ge p-Ge [So3] p-Ge Ge Ga Be Ge

1.2.2 p-Ge p-Ge

6

1.2.2(b) kStreaming

THz p-Ge

p-Ge

ns ms

THz [So4] (i) (300K~kT=25meV~6THz),(ii) a n

2

2

32

em

f nananah

= (1.2.4)

na a n na na THz THz

1.2.3 3 1

n=1, 2, 3 2 ( )

Ek2E k n=1, 2, 3

(a)

B

E

B

E

(b)

k

EOptical phononscattering

Eop

heavy holestreaming

light

hole

accu

mulat

ion

1.2.2 (a) p-Ge(b) p-Ge

Miniband(injector)

d

minigap3

21

Active region

Lasing condition: 3 > 2

3-well system

Miniband(injector)

d

minigap3

21

Active region

Lasing condition: 3 > 2

3-well system

1.2.3 3

7 100 n=3 n=3 n=2

23 > (1.2.5) 3 n=3 2 n=2 n=3 n=1

232 > (1.2.6) 32 n=3 n=2 23 > n=3 d (

)n=2 n=1 n=2 n=1 23 > 232 > n=3 n=3 n=2 1.2.3 1 100~200 n=3 n=2

(

d n=3 n=2 d ( Trade-off )THz

MIT Hu

2.1THz140m [So5]THz 2.1THz 40K DFB 4.4THz

( 1%200ns/20s,T

8 1.2.2 THz THz

(Pyroelectric detector)

Ge:Ga 120m Ge:Ga 240m InSb IF(Intermediate Frequency)THz

9 2 THz 2.1

1 THz

THz THz THz

GHz THz

( D. H. Auston Auston

2.1.1 2.1.1 GaAs, Si (coplanar transmission line) 2.1.1

m Eg ( gEh > )

THz ( ) far field )(tp )(tJ

.sin)/(4

sin)/(4

1),( 222

2

tcrtJ

rcl

tcrtp

rctrE e == (2.1.1)

),( trE r t c leJ (2.1.1) r

22 / tp tJle / (=22 / tp )

t= r/c 1/r

Ni:Ge:Au

20m

LT-GaAs(2m)/SI-GaAs substrate(0.4mm)

5m10m 10mDC or

AC bias@ >10 kHz

6mm

10mm

THz

Si

(dipole

ETHz(t)J(t)/t

I(t)

J(t)

2.1.1 ( )

2.1.2 THz

10 (2.1.1)

2 J(t)

jPC(t) bias= (t) jPC(t) [PC6]

1

1)()(

)(0 +

+

=

d

biasPC

nZtEt

tj

(2.1.2)

0nd THz 2.1.2 bias

el (2.1.1)

(2.1.1) )(tJ el THz )(tETHz )(tjPC (2.1.1) )(tETHz

+

=

antennagap

PCTHz xdrt

crtjc

rtE 32sin)/(

41),(

(2.1.3)

+antennagap xd 3

30m ~2mm (2.1.1)(2.1.3) (2.1.3)

= deEtE tiTHzTHz )()( (2.1.4a)

+

+

=

=

antennagap PC

antennagap PCTHz

xdxr

xrikxji

c

xdrikrxji

cE

3

0

02

32

sin)exp(

),(4

1

sin)exp(),(4

1)(

(2.1.4b)

= detjj tiPCPC )(2

1)( /2/ == ck

r = |r | |r0x | |r0 | r0

x sin

+

=antenna

gap PCTHz xdxrikxjri

cE 30

02 )exp(),(

sin4

1)(

+

=antenna

gap PC xdikxxjikrri

c3

00

2 )cosexp(),()exp(sin

41

(2.1.5)

r0

r

x

E(t,r)

O

jPC

xcos

2.1.3

11

--- ---

Lee[PC1-2] Auston[PC3-4] Jayaraman Lee[PC1] Nd GaAs 1972 Auston[PC3] 1975 Si 10

1984 Auston [PC5]Auston 100fs Si 1.6ps [PC5]

Auston Lee Chirped pulse amplification J. Mourou

D.Grischkowsky (THz-TDS) 1873 Maxwell

1887 Hertz Hertz

Hertz 1887 Hertz

It is no use whatsoever, he replied. This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxell was right, we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there. So, what next? asked one of his students at the University of Bonn. Hertz shrugged. He was a modest man, of no pretensions and little ambition. Nothing, I guess. Hertz

Hertz 30 37

(Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, 1857~1894)

()()

12 ),( xjPC exp(ikxcos) x )(tjPC

(t)(t) I(t) c n exp(-t/c)(t>0)

')/'exp()'()()(0

dttttIhetnet c ==

(2.1.6)

e h 100 (z) I exp(z/)/h (2.1.6)

(t) p c p

13 2.1.1 (2.1.4b) [PC11] 2.1.4 3.5(THz GaAs ) ( ) sin2H-plane

=/2 =/2

3/2 [PC11] THz 10 GaAs =12 2.1.4

[PC11] ( ) ( 2.1.5 ) THz GaAs Si(>1k cm n=3.41) (Hemispherical) (Hyper-Hemispherical) THz 2.1.5

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

x20

E-plane

H-plane

GaAs Substrate (n=3.5)Air

H-plane E-plane

Dielectric substrate

2.1.4 ( ) 20 3.5(GaAs THz )

(>1kcm)SiPC (GaAs)

Hemi-spherical

r

h

h = r

Hyper-hemi-spherical

h = r (n+1)/n

Collimating

h = r n/(n-1)

(>1kcm)SiPC (GaAs)

Hemi-spherical

r

h

h = r

Hyper-hemi-spherical

h = r (n+1)/n

Collimating

h = r n/(n-1)

2.1.5 h 0.4

14GaAs 0~3THz 3.63.65 Si 0~3THz 3.42 GaAs Si Fresnel 2.6~3.2% 0.070.1% ( )

THz (Hyper-Hemispherical lens) r n

nrr

nnrh +=+= )1( (2.1.8)

THz

(Collimating lens)

11 +=

=

nrr

nrnh (2.1.9)

THz

(2.1.5)

(2.1.1)

[PC12] 50m

4THz GaAs

8THz TO 4~5THz 2 4THzTHz

2.1.6(a) [PC13] 2.1.6(c) [PC14] 2.1.6(d) [PC15]

THz

Tapered slot antenna[PC16], Flared coplanar stripline antenna 2.1.6(e)[PC17-19]

15 (a)

5m

(d)

5~10m

(b)

100m

(e)

(c) Bow angle60~90 deg.

1~2 mm 5~10 m

2.1.6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

V

2.1.6(b)[PC20-21]

56 THz 2.1.6 (le= 50

m) (le=2mmBow angle le=60 deg) ( 100m) THz ( )

15mW 30V, 100V

THz 1THz 0.5THz

0 1 2 3 4 50

10

20

30

Bow-tie 2 W (15mW, 30V)Dipole I 0.34 W (15mW, 30V)Stlipline 0.42 W (15mW, 200V)

Bow-tie Dipole I (50-m) Stripline

Am

plitu

de (a

rb. u

nit)

Frequency (THz)

2 3 4 50.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.1.7

THz

16 mm cm

[PC22-24] You [PC25]LT-GaAs 1cm 120fs10Hz

0.8W/pulse( 500fs) THz 2%800nm 1 THz 1 1 Manley-Rowe THz optYou opt=375THz(opt=800nm) THz THz =0.5THz THzopt =0.5/375=0.13%You THz

s

P VE SdEs smax = =12

12

2 2 (2.1.10)

S d

( ) (2.1.7)

Deplete( ) ( ) THz

THz Down-conversion THz DC THz 1 Up-conversion

THz (2.1.2) (2.1.6)

2.1.1

Cr GaAs GaAs Si

17 2.1.1

ps

cm2/V/s

cm (

V/cm)

eV

GaAs 100 1000 107 1.43 a) GaAs 0.3 150-200 106(5x105) a),b),c),d) InP 100 1000 4x107 1.34

InP 0.1-4 200 > 106 c),e),f)

Si(RD-SOS) 0.6 30 1.1 g)

Si 0.8-20 1 107 a),h)

MOCVD CdTe 0.5 180 1.49 i)

In0.52Al0.48As 0.4 5 1.45 c)

Ge 0.6 100 0.66 j) 1800 106(107) 5.5 k)

a) S. Gupta, J. F.Whitaker, and G. A. Mourou: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2464-72 (1992). b) M. Tani, K. Sakai, H. Abe, S. Nakashima, H. Harima, M. Hangyo, Y. Tokuda, K. Kanamoto, Y. Abe, and N. Tsukada: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 4807-4811 (1994). c) S. Gupta, P. K. Bhattacharya, J. Pamulapati, and G. Mourou: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1543-1545 (1990). d) G. L. Witt, Mat. Sci. Eng. B22, 9-15 (1993). e) K. F. Lamprecht, S. Juen, L. Palmetshofer, and R. A. Hopfel: Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 926-928 (1991). f) P. M. Downey and B. Schwartz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 207-209 (1984). g) F. E. Doany, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 36-38 (1988). h) A. M. Johnson, D. H. Auston, P. R. Smith, J. C. Bean, J. P. Harbison, and A. C. Adams: Phys. Rev. B 23, 6816-6819 (1981). i) M. C. Nuss, D. W. Kisker, P. R. Smith, and T. E. Harvey: Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 57-59 (1989). j) N. Sekine, K. Hirakawa, F. Sogawa, Y. Arakawa, N. Usami, Y. Shiraki, and K. Katoda: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3419-3421 (1996). k) P.-T. Ho, C. H. Lee, J. C. Stephenson, and R. R. Cavanagh: Opt. Commun. 46, 202-204 (1983).

(

18

10C 600C

250C 0.3ps [PC29]LT-GaAs Si (Radiation-Damaged Si on Sapphire, RD-SOS) [PC30] [PC31] LT-GaAs (30 cm2/Vs) [PC32] 1/5 LT-GaAs Ge 0.66eV1.55m 1.3m Ge [PC33] Ge THz

LT-GaAs 1.55-m 2 1.55-m 1.55-m 800nm 10 [PC34] InP, MOCVD CdTe, MBE In0.52Al0.48As ( 2.1.1 ) 5.5eV (1800 cm2/Vs) 2 [PC35]

2.1.2

THz

2.1.7

THz

)(det J ETHz(t) KPC(t)

+

=

2/

2/int

detint

int

)()(1)(T

T PCTHzdttKtE

TJ (2.1.11)

THz TintKPC(t) A(t)Ggap(t)

)()()( tGtAtK gapPC = (2.1.12) A(t)

Mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser

PC Emitter

Pumppulse

PC detector

Opticaldelay

Gatingpulse

AAsample

2.1.7 THz (THz-TDS)

19 le Ggap(t) )(t

)()()( tlwt

lS

tGgapgap

gapgap

== (2.1.13)

gapl ( ) wSgap = ( )w )(t (2.1.6)(2.1.11)

+

=

2/

2/int

detint

int

)()(1)(T

T THzgap

e dtttEwll

TJ (2.1.14a)

+=

=

=

=

=

2/

2/int

'

0'

int

int

')/'exp()'()(Tt

Tt cTHz

t

tgap

e dtdttehT

ttItEl

wl

(2.1.14b)

gape lwl / hTtI int/)( )/'exp( cte THz )(det J THz ETHz(t) Kpc(tKpc(t )(det J ETHz(t) ( )

Kpc(t )(det J ETHz(t) ( )

Si

(pAnA) S/N

10kHz

2.1.1

LT-GaAs

0 5 10 15

0.0

0.5 12 mW 30 V

(a)

0.4 ps

(nA)

(ps)

0 1 2 3 4 50.0

0.5

1.0(b)

FFT

(THz)

2.1.8 LT-GaAs

(a) (b)

202.1.8(a) 2.1.8(b) 0.4ps 03 THz 0.5THz 12mW 30V 0.3W( 4 fJ/pulse) 10-410-5

THz GaAs InP [PC36-37]

( )

Johnson S/N [PC36]

THz [PC38-40]

(2.3.13) c ( )I(t) c

2.1.9 18 ZnTe ( 12m)LT-GaAs ( ) (a) (b) FFT THz 27fs 40THz 10THz

( )

27 fs

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

01Sep26a0

PC c

urre

nt (p

A)

Time (ps)0 20 40 60

0.01

0.1

1

10

Frequency (THz)

FFT

am

plitu

de (a

rb. u

nit)

(a) (b)27 fs

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

01Sep26a0

PC c

urre

nt (p

A)

Time (ps)0 20 40 60

0.01

0.1

1

10

Frequency (THz)

FFT

am

plitu

de (a

rb. u

nit)

(a) (b)

2.1.9 18 ZnTe ( 12m)LT-GaAs ( ) (a) (b) FFT

21

600nm 100 7201080nm 100

Er 1.55m 200fs 50~100mW 50MHz 1.55-m SHG(Second Harmonic Generation, 2 ) 150fs 780nm 20mW

THz ( ) [PC1] S. Jayaraman and C. H. Lee: Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 392-395 (1972). [PC2] C. H. Lee: Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 84-86 (1977). [PC3] D. H. Auston: Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 101-103 (1975). [PC4] D. H. Auston: Picosecond Optoelectronic Device ed. C. H. Lee, Academic Press, 73-117, (1984). [PC5] D. H. Auston, K. P. Cheung, and P. R. Smith: Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 284-286 (1984). [PC6] A. J. Taylor, P. K. Benicewicz, and S. M. Young: Opt. Lett. 18, 1340-1342 (1993). [PC7] J. T. Darrow, X. -C. Zhang, D. H. Auston, and J. D. Morse, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

28, 1607-1616 (1992). [PC8] P. K. Benicewicz and A. J. Taylor, Opt. Lett. 18, 1332 (1993). [PC9] A. J. Taylor, P. K. Benicewicz, and S. M. Young, Opt. Lett. 18, 1340-1342 (1993). [PC10] M. Tani, K. Sakai and H. Mimura: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L1175-L1178 (1997). [PC11] D. B. Rutledge, D. P. Neikirk and D. P. Kasilingam: Infrared and Millimeter Waves 10, 1 (1983). [PC12] M. Tani, S. Matsuura, and K. Sakai: Appl. Opt. 36, 7853-7859 (1997). [PC13] H. Harde and D. Grischkowsky: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 1642-1651 (1991). [PC14] Y. Pastol, G. Arjavalingam, and J.-M. Halbout: Electronics Lett. 26, 133-134 (1990). [PC15] D. R. Dykaar, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 262-264 (1991). [PC16] A. P. DeFonzo, M. Jarwala, and C. Lutz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 1155-1157 (1987). [PC17] A. P. DeFonzo and C. Lutz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 212-214 (1987). [PC18] G. Arjavalingam, et al: IEEE Transactions on Micorowave Theory and Techniques, 38,

615-621 (1990). [PC19] W. M. Robertson, G. Arjavalingam, and G. V. Kopcsay: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1958-1960

(1990). [PC20] N. Katzenellenbogen and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 222-224 (1991). [PC21] S. E. Ralph, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 60,1070-1072 (1992). [PC22] B. B. Hu, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 886-888 (1990). [PC23] J. T. Darrow, et al: Optics lett. 15, 323-325 (1990). [PC24] J. T. Darrow, et al: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1607-1616 (1992). [PC25] D. You, et al: Opt. Lett. 18, 290-292 (1993). [PC26] S. Gupta, J. F. Whitaker, and G. A. Mourou: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2464-2472

(1992). [PC27] G. L. Witt, Materials Science and Engineering, B22, 9-15 (1993). [PC28] D. C. Look, Thin Solid Films, 231, 61-73 (1993). [PC29] M. Tani, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 4807-4811 (1994). [PC30] F. E. Doany, D. Grischkowsky and C.-C. Chi: Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 460-462 (1987). [PC31] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston, and M. C. Nuss, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 255-260 (1988). [PC32] M. van Exter, Ch. Fattinger, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 337-339 (1989). [PC33] N. Sekine, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3419-3421 (1996). [PC34] M. Tani, Kwang-Su Lee and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1396-1398 (2000). [PC35] H. Yoneda, et al:Appl. Opt. 40-36, 6733 (2001). [PC36] M. Tani, K. Sakai and H. Mimura: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L1175-L1178 (1997).

22[PC37] F. G. Sun, G. A. Wagoner, and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1656-1658 (1995). [PC38] S. Kono, M. Tani, P. Gu and K. Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4104-4106 (2000). [PC39] S. Kono, M. Tani, and K. Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 898-900 (2001). [PC40] S. Kono , M. Tani and K. Sakai: IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics, 149, 105 (2002). 2.2 2.2.1. (Optical Rectification) THz THz

(optical rectification) [NL1-3]+=2-=0 ==

jkkjijki EEP )()()0(2)0(*)2(

0)2( (2.2.1)

Pi(2) i(=x,y,z) i jk(2)Ej() j (3.1) 2

20

*0 22 EcncEEnI == (2.2.2)

I(t) (2.2.1)

)(1)( )2( tIcn

tP = (2.2.3)

c n 2 (2.1.1) THz (2.2.1) DC (2.2.1) (2.2.3) THz

(Difference Frequency Generation, DFG) (2.2.3) ..)exp()(~ cctiEtE += (E ) (2.2.4)

)(~ tE ( )Ec.c. complex conjugate

..)exp()()(~0

ccdtiEtE +=

(2.2.5)

*)()( EE = ( )

dtiEtE )exp()()(~ =

(2.2.6)

)(~ tE (2.2.6)

222111)2(

02)2(

0)2( )exp()()exp()()(~)(~ dtiEdtiEtEtP ==

222*

220111*

110

)2(0 )}exp()()exp()({)}exp()()exp()({ dtiEtiEdtiEtiE ++=

23

122121*

00

)2(012212

*100

)2(0

12212*

1*

00

)2(012212100

)2(0

})(exp()()(})(exp()()(

})(exp()()(})(exp{)()(

ddtiEEddtiEE

ddtiEEddtiEE

+++

+++=

122121*

00

)2(012212

*100

)2(0

12212*

1*

00

)2(012212100

)2(0

})(exp()()(})(exp()()(

})(exp()()(})(exp{)()(

ddtiEEddtiEE

ddtiEEddtiEE

+++

+++=

(2.2.7) 2 SFG 34 (DFG) SFG ,DFG

12212*

1)2(

0

12212*

1

00)2(012212

*100

)2(0

12212*

100

)2(012212

*100

)2(0

122121*

00

)2(012212

*100

)2(0

)2(

})(exp()()(

})(exp()()(})(exp()()(

})(exp()()(})(exp()()(

})(exp()()(})(exp()()()(~

ddtiEE

ddtiEEddtiEE

ddtiEEddtiEE

ddtiEEddtiEEtP

==

+=

++=

++=

(2.2.8) )()2( tP )(P P 2

(2)

=

dtiPtP )exp()(

21)(

(2.2.9a)

dttitPP )exp()(~)( =

(2.2.9b)

(2.2.9b) )(~ tP (2.2.8)

})(exp{)()()( 212*

12

2

21

1

1

)2(0 tiEEdddtP

t

t

+=

=

=

=

=

=

= (2.2.10)

t 021 =+

,)()()(

)()()()(~

2)2(022

*21

)2(0

21212*

1

2

2

1

1

)2(0

>=<

=

(2.2.11b)

)*()( *2 EEE >=< )(E Auto-correlation function Fourier

)()()*( tgtfgfF = F Fourier (2.2.12) (2.2.11a)

)(1)()()*())(()( *)2(0*)2(

0 tInctEtEEEFPFtP ==== ( ) (2.2.13)

(2.2.3) ETHz P 2

2

2

2

2 )()()(t

tIt

tPtETHz

(2.2.14)

)()()( 2 PIETHz (2.2.15)

24 )(P (2.2.14), (2.2.15) THz

P E

)2( 3 (2.2.9), (2.2.11)

=

dtit )exp()()( PP (2.2.16)

22*

21)2(

,0 )()()()( dEEP kjijk

kji +==

(2.2.17)

(2.2.17) DC P(=0) (2.2.1) )(* kE

)( 2* kE 2 2

20 0

[NL4] THz

ZnTe II-VI zinc-blende m34 2.28eV@300KZnTe 2 =142d =

)2(123 =

)2(132 =252d

=)2(231 =)2(

213 =362d)2(

321)2(

312 =

==

14

14

14

000000000000000

dd

ddd ilijk (2.2.18)

>> = 12>0

+=

+== gv

kkkk 12211

(2.2.31) vg1

0 1 2 3 4 5

1

2

3

4

5

@780nm @800nm @810nm @830nm

ZnTe

Coh

eren

ce le

ngth

(mm

) L

c=/

2n

Frequency (THz)

2.2.3 ZnTe Lc THz 800 nm THz Lc 2 mm

27

3321 / kvkkkkL

gc

=

=

=

THzTHzTHzg nvc

/2/2 =

THzg

THz

THzg

THz

nnnvc =

=

2/2

(2.2.32)

nTHzTHz THz ng=c/vg

ZnTe Lc 2.2.3 ZnTe 800 nm 810 nm2 THz mm2 THz 4 mm ZnTe

2.2.2 EO THz THz

(Pockels ) THz 1 2

);0(4)0;(2 )2(

=+= kjijjii

ijkjjii

ijk dr (2.2.33)

);0(4

= kljjii

lk dr (2.2.34)

r41

142414 dr

= (2.2.35)

(yy=zz= ) k l THz 800nm

ZnTe ZnTe zinc-blende EO ri j

=

41

41

41

000000000000000

rr

rrij (2.2.36)

),,( zyx EEEE =

1222 41414120

222

=+++++ xyErzxEryzEr

nzyx

zyx (2.2.37)

x, y, z ZnTe (110) THz

2.2.4

2.2.4 ZnTe (110) THz z

28 THz ZnTe (z )

),cos,2/sin,2/sin( 000 EEEE =

0EE = (2.2.38) (2.2.38)

1cos22sin2

2sin2

041041041

20

222

=++++ xyErzx

Eryz

Ern

zyx

(2.2.39)

(x, y, z) x (110)yz=z ( z 45 )

22yxx

=

22yxy

+

= (2.2.40)

zz = (2.2.39) (2.2.40)

1)(cossin2 2204104120

222

=+++ yxErzyEr

nzyx (2.2.41)

(110)=yz x'=0

1cossin2 204104120

22

=+ yErzyEr

nzy (2.2.42a)

1sin2cos1 04120

22

04120

=+

zyEr

nzyEr

n (2.2.42b)

(=) (2.2.42) (x, y) (y, z)

12222

2

2

=+=

+

zbyanz

ny

yy

== 22

1,1

yy nb

na (2.2.43)

sincos zyy += cossin zyz += (2.2.44)

( 2.2.5 ) (2.2.44) (2.2.43)

1sincos)(2)cossin()sincos( 222222

=

+++

ba

zbayba (2.2.45)

(2.2.43) (2.2.45)

2204120

sincoscos1 baErn

+= (2.2.46a)

2.2.5 (110)

29

2220

cossin1 ban

+= (2.2.46b)

2sin)(sincos)(2sin2 041 babaEr == (2.2.46c) (2.2.46a)+(2.2.46b)

2204120

11cos2

zy nnbaEr

n+=+= (2.2.46d)

(2.2.46b) (2.2.46a) 2cos)()sin)(cos(cos 22041 ababEr == (2.2.46e)

(9c)2+(9e) 2 )sin4(cos 2220

241 +Er

2222 )()2sin2(cos)( baba =+= (2.2.46f) b>a (ny>nz) (2.2.46f)

22041222 sin4cos111

+=

== Er

nnnab

yz

2/)2cos35(041 = Er (2.2.47)

( ) 0nnnnnn zyzy

30

2.2.7 (a) , (b) n THz E () ZnTe THz ,

0 ZnTe Is ( Ip ) (Phase retardation) Is Ip

+=

+=

+=

+=

221

2sin1

2)4/2/(2cos1)

22/(sin 000

20 IIIII s

(2.2.51a)

=

=

++=

+=

221

2sin1

2)4/2/(2cos1)

22/(cos 000

20 IIIII p

(2.2.51b)

Is Ip

= 0IIII ps , =

0II

(2.2.52)

ndc

nd == 2

(2.2.53)

(2.2.52) (2.2.53)

dncI

IIIII

ps

ps ==

=+

0

(2.2.54)

THz I/I0(2.2.50a) 3

0410

dnErcI

ITHz

=

(2.2.55)

THz ZnTe

THz ( ) [NL1] D. H. Auston: Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 713-715 (1983). [NL2] D. H. Auston, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1555-1558 (1984). [NL3] D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 184-197 (1988). [NL4] Q. Chen, M. Tani, Z. Jinag, X.-C. Zhang: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B18, 823-831 (2001).

31 2.3

1970 Stanford [OP1-2] [OP3]1970

1990 [OP4-7]THz Q YAG THz THz

Difference Frequency Generation, DFG ( ) )()()(2)( 2

*1213

)2(0213

)2( EEP === DFG (2.3.1) 123=12 ( 2.3.1a)DFG (a)

1 (2)2

3=12

(b)

21

3

2.3.1 (a) (b)

DFG SFG 2.3.1(b)

DFG SFG DFG 1233222123 DFG Optical Parametric Amplification, OPA (21 ) 2.3.1(b)12 )12(Stimulated emission) 222 (Spontaneous two photon emission)32Parametric Fluorescence

DFG 23 ( 2.3.2)23

3(idler)(2)

2(signal)1=2+3pump

2.3.2

32

(Optical Parametric Oscillator)1 (Pump)2 (Signal)3 (Idler idle )

THz THz LiNbO3 MgO LiNbO3LiNbO3 (d33=98 esu = 41 pm/V)MgO LiNbO3 1 7.5THz A1 TO ( )THz LiNbO3 TO TO THz TO 3 2.3.3

ipTHz = (2.3.2)

ipTHz kkk = (2.3.3)

LiNbO3 TO THz Pump THz Pump Idler THz

2.3.4 [OP4]

Nd:YAG

Si

LiNbO3z

p

THz

M1 M2

kpki

kTHz

i

THz

2.3.4

k

=(c/n)k

ip

THz

kTHz

kp

polariton dispersion

ki kTHz

2.3.3

33 LiNbO3 THz Si THz LiNbO3 THz Pump Q Nd:YAG 10200Hz 1.064m THz 50100GHz

THz 100MHz [OP8] THz 500GHz THz LiNbO3 THz 10mJ/pulse Pump THz 108107 2.3.4 Fabry-Perot

[OP9] THz () [OP1] F. Zernike, Jr. and P. R. Berman: Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 999-1001 (1965). [OP2] D. A. Faries, K. A. Gehring, P. L. Richards, and Y. R. Shen : Phys. Rev. 180 363-365

(1969). [OP3] T. Yajima and N. Takeuchi: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 1361-1371 (1970). [OP4] K. Kawase, J. Shikata, and H. Ito: J. Phys. D: Applied Physics, 35, R1-14 (2002). [OP5] K. Kawase, M. Sato, T. Taniuchi, and H. Ito: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2483 (1996). [OP6] K. Kawase, M. Sato, K. Nakamura, T. Taniuchi, H. Ito: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 753 (1997). [OP7] J. Shikata, K. Kawase, K. Karino, T. Taniuchi, H. Ito: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.

48, 653 (2000). [OP8] K. Imai, Kodo Kawase, Hiroaki Minamide, Hiromasa Ito: Opt. Lett. 27, 2173-2175 (2002). [OP9] 29744 (2001). 2.4 THz 2.4.1 THz THz

1998InAs[Se1-2] ()()() InAs THz

2

2.4.1(a)(b)np

np

34(a)

J Drift current

Fermi level fESurface

Surface

Depletion Layer

Surface state Conduction band c

Valence band v

Electron (e)

Hole (h)

Air

J Drift current

Fermi level fESurface

Surface

Depletion Layer

Surface state Conduction band c

Valence band v

Electron (e)

Hole (h)

Air

(b) J Drift current

Fermi level fESurface

Surface

Depletion Layer

Conduction band c

Valence band v

Electron (e)

Hole (h)

Air

Surface state

2.4.1 (a) n(b) pn p

Ed x

)(0

xWeNEd

id =

, )(2 0e

kTVeN

Wi

d =

(2.4.1)

Ni d 0W V kT Ni =1018 cm-3, s=12V-kT/e=0.5V 30nm

35

n p THz

n1 n2 11221 sin)(sin)(sin)( elelopop nnn == (2.4.2)

op el THz op 2 THz 1 THz n1(op)=n1(el)=op=1

(sin)

(opt21290 ) 2.4.3 InSb(Eg=0.17 eV)

InAs(Eg=0.36 eV) InP(Eg= 1.34 eV)

THz 2.4.4(a)(c)

[Se5]InSb InAs n pInP

InSb InAs THz

InPTHz

(LO)Longitudinal Optical Phonon LO

Pump-Probe LO LO

2.4.3 THz

(a) n-InSb p-InSb

(b) n-InAs p-InAs

0 2 4 6 8 10

(c) n-InP p-InP

Am

plitu

de (a

rb. u

nits

)

Time (ps)

2.4.4 (50fs~800mn)

(a) n p InSb(100)(b) n p InAs(111)(c) n p InP(100)

36Dekorsy[Se6-7]Dekorsy TeA1, 3.6THz (ETO/2.76THz, ELO/3.09THz, ETO/4.22THz, ELO/4.26THz) A2,TO/2.6THz, A2,LO/2.82THzEO THz

THz TO A1EO Tani LO THz [Se8]

2.4.5 Tani , Te (Te, PbTe, CdTe)

Te Te

GaAs InP

EO

LO

2.4.5 2.4.3 45

200mW

Te, PbTe, CdTe

Te

Dekorsy

2.83THz A2

LO

PbTe LO

3.2THz

CdTe

LO

5.1THz

3THz

LO

()

ISRS

THz

ISRS

EO

0

5

10

15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

20

40

60

80

LOTO

(a) TeG

a1/2(

) (%

)

FFT

ampl

itude

s (a

rb. u

nits

)

LOTO

(b) PbTe

Ga1

/2(

) (%

)

TO

LO

x10(c) CdTe

Frequency (THz)

2.4.5 (a)Te, (b) PbTe, (c)CdTe THz

37 Tani [Se8]Tani G 2.4.5

G

2.4.5

LO

LO LO

2.4.6 GaAs LO

LO

L+ LO

L_

TO(LO)

LO

Anti-crossing

LO L+

L_

L_

TO

TO LO

TO L_

L L

Ne

p = e2N e /(

* me ) *meeGu

InSb LO

[Se9]

2.4.7 InSb (a) (b)

2.4.8 2.4.74THz 6THz ( ) LO L_ L+

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.00

5

10

15

20

GaAs

-

+ pl

TO

LO

Freq

uecn

y (T

Hz)

N1/2 (x 109 cm-3/2)

2.4.6 GaAs LO N

38 2.4.7 (a)(b)() InSb THz

2.4.8

L_ L+LO

THz(

L+)

InAs THz

2.4.1 THz [Se10]InP 100 InAs THz n p

InAs p InAs [Se11] InAs 2 THz W (~800nm,100fs 80MHz) 1T 50W THz [Se1] InAs THz [Se2] THz

[Se12] 2.4.1 [Se11] InP

InAs n p InAs InP GaAs CdTe CdSe InSb Ge GaSb Si GaSe

( ) 200

300 100 71 33 11 8 7 2 0.5

39 E_ E+ WW =Eh WW NW

P

22 /)( ttPETHz Roskos 10K (145GaAs /25 Al0.2Ga0.8As0.2/ 100

GaAs x10 ) 45RD-SOS1.5THz 14 [Se14]

Planken

[Se13]Waschke [Se16]

[Se15]

2.4.2 THz

YBa2Cu3O7-YBCO THz [Su1-3]

[Su4-5]

[Su6] THz

[Su7] ( THz ) [Se1] N. Sarukura, H. Ohtake, S. Izumida, Z. Liu: J. Appl. Phys. 84, 654 (1998)

( 1T 1W 1mW THz

50 W ) [Se2] H. Takahashi, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 95, 4545-4550 (2004). [Se3] X.-C. Zhang, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1011-1013 (1990). [Se4] X.-C. Zhang and D. H. Auston: J. Appl. Phys. 71, 326-338 (1992). [Se5] Ping Gu, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 91, pp.5533-5537, (2002). [Se6] T. Dekorsy, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 738 (1995). [Se7] T. Dekorsy, H. Auer, H. Bakker, H. Roskos, H. Kurz: Phys. Rev. B 53, 4005 (1996). [Se8] M. Tani, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 83, 2473-2477 (1998). [Se9] P. Gu, M. Tani, K. Sakai and T.-R. Yang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1798-1800 (2000). [Se10] X.-C. Zhang and D. H. Auston, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 326-338 (1992). [Se11] R. Adomavieius, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2463-2465 (2004). [Se12] M. B. Johnston, et al: Opt. Lett. 27, 1935 (2002). [Se13] P. C. M. Planken, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3800-3803 (1992). [Se14] H. G. Roskos, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2216-2219 (1992). [Se15] I. Brener, et al: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 2457-2469 (1994). [Se16] C. Waschke, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3319-3322 (1993). [Su1] M. Tonouchi, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2624 (1996). [Su2] M. Hangyo, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2122-2124 (1996).

40[Su3] M. Tani, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L1184-1187 (1996). [Su4] M. Tonouchi, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L93-L95 (1997). [Su5] M. Tonouchi, et al: Physica C 293, 82-86 (1997). [Su6] M. Tonouchi, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2364-2366 (1997). [Su7] S. Shikii, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 1317-1319 (1999). 2.5

90 MIT Brown continuous wave, CW THz[Px1-2](Photomixing)40 ()[Px4]. LT-GaAs THz THzBrown THz [Px2-3, 5-12] THz.

THzDCTHz 10MHz THz

[Px13]. THz THz THz Duffy et al [Px14-15], Pearson et al [Px16], Matsuura et al [Px17]Tani et al [Px18] 2.5.1 THz 1 2

)cos()(2..)exp()()(~ 11111 +=++= tzEcctizEtE (2.5.1a) )cos()(2..)exp()()(~ 22222 tzEcctizEtE =+= (2.5.1b)

(c.c. ) Ei(z)

})cos{(})cos{(2

)2cos(2

)22cos(22

)cos()cos(2)(cos)(cos)(~

21212121

222

121

22

21

2121222

2122

1

+++++

++

++=

++++=

tEEtEE

tEtEEE

ttEEtEtEtI

(2.5.2)

( 1 2) 2(SHG 3 4) (SFG 5)DFG 6 2

SHGSFG CW 21 . 6 (2.5.2) 1 2

41

})cos{(2)()( 2121210 +++== tPmPPPdStIcntP (2.5.3)

dSE

cnP ii 2

2

0= , (i=1 or 2) (2.5.4) m Pi , c n 0 (4)m 0 ( )1 ( ) 21 THz (3)THzTHz ()

G(t) N(t)

22 /)(/)(/)()( gapgapgapgapgap ltNelVtnelStnetG === (2.5.5) e Sgaplgap Vgap =Sgap lgap N(t) P c

)()()( tPtNdt

tdN

c

=+ , (2.5.6)

P(t)(2.5.3) (2.5.6) N(t)(2.5.5) N(t) G(t)

))(1

}sin{21()(

20

210

cP

tPmPGtG

+

++= , (2.5.7)

G0 P0=P1+P2 21 = )/1(tan 1 c

= J(t) 2.5.1 J(t)

A

b

RtVVtVtG

dttdVCtJ )()()()()( =+= , (2.5.8)

C V(t) Vb ()RA

V(t) THz PTHz()[Px2-3]

])()()1[()1(])()1[()(

)( 202

1220

20

220

202

1

AAAA

AAAbTHz RGCRRGRG

CRRGRGVP

+++++

= , 20

21

)(1

2

cP

PmP

+= (2.5.9)

G0RA

42

P0 (self-complementary) RA RCc >> 1 RAC >>1(2.5.10)

2402

1 )(/)( CRRVGP AcAbTHz (2.5.11) THz-12dB/octave

opticalbeat

THz wave

Si hemisphericallens

PC antenna(dipole type)

LT-GaAssubstrate

ETHz(t) dJ/dt

P(t)

PC current J(t)

2.5.2 CW-THz

2.5.3

2.5.2CW-THz

2.5.3THz

RC (0.05 )0.5ps (2.5.10)2.5.3 [Px10]. THz

(2.1.11)THz (CW)

THz

DC3THz ( ) [Px1] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1206-1208 (1993). [Px2] E. R. Brown, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 73, 1480-1484 (1993). [Px3] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3311-3313 (1994). [Px4] R. H. Pantell, M. DiDomenico, Jr., O. Svelto, and J. N. Weaver: Proceedings of the Third

International Conference on Quantum Electronics, edited by P. Grivet and N. Bloembergen (Columbia University Press, New York, 1964), Vol. 2, p. 1811.

[Px5] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3311-3313 (1994). [Px6] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 285-287 (1995). [Px7] K. A. McIntosh, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3844-3846 (1995). [Px8] S. Verghese, K. A. McIntosh and E. R. Brown: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.

45, 1301-1309 (1997). [Px9] S. Verghese, K. A. McIntosh and E. R. Brown: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2743-2745 (1997).

43 [Px10] S. Matsuura, M. Tani, and Kiyomi Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 559-561 (1997). [Px11] Pin Chen, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett, 71, 1601-1603 (1997). [Px12] K. A. McIntosh, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 354-356 (1997). [Px13] O. Morikawa, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 38, pp.1388-1389 (1999). [Px14] S. M. Duffy, et al: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech. 49, 1032-1038 (2001) [Px15] S. M. Duffy, S. Verghese and K. A. McIntosh: Sensing with Terahertz Radiation

(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ed. D. Mittleman, 2003) pp.193-236. [Px16] J. C. Pearson, K. A. McIntosh, and S. Verghese: Continuous THz generation with Optical

Heterodyning, Long-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor lasers, Ed. Hong K. Choi (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004)

[Px17] Shuji Matsuura and Hiroshi Ito: Generation of CW terahertz radiation with photomixing, in Terahertz Optoelectronics, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 97, pp.157-197, Sakai, Kiyomi (Ed.) (Springer, 2005)

[Px18] M. Tani, et al: Semicond. Sci. Technol. Vol.20, pp.S151-S163 (2005).

44 3 3.1 (THz-TDS)

2 THz Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz-TDSTHz 2.1.7

THz [Sp1-6] [Sp7-8] [Sp9-10] [Sp11-13] THz-TDS E(t)

E r i E t i t dt

r E E

( ) ( ) exp( ( )) ( ) exp( )

( ) ( ) , ( ) ( )

= =

= =

1

2arg

(3.1.1)

sam ref t()

)(exp()()()( refsam

ref

sam

ref

sam irr

EEt

(3.1.2)

~( ) ( ) ( )n n ik = d THz

+=

=

cd

cndi

nn

cndittt saas

)(exp)1)((exp)1)(~(

)(~4)1)(~(exp)( 21

(3.1.3)

tas, tsa ( )

1)(~2

+=

ntas 1)(~

)(~2+

=

n

ntsa (3.1.4)

d THz THz m t()

=

= cndlirtt las

m

lm

)(~2exp)()( 20

1 (3.1.5)

ras

1)(~1)(~

+

==

nnrr saas (3.1.6)

=

cndir

ttas

)(~2exp1

)()(2

1

(3.1.7)

THz (3.1.3),(3.1.5) (3.1.7)

T() A()

( )T t A rr

dkc

dsamref

( ) ( ) ( ) exp ( ) exp ( ) = = =

22

21 2 (3.1.8)

()=2k()/c ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~ i= ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~ i=

45

( ) ( ) ( )0

2~~~

in == . (3.1.9)

( ) ( )221 )( kn = (3.1.10a) ( ) ( ) kn2)(2 = (3.1.10b) 0

FTIR THz-TDS THz-TDS

120.3 THz (FTIR) FTIR 3.1.1 FTIR

2 1 245 45

THz-TDS (THz-TDS FTIR )THz-TDS FTIR THz-TDS FTIR

FTIR

(i) Fellgett (Multiplex Advantage) ( N FTIR S/N 2/N (ii) Jacquinot Throughput AdvantageFTIR 100 S/N (iii) Connes (Frequency Precision)

FTIR He-Ne

Connes FTIR 20cm ( 10cm) 0.05cm-1 0.01cm-1 FTIR FTIR THz-TDS

(

(4545

3.1.1 2 FTIR

46THz-TDS FTIR

(a) (

47 3.2 (CH3CN) 3.2.1(a) (b)

20cm 13 Torr 3.2.1(c) (d)

( 3.2.1(c) )

3.2.1(d) 0.21.3THz (free induction decay, FID) 3.3.2 ( 3.3.1(d)) ( 3.3.1(c)) ( )

THz THz FID

FID 3.3.1(c)

20 25 30 35

0 100 200 300 400

(a)

Am

plitu

de (a

rb.u

nit)

Time (ps)

0 100 200 300 400

(b)

Am

plitu

de (a

rb. u

nit)

Time (ps)

0 1 2 3

(c)

FFT

Am

plitu

de (a

.u.)

Frequency (THz)

0 1 2 3

(d)

FFT

Am

plitu

de (a

.u.)

Frequency (THz)

3.2.1 (a) ( ) (b)13Torr CH3CN 20cm THz (c) (d)

t

48( =1/t) 3.2.1 2.5 GHz (t= 400ps = 120 mm) 3.2.1 0.50.6THz 13 Torr rotE J K ( 3.2.2 )

322 )1()1()1( +++= JJDJJKDJBJE JJKrot (3.2.1) B , DJ DJK

1,0 =J 0=K (3.2.2) 3

1=K 0=J

32 )1(4)1(2)1(2 +++= JDJKDJB JJK (3.2.3)

1.3355 1.3360 1.3365

80

90

100

K

7

6

54

3

21

=0

CH3CN(0.2 Torr)J=72-73

(a)

Tran

smitt

ance

(%)

Frequency (THz)

1.33535 1.33540 1.33545 1.33550

80

90

100 (b)

26 MHz1

K=0

Tran

smitt

ance

(%)

Frequency (THz)

3.2.4 THz (a)J=7273 (b)K=0,K=1 J=7273

DJ DJK B 3.2.2 2B

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

CH3CN13 Torr

()

(THz)

0.50 0.55 0.600.0

0.2

0.4

J

K

H

C C N

xyIb

IbIa

3.2.2 THz-TDSCH3CN

3.2.3 CH3CN

49

)1(2 + JB (3.2.4) B, DJ DJK [Ai1-2] J=1259 3.2.1 13Torr K

K THz-TDS 100MHz 1.5m

THz-TDS 3.2.4 THz 0.2Torr J=7273 [Ai3]

K=0 K=1 THz 10MHz HCl, CO, HCN, NNO, (3.2.3)

H2, N2, CO2,O2

THz THz-TDS

401THz 1THz 2THz THz THz THz

=1, 2, J, K J =1, 0, 1 P Q R ( ) K K ( ) [Ai1] P. Venkateswarlu, et al : J. Mol. Spectrosc. 6, 215-228, (1961). [Ai2] P. A. Steiner, et al: J. Mol. Spectrosc. 21, 291-301, (1966). [Ai3] S. Matsuura, et al: J. Mol. Spectrosc. 187, 97-101 (1998). 3.3 3.3.1 THz-TDS Bi4Ti3O12(Bismuth Titanate, BIT)

[Sd1]BIT (FeRAM)BIT (monoclinic) 2 28 cm-1(0.93 THz)A(x,z) A(y) a

50 b (z a )

THz-TDS BIT a 3.3.2 (3.1.5) (3.1.10)b

28.3 cm-1 3.0 cm-1 3.3.1

k )(~)(~ nk = (3.3.1)

k 3.3.2 [Sd2] LO TO LOiTOi

= =

2/1

2

22

1

)1()(

iTO

iLO

ick (3.3.2)

3i

TOi

LOiN

i2

2

3

)()1(

=

= (3.3.3)

3.3.1 (3.3.2) (3.3.3)

3.3.1

THz-TDS 3.3.2 THz

[Sd3] 1.1 cm 400 m

(100) 3.3.3

100 K

3.3.1 Bi4Ti3O12(BIT) a c (15x15mm2 0.225mm)

=28.3 cm-1=3.0 cm-1

3.3.2 (a ) 3.3.1 Modes A(x,y) polariton

(E// a)

A(y) polariton (E // b)

TO1 LO1 TO2 LO2 TO3 LO3 () (1) (0)

28.3 cm1 34.42 cm1 53.76 cm1 53.78 cm1 70.5 cm1 74.5 cm1

6.76 45.97 75.99

35.9 cm1 42.0 cm1 85.0 cm1 98.4 cm1

6.76 74.74

146.41

51 2 (3.1.5) (3.1.9) 3.3.4

3.3.4

THz-TDS

1 mm

- ( ) [Sd1] S. Kojima, N. Tsumura, M. W. Takeda, S.

Nishizawa: Phys. Rev. B 67, 035102 (2003).

[Sd2] T. Kurosawa: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 16, 1298 (1961).

[Sd3] S. Nashima, O. Morikawa, K. Tanaka, and M. Hangyo: J. Appl. Phys. 90, 837 (2001).

3.4

THz-TDS THz-TDS ( )

40 50 60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Si (0.9~1.3 cm)

A

mpl

itude

(arb

. uni

ts)

Time (ps)

Without sample

100 K

50 K

16 K

300 K

150 K

With sample

40 50 60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Si (0.9~1.3 cm)

A

mpl

itude

(arb

. uni

ts)

Time (ps)

Without sample

100 K

50 K

16 K

300 K

150 K

With sample

3.3.3 1.1 cm(P ) 400 m (100)

(a)

(K)

(THz)

1(1

/cm

)

(b)

(K)

(THz)

2(1

/cm

)

3.5.4 3.5.3 1.1 cm Si 3 (a) (b)

52 THz-TDS

THz-TDS 3.5.5 THz-TDS 300GHz

THz THz

D (Debye)

D

s

i

+

+= 1)(~ (3.4.1)

s

(

53

( ) [Li1] J. Barthel and R. Buchner: Puer&Appl. Chem, 63, 1473-1482 (1991). [Li2] D. S. Venables, A. Chiu and C. A. Schmuttenmaer : J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3243-3248 (2000). [Li3] T. M. Nymand, C. Rnne, and S. R. Keiding: J. Chem. Phys. 114. 5246-5255 (2001) [Li4] C. Rnne et al: J. Chem. Phys. 113. 3749-3756 (2000).

3.5

THz 300 K 6 THz(= 200 cm-1) 6 THz THz

THz-TDSMalkerzDNA THz [Bi1]Brucherseifer DNA

[Bi2] Nagel THz-TDS DNA [Bi3]DNA

(11-cis-retinal all-trans-retinal) THz Walther[Bi4] THz

THz-TDS

20

NHO CHO

THz-TDS MgO

13 mm 1 mm

3.5.1 L-phenylananine L-tyrosine

L-phenylalanine R-CH(NH2)COOH R-CH2-()

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mol

ar A

bsor

ptio

n (c

m-1M

-1)

Frequency (THz)

L-phenylalanine L-tyrosine

3.5.1 L-phenylalanine( )L-tyrosine( ) THz

Frequency (THz)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Mol

ar a

bsor

ptiv

ity (c

m-1

M-1

)

0

2

4

5

3

1

DL-alanine

L-alanine

D-alanine

Frequency (THz)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Mol

ar a

bsor

ptiv

ity (c

m-1

M-1

)

0

2

4

5

3

1

DL-alanine

L-alanine

D-alanine

3.5.2 L-alanine, D-alanine DL-alanine THz

54L-tyrosine L-phenylalanine -OH OH 3.5.1 L-tyrosine 2.1 THz 0.95 THzL-phenylalanineTHz 3.5.2 L-alanine, D-alanine DL-alanine MgO[Bi5]20 glycine D L(Enantiomer) LDL-alanine D LalanineD L

DL-alanine 1.24 THz L-alanine D-alanine 2.21

THz 2.55 THz L D DL

alanine leucine()asparic acid(), methioninetyrosine, tryptophan L D DL THz

L-alanine3.5.3 (a) (b)2.21 THz2.55 THz10 K2.24 THz2.61 THz

anharmonicityKorter [Bi6] (biotin) 0.2 3.5THz

THz ( )

anharmonicity ,3.5.3b alanine 2.5 THzanharmonicity

Walther [Bi7] ( ) ( )

THz-TDS

THz

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2.23

2.24

2.25

2.26

(a)

L-alanine-d7

L-alanine

Peak

Fre

quen

cy (T

Hz)

Temperature (K)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2.50

2.55

2.60 (b)

L-alanine-d7

L-alanine

Peak

Fre

quen

cy (T

Hz)

Temperature (K)

3.5.3. L-alanine L-alanine-d7(a) L-alanine () L-alanine-d7 () (b) L-alanine 2() L-alanine-d7 ()L-alanine-d7

AladAla MM /7

55

Mnor Miso

isonor MM / AHB

ADBAH 2/1/ =DH MM

L-alanine L-alanine-d7 L-alanine THz-TDS

7/ dAlaAla MM 1.96/1.89= 963.0= ()L-alanine-d7

3.5.3 1/0.963 L-alanine L-alanine-d72.2 THz0.01 THz2.6 THz0.06 THz

100% THz 1970 1980 (THz-TDS )[Bi8] THzTHz-TDS

THz-TDS

THz THz-TDS ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection)[Bi9]

[Bi1] A. G. Markelz, A. Roitberg and E. J. Heilweil: Chem. Phys. Lett. 320, 42 (2000). [Bi2] M. Brucherseifer, et al: Appl. Phys. 77, 4049 (2000). [Bi3] M. Nagel, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 154 (2002). [Bi4] M. Walther, et al: Chem. Phys. Lett. 332, 389 (2000). [Bi5] M. Yamaguchi, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 053903 (2005). [Bi6] T. M. Korter and D. F. Plusquellic: Chem. Phys. Lett. 385, 45 (2004). [Bi7] M. Walther, B. M. Fischer, and P. Uhd Jepsen: Chem. Phys. 288, 261 (2003). [Bi8]

W. J. Shotts and A. J. Sievers: Biopolymers, 13, 2593 (1974). J. Bandekar, et al: Spectrochimica Acta, 39A, 357 (1983). 50 cm-1 M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 28, 2263 (1972). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 29A, 301 (1973). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 29A, 1575 (1973). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 30A, 411 (1974). M. Hineno: Carbohydrate Research, 56, 219 (1977).

[Bi9] H. Hirori, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L1287 (2004).

56 4 4.1 THz

THz

( )THz X THz THz

THz [Im1-2] [Im3]

THz [Im4] 2 THz THz [Im5]THz THz 3

THz 1995 Hu Nuss[Im6] IC THz

Hu Nuss THz THz 2 3

Wu [Im7] CCD THz EO 2 THz 2 EO EO ZnTe 2 THz THz

EO THz kHz

S/N Jiang[Im8] THz EO

Jiang S/N

250kHz CCD 5ms1 frame 1000

CMOS

ZnTeZnTe

4.1.1. THz EO

57 1kHz 250 kHz 1/250 S/N 1/15 CCD S/N S/N

S/N THz CMOS EO THz S/N [Im9] CMOS Model C8201

128 x 128 5.12 x 5.12 mm2 1kHz 1 k frame/sec 4.1.1 500Hz CMOS 1kHz EO

THz EO THz EO

])2[,(1

]12[][Img

]2[][Img][Img

0sig iIgiI

iiI

ii bkgTHz

+

= (4.1.1)

I[2i] I[2i+1] 2i 2i+1 ImgTHz[i] Imgbkg[i] i THz EO CMOS 128 x 128 pixel CMOS g(0, I[2i]) 2i THz THz 2 THz EO 0 [Im10] THz g I[2i] g=1 4.1.2 CMOS 2 EO THz

15153mm (110)ZnTe 140 J/pulse

THz 7.5 40mm THz EO 3mm 50mm (110)ZnTeEO THz f=60mm f=120mm 2:1 20mm

1KHz 100 10 flames/s S/N 40 OHP 21.5mm

(a)

(b)

4.1.2. CMOS 2 EO THz OHP

25x32mm2

58 THz EO 4.1.2 CMOS 2 EO

S/N THz THz

10 THz

( ) [Im1] K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, Y. Watanabe, and H. Inoue: Optics Express, 11, 25492554 (2003). [Im2] K, Kawase, Optics & Photonics News, October Issue, p.34 (2004). [Im3] K. Yamamoto, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L414-L417 (2004). [Im4] N. Karpowicz, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 054105 (2005). [Im5] S Wang and X-C Zhang: Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, R1R36, (2004). [Im6] B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss: Opt. Lett. 20, 1716-18 (1995). [Im7] Q. Wu, F. G. Sun, Q. Chen and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1026-1028 (1996). [Im8] Z. Jiang, X. G. Xu and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Opt. 39, 2982-2987 (2000). [Im9] F. Miyamaru, T. Yonera, M. Tani and M. Hangyo: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 43, L 489-L491

(2004). [Im10] Z. Jiang, F. G. Sun, Q. Chen, and X.-C. Zhang, Electro-optic sampling near zero optical

transmission point,Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 74, no.9, pp.1191-1193 (1999). 4.2 THz

THz 100X (i)X (ii) THz THz X

THz C-4 [Da1]C-4 C-4 1,3,5- -1,3,5- (RDX) 4.2.1C-4 X ~10-11 Torr

4.2.2 C-4 C-4

C-4 RDX 6

THz

59

N N

N

NO2

NO2

O2N

C-4

C-4

C-4

C-4

4.2.1 C-4 1,3,5- -1,3,5-

4.2.2 (a) C-4 (b) C-4

( ) ( )

(a)

-0.3

1

-0.3

1

3.5

mm

7 mm

Position [mm]

Pos

ition

[m

m]

(b)

7 mm

3.5

mm

7 mm

3.5

mm

4.2.3 (a) C-4 (b) C-4

4.2.3 C-4 ( ) 2

2 C-4

4.2.3 C-4 C-4 THz C-4 C-4

THz-TDS [Da2] ( ) [Da1] K. Yamamoto, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L414-L417 (2004). [Da2] T. Ikeda, et al: Investigation of inflammable liquids by terahertz spectroscopy, to be published in Appl.

Phys. Lett.

604.3

TAG( )

X NMRTHz-TDS

THz

THz-TDS

C4H8N2O3 H2O

60

40

20

0Abs

orpt

ion

Coe

ffic

ient

(cm

-1)

604020Wavenumber (cm-1)

A-(b)(a)

60

40

20

0Abs

orpt

ion

Coe

ffic

ient

(cm

-1)

604020Wavenumber (cm-1)

B-(b)(b)

4.3.1 L- (a) (b) 10 cm-1 300 GHz

L- (P212121) 3

71 THz-TDS L- ( 23% 77 ) 1(a) 71 C 9 1(b) ( )

61 63 53 cm-1(1.6THz)63 cm-1(1.9THz)

53 cm-1(1.6 THz)

X

I II

THz-TDS

4.3.2

I 27cm-1 II 34cm-1

47cm-1

THz-TDS

III

4.3.2 I II

I 27cm-1 II

34cm-1 47cm-1

62 5 THz-TDS FTIR THz-TDS FTIR

THz-TDS

THz

Conformation Conformation

THz THz THz (THz ) THz-TDS

CARS(Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) S/N CARS Stokes THz

THz THz-TDS

63 [Rev1] 68 12 1999 THz

THz THz CW

[Rev2] 70 2 p.149-155 (2001)

[Rev3] 71 2 p.167-172(2002) THz

[Rev4] 74 6 p.709-717(2005)

[HB1] 1999 4 10

( ) [HB2] 9 2000 7-5

[HB3] ( )

2003 ) ( ) [HB] 2 ,2005 18 8 pp.400-405,

THz ( ) [Bk1] J.M. Chamberlain, R. E. Miles, New Directions in Terahertz Technology, Kluwer Academic

Publishers (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chateau de Bonas, Castera-Verduzan, France, June 30-July 11, 1996

[Bk2] R. E. Miles, P. Harrison, D. Lippens: Terahertz Sources and Systems , Kluwer Academic Publishers (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chateau de Bonas, France, 22-27 June 2000)

[Bk2] Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy of Solids , G. Gruner (Ed.), Springer (1998) [Bk3] E. Gonik and R. Kersting, Coherent THz Emission in Semiconductors, Chap. 8 of Ultrafast

Physical Processes in Semiconductors (Semiconductors and Semimetals Volume67), pp.389-440, Ed. K. T. Tsen, (Academic Press 2001)

[Bk4] D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation, Springer [Bk5] K. Sakai(Ed.), Terahertz Optoelectronics (Springer, Topics in Applied Physics, 2005) [Bk6] 2005 Journal [JL1] J. P. Heritage and M. C. Nuss: Special Issue on Ultrafast Optics and Electronics, IEEE J.

Quantum Electron., Vol.28 (1992), pp.2084-2542 [JL2] D. R. Dykaar and S. L. Chuang (Eds): Terahertz Electromagnetic Pulse Generation, Physics and

Applications, Journal of Optical Society of America, Vol. 11, (1994) , Special Issue on Terahertz Electromagnetic Pulse Generation, Physics, and Applications, pp.2454-2585

[JL3] IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 2, No.3, The Issue On Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics, And Optoelectronics, (1996).

[JL4] IEE Proceedings, Optoelectronics, Vol. 149, No. 8, (2002), Special Issue on Ultrafast Optoelectronics Photomixing

[JL5] Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 47, No. 21(2002): Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biological Imaging and Sensing Applications of THz Technology (BISAT)