1. - - - - - "

2. ) :( 3. ... / .. . ... . . 4. ... :/ .... . / .... . / ...... ./ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / .. ... . . . 5. - - - - : : ........................................................ .............................................................. ................................................................................................................ ............................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ......................................................... .................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ............................ .......................................................... .............................................. : :................................................................ ...................................................... .......................................... .........................................................-- 6. ......................................................... ......................................................... ...................................................... ........................................................ .................................................... ................................................ ..................................................... : - : : ........... . .............. .................. : : ............................................ ................................ .......... ......................................................................... : :- 7. ................................................................. : - : : .................................... .......................................... : : ................................................................ ................................................................. : : ................... : : : ................................................... .................................................. ................................................... : : : : .......................................................... ...................... ................-- 8. :: ...................................................... .............. ........................... ................................ : - : " ")-(.................................................. : - )-(........................................................ : .............................................................-- : - .....-- ............................................................ ................................................................. - - 9. - -- ............. ................................. ...................... ......................... .......... .................................................................................. ........... ................... .................... ........................ .................... ............................... .......................... ......................... ............................. - .............................. ................................... ....................... ....................... ........... 10. .......... ................... ................... ..................... ......................... ............................. ....................................... ......................... ......................... ........................... - .............................. ........................ ............ ........... ...................... .... ............. .................. ..................... ............. ..................... ............................... .......................... ......................... ............................. 11. - ............. ........... .............. ....................................................................................... ..... ...................................................................................... ......... .......................................................................... ......................................................... ..... ............... ............... .................................................................................... ....... ....... ... ... .... .......................................................................... 12. ...... ...................... ................ ............. ..................... ...................... .................. ............... ................ .............................. ........................................ ............. .................... 13. .............................................................. ..................................................... ........................ .................. ..... .......................................................... .............................................. ...................... 14. . . . Breaking Events . ) ( ) ( . . 15. . . . : ) ( -. )( -)(. .)( . -. . . "" "" . . 16. 17. :: )(: : . . :- )(. .)( . 18. - )(.- )(.- )(.- )(.- )(.)( :- -/.(-):.()( :- - .- Regina G.Lawrence &Thomas Birkland, Defining the Times: Patterns In News Coverage OfSeptember 11th, Paper Presented At The Annual Meeting Of The American Political ScienceAssociation , August 28 To September1, USA, Boston , MA.2002)( :- : -.- Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae- Won Lee, Factors Affecting gatekeepers Selection of foreign News:Anational Survey Of Newspaper Editors, Journalism Quarterly, Vol.69, No.3,1992.- Andsager.Julie, How Interest Group Attempt To Shape Public Opinion With Competing NewsFrames, Journal Of Mass Communication Research,Vol.77, No.3, Autumn 2000.)( :- Pattim Valkenburg et al , The Effects Of News Frames On Readers Thoughts And Recall ,Communication Research , Vol.26, No.5 , October 1999.- Price et al ., Switching Trains Of Thought ,The Impact Of News Frames On Readers CongnitiveResponses, Communication Research ,Vol.24, No.5,1997.)( :- """ ": -.- - . 19. - )(.- )(. ) " " " " ( . : : ) ( ////. . : ) .( .)( :- ) : .(- - ) : .()( ) : .( 20. :- ) ( .- .- .- ) (Meta Analysis Secand Level Of Aganda Setting. 21. : :: : ) ( ) ( . :- .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .: : ) (. : 22. - .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .- . 23. :- : ) (. : " : "- - - " :"- - - - - - - - - - : ) ( :- - 24. - - - - - - - 25. : : : - .......... : : . : . : . : . : . : . : . : . : . : 26. : .............. : : . : . : . : . : . : . : . 27. : )(. : )(. : . : - - . : : )(. :- : - - - .- : - - .- .- .- .- .- .)( : " """ ) : (.)( ): ( -.)( / ): /( -. 28. : . : : )( ) ( ) ( ) (////. : ) ( .)( : ): (. 29. )(. : ) ( . :- ) ( ) (.) ( ) (.) ( ) (.- .- . :)( ): (. 30. % )( . :- .- .- .- . :Content Analysis Form . )(. ) ( . : . :FormQuestionnaire)( : ): (. 31. .)(. : : :- : .- : . : :- : )( .- : .)( ): (.)( ) - -(): ( -. 32. : : :- )(.- )(.- )(. : : :-: "" TIMES .-: "" . "" .-: "" "" "" . . . 33. ) ()( "" "" -- .- : . :-- .- .- .- . :-) ( ) (. 34. -) ( ) .(- ) ( ) (. : . :- ) ( -.- ) ( -.- . )( . :- .- ) ( ./ : ./ : - - - ./ : - - - ./ : - ./ : ./ : / : " . "/ : ./ : / : . 35. .- Meta Analyse . : ) ( . : . //// ) ( : : . . . - . . . : . . . . . 36. . . . . . . : . . . .: : : .- Validity: 37. )(. :- .- .- )( .- :Reliability )(.(1) Roger D. Wimmer, And Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research : An Introduction, 6 thEdition ( California : Wads Worth the publishing campany, 2000) P.154../: - ../ : ../ : ../ : - ./ : - ./ : - - - ./ : - - - ./ : - ./ : " " ./ : (1) Roger D. Wimmer, And Joseph R. Dominick , Op. Cit., P.150. 38. )(. )( )(% )( ) . ( "Holsti" . Holsti =------------)+( := := )(= ).(x =------------=------------=.%+)( ): (. - . 39. ).(% )(% . ) ( )( % ) ( % . : : )( )(% )( ) . ( "Holsti" . Holsti =------------)+( := := )(= ).( - . 40. x =------------=------------=.%+ ).(% )(% . )(% ) ( % ... . : . )( )(% )( ) (. "Holsti" . Holsti =------------)+( - . 41. := := )(= ).(x =------------=------------=.%+ ).(% )(% . )( % ) ( % ... .: : : Validity )( :)( : ): (. 42. - )( .- : %.- : )( Retest % . % ../: - ../ : ../ : ../ : - ./ : - ./ : - - - ./ : - - - ./ : - ./ : " " ./ : )( : ): (. 43. )Spss( :-- .-Chi-Square)()( .- Cramers V .- .- . 44. : : : :: :-) .(" ")(: . . : . . :- . ... .)( . 45. "" .-).:("")(: .:. .-) .(" ")(: . :)():.()( /. 46. . . . . . .-) .(" ")(: )/ / ( ) ( )(. : . )( . 47. .: :-) .(" ")(: . : : . Deviance Potential For Social Change . : . .-) .(" ")(: ) ( : .(1) Tsan-Kuo Chang,Pamela J. Shoemaker & Nancy Brendlinger, Determinats Of International NewsCoverage In The US Media ,Communicatin Research, Vol.14, No.4, August 1987.(2) Deborah A.Barranco and Leonard Shyles , Arab US. Israeli News Coverage in the New Yourk Times,1976 and 1984, Journalism Quarterly, Vol.65, No.2, , 1988. 48. ) ( )().( . : )-( ) ( ).(%).(% ).(% )(%).(% )..(% ) ()-( .-).(" )CBS( ")(: : )(. : )( . : " " - -" " .-) .(" : ")(:(1) Robert M. Entman, Framing US Coverage Of International News : Contrasts In Narratives Of The KAI AndIran Air Incidents, Journal Of Communication,Vol.41, No.4, Autumn.1991.(1) Tsan-Kuo Chang and Jae- Won Lee, Op.Cit, 1992. 49. . :- : )..(% )..(% ).. (% )..(% ).%.( ).(% ).(% ).(% ).(% )..(% .-) .(" ")(: Visual Framing . "" WTN . :(2) Paterson chris A, Transference for Representational Frames Form the Who Lesale to the Retail Level ofGlobal Television News, Paper Presented to the Inaugural Conference for the Center for massCommunication Research, University of south Carolina , Columbia, October 12-14,1997. 50. - : "" .-).(" ")(: . : . .-) .(" )(: . : .(1) Ifat Maoz , The Impact of Third- Party Communication Negotiotions, Harvard International Journal ofPress/ Politics, Vol.4, Issue.3, Summer 1999.(2) Pattim Valkenburg et al , Op.Cit, October 1999. 51. HumanInterst .-).(" : ")(: : : : .: .-).(" canwest")(: "canwest" canwest"" "southam" "Asper" " Indians of the middleeast .-) .(" ")(: ) ( :(1) Julie Andsager, Op.Cit, Autumn 2000 .(2) Paul Knox, Not In The News Room Free Expression Of Canwest Global, Round Table, Vol.366, !ssuse.1,Sep2002.(1) Regina G.Lawrence &Thomas Birkland, Op. Cit. 2002. 52. : FAA )(FBI (CIA). .-).(" : ")(: . : .-) .( )(:(2) Sahui- Sukhjeet, Coverage of Foreign News by the United States Media: Astudy of Perception of BiasAmongest the International Students at West Virginia University, MA Study, U S A , Virginia: West VirginiaUniveristy, 2003 .(1) Jin Yang , Framing The NATO Air Strikes On Kosovo Across Countries :Camparison Of Chinese And USNewspaper , International Communication gazette,Vol.65, No.3, 2003. 53. ) ( ) ( . : . ) ( ) .( National Interest .-) .(" ")(: " " JohenGatlung. . : "War Journalism ) ( Mindanao" Peace Journalism. " " .(2) SeowTing Lee,CrisPin C.Maslog,War Or Peace Journalism ?Asian Newspaper Coverage Of Conflicts,Journal Of Communication ,Vol.55, Issue.2, 2005. 54. -) .(" ")(: :YomiuriShimbunAsahi Shimbun Daily YomiuriAsahiShimbunJapan TimesMainichi. . : Yomiuri National Interest. Genocide)( .-). .( : )(: ) () ( )() ( Lexis- Nexis )( .(1) Bard Visgaties & Tamara Swenson, News For Inside, News For Outside: Japanese Media Framing ofDarfur, Paper Presented for the Internatonal Association for Mass Communication Reseach, The AmericanUniversity in Cairo, Egypt, July, 23-29-2006.(2) Steven W.Hook & Xiaoyu Pu , Framing Sino American Relations Under Stress : A Reexamination OfNews Coverage Of The hool Spy Plane Crisis, Asian Affairs : An American Review ,Vol.33, Issue.3, Fall2006. 55. : Escalating War Of Words "" . . Thematic Hegemony )%( )%( )%( )%.( Sovereignty )(% )%( )(% )%(. )(% ).(% )(% )%(. )%( )%( )(% )%(. )%( )%( )%( )%( )%( )%( 56. )%( )%( .-).(" ")(: " "War On Terror . TerrorTerrorism . ABCCBSNBC. /. : War On Terrorism UnbrellaTerm Catch Word Political Monipulation . ) (Mechanism . PoliticalRhetoric. .-) .(" ")(:(1) Lipschultz Jeremy H. , Framing Terror: Violence, Social Conflict, And The " War On Terror", ElectronicNews ,Vol.1, No. 1 ,2007.(1) Jill A. Edy & Patrickc. Meirick , Wanted Dead Or Alive : Media Frames , Frame Adoption , And SupportFor The War In Afghanistan , Journal Of Communication , Vol.57. 2007. 57. . ABCNBCCbS . : . Framing Phenomennan . : :: :-) .:( )(: "" . :)( - ) : .( 58. "" "" . . )%( .-) .:( )(: . : .-) .(" : ")(:)( : - ) : .()( . 59. . . : . .-) .( )(: )( )( . :)( )( .-) .(" ")(:)( ) : .( 60. . : . Partial Quotations . " " .-) .:(" )(: ) ( - . : : ... . .)( ) : .()( : - ) : (. 61. -) .(" : ")(: . ) ( ) ( ) .( : . . : :: :-).:(":)(: - )( : .)(:):( 62. . . : . ... ... . .-).:(":)(:. :""."")(:-): (. 63. "".-) .(" ")(: """" -. : " " . . .-) .( )(: . : . .-).:("")(:)( : - ) : .()( : ) :.()( . 64. . :"""".-) .(" ")(: : :: . . . .-) .(" ")(:)( . 65. ) ( .: . .-) .(" ")(: ) ( ) ( ////.:)( : .)( : -. 66. ) ( ).( ).( )( ).( ).( ).( ) ( .-) .(" : ")(: . ) ( . . : . .)( : -. 67. .-) .(" """ ": )(: . : "" ).%( ).%( . ) ( ..%-) .(" )-(")(:)( .)( )-: ( -. 68. . . : . " " " ."-) .( )(: . : ) ( ) ( . :)( -. 69. : . . : )-- ---( )- ( ) ( ).( .: :-) .(" ")(: : .(1) Kanjiranthinkal, Mathew &Hickey ,Joseph,"Media Framing And The Myth: The Media,s Portrayal Of TheGulf War,Critical Sociology,Vol.19,No.1,1992. 70. .-).(" ")(: : )%( . .-) .(" )( ")(: : " " " """""" . " .-).(" : ")(:(2)Iyengar.Shanto & Adam,Simon, News Coverage Of The Gulf Crisis And Public Opinion : Study OfAganda-Setting ,Priming And Framing ,Communication Research ,Vol.20,No.3,1993.(3) Kusisto Riikka, Framing The Wars In The Gulf And In Bosia :The Rhetorical Definitiona Of The WesternPower Leaders In Action , Journal Of Peace Research ,Vol.35, No.5, 1998 .(1) Frensley Nathalie, Framing The Iraq War :Acomparison Of Favorabale Coverage And Media Framing ByEmbedded And Washington Reporters, Paper Presented At The Annual Meeting Of The InternationalStudues Assocation, Canada, Montreal, 2004. 71. . . : Poll System"" "" . .-) .(" ")(. ) (Iraqi Freedom ) (Desert Strom. : . " ". (2) Pfau Micahel et al , Embedding Journalists In Military Combat Units Impact On Newspaper Story FramesAnd Tone , Journalism And Mass communication Quarterly ,Vol.81,2004. 72. .-) .(" )(: . : . " "ResponsibilityFrame " Miantry Conflict Frame . . .-).(" ")(: . : " " (1)Daniela Dimitrova V.,et al: War The Immediate news Framing Of Gulf War, Harvard InternationalJournal Of Press/Politics,Vol.10, Issue.1, Winter 2005..(1) Cynthia Booz , War And Foreign Policy Framing In International media, Peace Review ,Vol.17, Issue.4,Dec2005. 73. .-) .(" ")(: ) (. : .-).(" : ")(: )/()/( T.V . : "" .(2) .Daniela Dimitrova V., Episodic Frames Dominate Early Coverage Of Iraq War In The NY Times .Com,Newspaper Research Journal,Vol.27, No.4 , Fall 2006(3) Christle Thomas B. , Framing Rationale For The Iraq War :The Intereactive Of Public Support With MassMedia And Public Policy Agandes, International Communication Gazette,Vol.68, Issue5/6, Oct/ Dec 2006. 74. .-) .(" ")(: . TheLondon Times The Mocsow Times TheInternational Herald Tribune El universal Eluniversal La Nacion The New YourkTimesThe Washington PostThe San Francisco Chronicle. Time table Games Of Saddam The Patience Of The White House . : Coalition Soldiers . ) ( .(1) Pestalardo. Maria , War On The Media : The News Framing Of The Iraqi War In The United States ,Europe, And Latin American, MA Thesis, Presented To The Faculty Of The Department Of Communication,East Tennessee State University , May 2006. 75. . . El Universal MexicoEl Universal Venezuela La Nacion El Universal Mexico El Universal MexicoLa Nacion. La NacionEl Universal Venezuel La NacionEl Universal VenezuelaEl Universal Mexico El Universal Mexico El Universal Venezuela. Economic Issues war Operation Various. ) ( . Iraqi People Iraqi Reconstruction . 76. -)( )(: CynicismSpeculation " "Meta Communication . Macro-Frame Generic Frames. Evenimentul ZileiJurnalul National . : Speculation . . : :::-) .(" : ")(: . (1) Ana R Constantinescu . &. John Tedes Co. C., Framing A Kidnapping, Journalism Studies ,Vol.8, Issue.3,Aug 2007.)( : -. 77. ) ( . : ) ( ).%( ).%( ) ( ).%( )%( . ) ( .-) .( )(: ) ( . :- - )( ): .( 78. - . " ". " " .-) .(" ")(: . : )(% ).(% . ).(% ) ( )( ).(% )(% .)( - . 79. ).(% )( )..(%-) .( )(: . . )( . : . . .: :-).(" : ")(:)( - . 80. )( . : )(Our War )(Their war. .-).(" ")(: ) . : ) ( .-) .(:" : ")(:(1) Liebes Tamar , Our War /Their War : Comparing The Intifadeh And The Gulf War On U.S And IsraeliTelevision , Critical Studies In Mass Communication ,Vol.9, Mar 1992.(1)Marda Dunsky, Missing The bias Implicit In The Absent, Arab Studies Quarterly. Vol.23, No.3,Summer.2001. 81. General Frame - - Spicific Frame. : . : :: :-) .(" : ")(: Framing of Narratives Theory. )( )( . :(2) Susan Dente Ross,Edward R.Murrow, Frame Shifts And Catastrophic Events: The Attacks Of Septembar11, 2001, And NewYourk Times,s Portrayals Of Arafat And Sharon, Mass Communication & Society ,Vol.9,No.1, 2006.)( : - . 82. . .-) .(" ")(: Corss-LevelApproach . )( ) (. : :).( ).( ).( ).( ).( . . :)( - . 83. -).(" ")(: . : % % .- . .- (1)Aima, Abhinav, Who Brought U.S these Gropes of Wrath? New Yourk Times and Washington PostCoverage of The 1996, Israeli- Hezballah conflict, www. aejmc.org/convention/1999. 84. - " " : . "- .- .- .- .- " "" 85. Secand LevelAganda- Setting Meta Analysis . 86. : Kamhawi & Weaver% )( . - - "Attitudes" " Framing Theory ) ( )(. Reference Points )(. )(.(1)Rasha Kamhawi And David Weaver, Mass Communication Research Trends From 1980 to 1999, Journalism& Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol.80, No.1, 2003, P.23.(2)Ariella Vraneski, Ravit Richter &Technion IIT.Haifa, Frames, Framing,And Reframing In, And Through, TheMass Media : Reflection Of Four Protracted Environmental Disputes In The Israeil Press, ICAR Working Paper,21May 2002, P.2.(3)Shanto Lyengar, Television News And Citizens Explanations Of National Affairs , American Political ScienceReview,Vol.81, N0.3, Sep1987, P.816.(4)Pippa Norris, the Restless Searchlight :Network News Framing Of The Post-Cold War World, PoliticalCommunication , Vol.12, No.4, 1995, PP.357-360. Media Framing Analysis Theory 87. " "Lippmann Frame ""Goffman " "Framing Analysis "" " )( " ")(. " " :- : LatentContent )( " " )( " )(.- : .- " "McCombs " "Bernard Cohen ": (1)Wicks,Robert H., Understanding Audiences, Learning To Use The Media Constructively, Mahwah,NJ,Lawrence Erlbaum Asscites publushers, 2001, P.78.(2)Zhang Weiwu, An Interdisicplinary Synthesis Of Framing, Proceeding Of the Annual Meeting Of AssociationFor Education In Journalism And Mass Cmmunication,U.S.A Phoenix, Arizona, 2000..(3)William A.Gamson, News as Framing, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.33, No.2, 1989, pp. 157-161.)( ..(5)Watkins Craing, Framing Protest: News Media Frames Of The Million Man March,Critical Studies In MediaCommunication ,Vol.18, No,1, 2001, PP.83-84. 88. )(. )( )(. Scheufele)( )(.(1)Maxwell E. McCombs,et al., Candidate Images In spanish elections : Secand- level aganda- Setting effects,Journalism And Mass Communication Quarterly,Vol.74, No.4,Winter 1997, P.716.(2)Popkin,S.L., Information Shortcuts And The Reasoning Voter .(In) B.Grofman (Ed.), Information,Participation, And Choice: An Economic Theory Of Democracy In Perspective (PP.17-36).Ann ARBAR,MI:University Of Michigan Press, 1993, P.83.(3)Benford ,Robert D , An Insider s critique Of The Social Movement Framing Perspective, Sociological Inquiry,Vol.67, 1997, P 414.(4) Dietram Scheufele, Framing As Theory Of Media Effects, Journal Of Communication, Vol .49, No.1, 1999,PP.103-122)( ::-Valkenburg et al., Op.Cit. 1999,PP..550-569 .- Price et al ., Op.Cit,1997, PP.481-506. 89. )( framing )(. )( - - )(. )(. . :Framing Frames Frame (1) Corwin R.Kruse, The Movement And The Media Framing The Debate Over Animal Experimentation, PoliticalCommunication ,Vol.18, No.1, 2001, P.68 .(2)Roya Akhavan-Majid And Jyoticka Ramparasad,framing Beijing : Dominant Idological Influences On Theamerican Press Coverage Of The Foruth UN Conference On Womean And The NGO Forum, Gazette,Vol.62,No.1, 2000, P.45(3)Stephen D Reese, Framing public Life :Abridging Model For Media study, Paper Presented To the InauguralConference For The Center Of Mass Communication Research, U.S.A, University Of south Carolina, 1997,October12-14,P.6.(4)Stephen D.Reese, The Framing Project: Abridging Model For Media Research Revisited, Journal OfCommunication, Vol.57, 2007, P.148.(5) Davis ,Muiray S., Review Of Frame Analysis :An Essay On The Organizatio Of Experience by EvingGoffeman, Contemporary Sociology,Vol.4, No.6, 1975 , PP.533 . . News Frame Concept 90. . Framework )(. McCombs &Shaw)(Salma Ghanam)-(McCombs)(Tedesco)(Golan&wanta)(Chyi&McCombs)( : Attributes Aganda Second Level Of Aganda The Salient Attribute. : Schemas Ideologies Context Social NarrativesSocial Meaning The Tone Of Coverage Media Package)(. )(Tuchman )(.el atTankard)( " SelectionExclusionElaboration)(. )( " )(. )( : ) : (.)( .)( (Talk Show) .(4) Tankard,j.,Hendrickson,L.,et al., Media Frames:ApproachesTo Conceptualization And Measurement, PaperPresented At The annual Convention Of The Association For Education In Journalism And MassCommunication, U.S.A, Boston, MA Dissertation, August1991, P.3.(5) Noshina Saleem, U.S Media Framing Of Foreign Countries Image :An Analytical Perspective, CanadianJournal Of Media Studies ,Vol.2, No.1, P.132.)( 91. )(.Valkenburg et al)( )(." )(. Entman " / )(. Entman :Taylor " )( . Frame Framing )(. " )(.(1)Kosicki,Gerald M., Problems And Opportunities In aganda Setting Research , Journal Of Communication,Vol.43, No.2, 1993,P.112.(2) Pattim Valkenburg et al , Op.Cit, 1999, P.550 .)( .(4)Robert M, Entman, Cascading Activation :Contesting The White house,s Frame After 9/11, PoliticalCommunication, Vol.20, No.4, 2003, P.417.(5)Dorceta E.taylor, The rise Of the Invironmental Justice Paradigm: InJustice Framing And The SocialConstruction Of Environmental Discourse, American Behavioral Scientist,Vol.43, No.4, 2000 ,P.511.)( .)( . 92. Simon &Xenos " )( " ")( . Watkins: )( Roefs )(.. Simons ,Merreale &Gronbeck " Reframing )(. )(.McQuail)( )(.(1) Simon,Adam,Xenos,Michael, Media framing And Effectve Public Delibration, Political Communication,Vol.17, No.4, 2000, P.367.(2) Wicks ,Rebort H., Op.cit., 2001, P.78.(3) watkins,Craig ,op.cit, 2001, P.82.(4) Roefs, Wim,: Framing to Frame Theory :Aresearch Method Turns theoretical concept, Apaper Presented at the1998 association For Education In Journalism And Mass Communication Convention , Baltimore MD,August,1998, P.2.(5) Herbert w. Simons, Joanne Merreale And Bruce Gronbeck, Persuasion In Society, london : SAGEPublications, 2001, P.120 .(6)Lori Dorfman, Berkeley Media Studies Group: Making The Case For Paid Family Leave : How CaliforniasLandmark Law Was Framed In The News ,Issue, Vol.14, November2003, P.3. 93. .De Vreese)( )(.Entman)( )(.- )(" )(. " . :- .- .- .- .(1) McQuail D , McQuail s Mass Communication Theory ( 5 Th ed ) London : Sage ,2005) P.24.(2)Robert M. Entman, Framing Bais : Media In The Distribuation Of Power, Journal Of Communication, Vol.57,2007, P164.)( . 94. - . )(:- .- .- ) ( ) ( .- .- . : Tankard)( : HeadlinesSubheadsPhotos Photo CaptionsLeads Source Selection Quotes Selection Pull quotesLogos Statistsics And Charts Concluding Statements And Paragraphs)(. )( .(1)Tankard .J.w, The Empirical Approach To The Study Of Media Framing .In S.D. Reese,O.h. Gandy7A.e.grant (Eds), Framing Public Life (PP.95-106).mahwah,mj;lawrence Erlbaum, 2001, P.101 . 95. " " )(. :-: Watkins" )(.- " ....... )(.-Salience: Public Area )(. " )(. . Salience .(2)Thomas E.Nelson, et al, Op .Cit, 1997, P.225.(3)Watkims E. Nelson,et al, Op. Cit, P.83.(4)Ghanem,Salma, Compelling Argument, The Influnce Of AHributs On Issue Salience, Egyptian Journal ForPublic Opinion Research, Vol.1, No.2, 2000, P.34.)( ): (.)( . 96. Salience ) ( )((Top Of Mind) )(. :- The Tone Of Coverage: Pfau )/) (/) (/ ) (/()/) (/ ()( ) - ( ) ( .-Metaphors Keywords Imagery Language: ) ( .Kim New Yourk(1) Takeshita,T., Current Critical Problems In Aganda-Setting Research, International Journal Of Public OpinionResearch ,Vol.18, 2006, P.277.(2) Michael Pfau et al , Op.Cit, 2004, PP.74-88 . 97. Times)(Granma)(The Koran Herald)( )(. )( Keyword Metaphors Concepts Symbols Visualimages )(.- Exclusion: " )( . : Silverstein" )(. " -- )(.(1) Yon-tong Kim, Framing Of Hegemonic Ideology :Across- Cultural Analysis of News as Discourse, P H .D.Dissertation, U.S.A:Southem Illinois University, 1992,P.113.(2) Entman M, Robert, Framing U S. Coverage Of International News,Op.cit,1991, P.7.(3) Robert M, Entman ,Framing: Toward Clarification Of Afractured Paradigm, Journal Of Communication,Vol.43, No.4, 1993, P.52.(4)Lum Silverstein, Framing The Game : how Three Newspapers Coveraged The Mam,s And womens NCAABasaket ball Tournaments,1994-1996, Presented To The Inaugural conference, U.S.A, University Of SouthCarolina, October, P.11.)( . Frame- buliding 98. Frame -Buliding" " Frame- Setting) ()( )(. . )(.)( :- Frame- buliding.- SettingFrame-.- .Scheufele :- .- .- ) ()(. (Schuefeles,2000) :- Social Norms &Values- Organizational Pressures And Constraints- Pressures Of Iterest Groups- Journalistic Routines(1) Claes H.de Vreese, OP.Cit, 2005, P.51 .(2) Andsager,J.&Smiley,L., Evaluating The Public Information: Shaping News Coverage Of The Silicone ImplautControversy, Public Relations Review,Vol.24, No.2, 1998, P.186.(3) Lipschultz .H.Jeremy,op cit, 2007, P.22.(4) Dietram Scheufele.A, Op.Cit, 1999, PP.103-122. . 99. - Ideological Or Political Orientations OfJournalists)(. :" "Gady wolfsfeld )(:- .- .- .- .- .""Dietram)( :- : ""Edelman)( Prejudice )(" " )(. )(.- :(1) Dietram Scheufele,.A., Aganda Setting,And Framing Revisited: Another Look At Cognitive Effects OfPolitical Communication, Mass Communication & Society, Vol.3, No.(2&3), 2000, P.307.(2)Gadi wolfsfeld, Media , Protest, And Political Violence: ATransactional Analysis, Journalism Monograph,Vol.127, No.1, 1999,PP.15-18.(3)Dietram A. Scheufele, OP.cit., 1999, PP.109-110.(4)Gadi wolfsfeld, ,Op.Cit., 1999, P. 17. .(5)Claes H.de Vreese, Op.Cit, 2005. P.51. . 100. ""GurevitchLevy)( )(.- .-""Lovins)( )(.""Edelman )( )( )(. Identical Frames )(.- : "McCombs""Shaw " Political Reality (1)Michael L . Thurwanger, Public Journalism And Public Relations :Implications For proactiveCommunication,Paper Presented To The Inaugural conference For The center For Mass Communication research, UniversityOf South Carolina , Columbia, October 12-14, 1997, P.8.(2) Andrew J. Hoffman,&Marc j. Ventresca, The Institutional framing Of Policy debates : Economics Versus TheEnvironment, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.42, No.8, May 1999, P.1369.(3)Dietram A. Scheufele ,OP.cit.,1999,P.110.(4) Baldwin Van Gorb, Op.Cit, 2007, P.68. 101. )(. ""Shoemaker""Reese)( :: .: : - - )(. :- )(: .-: .-: ... ) ( .-: Invoked Frames )(.(1) Maxwell E. McCombs &Donald L shaw, The Aganda setting function Of The Mass Media, public OpinionQuarterly ,Vol.36, 1972, P.172. .(2) Michael L .Thurwanger, Op.Cit., 1997,PP.5-7.)( . 102. : . . )( Certain frames. Political Socialization Decision Making Collective actions)(. Pan&Kosicki- :- Syntactical .- Thematic . .- Rhetorical .(2) Claes H.de Vreese, OP.Cit, 2005.P.52 .Frame Setting 103. - )( / )(." )( )(.- " )(.(Coppella &Jamieson,1997) )(:(1) Semetko Holli. A And Pattim. Valkenburg, Framing European Politics: A Content analysis of Press AndTelevision News, Journal of Communication, Vol.50, No.2, 2000, P.94.(2) David Tewksbury et al, The Interaction of News And Advocate Frames; Maipulating audience Perceptions ofLocal Public Policy Issue, Journalism & Mass communication Quarterly,Vol.77.No4, 2000, P.805.(3) Stephen D. Reese, Op. cit,1997,P.5. .(4) Stuart Allan, News Culture, Philadelphia:Open University Press,1999,P.64.(5)Paul r.Brewer, et al, Priming or Framing: Media Influence on Attitudes Toward Foreign Countries, Gazette,Vol.6, 2003, P.493.(1) Cappella,J.N.& Jamieson ,K.h, Op.Cit, 1997, PP.47-89. . 104. - .- .- .- Representational Validity. . )(. Critical Flavor )(. )( )(. )( "Topic""Theme" Organization Structuring)(. )(:- .- / .(2) IBid, P.47.(3) Stephen D.Reese, Op.Cit,2007,P.149.(4) Neuman W .R.,el at , Common Knowledge .News And The Contruction Of Political Meaning ( Chicago: TheUniversity Of Chicago Press, 1992 ) P.60.(5) Thomas E. Nelson,et al, Op.Cit, 1997, P.224.(6) Stephen D.Reese, Op.Cit, 2007, P.151.(1) Noshina Saleem, Op.Cit, P.131. 105. - )(.- ) (Attractive Words Metaphors Tone . )(. )(. )( )(: . . . )(:- .- .- ) ( :/ / / / /)(. "" )(:(2) Hallahan,K, Seven Models Of Framing :Implications Of Public Relations, Journal Of Public RelationsResearch,Vol.11, No.3, 1999, P207.(3) Andsager,J.&Smiley,L., Op.Cit, 1998, P.186.(4) Entman. Robert M., Op.Cit,1993, P.52.(5) Zhongdang Pan, Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, And U.S. Foreign Policy StudiesCommunication, Media, and Public Opinion, Mass Communication And Society, Vol.8,No.2, 2005, PP.173-177.(1) James Wastson, Media Communication: An Introduction To Theory and Process, London: Macmillan PressLtd, 1998, P.137. .(2) Dennis Chong &James N.Druckman I, Op.Cit, 2007, P.99. 106. : .Aframe in communication or a media frame wordsImagesPhrass Presentation Styles Spesker.: :Aframe in Thought Or An Individual Frame. . )(. : : )( .. )(. : Scheufele)()(: :(3) Price,V.D.Tewksbury,&E.Power, Switching Trains Of Thought,The Impact Of News Frames On ReadersCogniitive Responses, Communication Research,VOL.24, 1997, PP.481-506. .)( : ): (.)( .(1) Dietram a Scheufele,op.cit,1999,103-122. 107. )(Scheufele : ( . :- Frame Building: Shoemakehr&Resse : .- Frame Setting: Scheufele .- Individual- Level Effects of Framing: : Iyengar 108. )( .- Journalists As Audiences: .De Vreese Claes.H (2005) :)( De Vreese Claes.H (2005). : :- :Factors Internal: (Shoemaker & Reese,1996). factors External . Frames Manifest)( (IV) (DV). . (IV) . (1) Claes H.de Vreese, news framing ; Theory And Typology, Information Design Journal+ DocumentDesign,Vol.13,No.1, 2005, .P.52 . - - ) .(- - - - - - - - 109. (Frame Building )/ (Frame setting))(. )( : :-:(1) IDiB, P.52 .. 110. - . . . . .- : . : . . . . . . . 111. . . . .-: - - . ) ( .- : - - . . .- : 112. . . . 113. 114. : " " . . : : . : : 115. : . - - "" " " ""Forth Power " . . SecondarySocialization Process"" )(. International News Foreign News (1) Ekaterina Shmykova, Effects Of Mass Media Ownership on Serving Public Interest,University ofGeorgia, 2007, P.P1-3. 116. Dynamic Process . Events Agenda . "Balance Coverage" Imbalance Coverage"" )(. : - . . . : . . . .(1) Kuo jen Tsang , Yean Tsai And Scott S.K. Liu : Geographic Emphases Of International news Studies, JournalismQuarterly, Vol.65, 1988, pp.193-194. . 117. : Individual Ownership % % )(. Dow Jones Well Street Journal "" . Dow Jones"" TimesMirror Gannet Knight Ridder Lee EnterPrises & NewYourk Times " "Harte Hanks . % )(.(1) Philip Meyer & Standy wearden :The Effects Of Public Ownership On Newspaper Companies, Public OpinionQuarterly, vol .48 ,1985 ,P.565.(2) Ibid, P.566. 118. Dow Jones "" Well Street JournalWilliam)1997(: " ")(. . Dow Jones "" -- . : . . " " Wall Street Journal "" )(. : "Oshkosh" . Maguire Miles(2005) : Oshkosh (3) Powers William : Family news Values, New Republic, vol.216, issue.9 ,1997, pp.12 13.(1) William Blankenburg &Garry Ozanich : The Effect Of Public Ownership On Finanical Performance Of NewspaperCorporation , Journalism Quarterly, Vol.70, No.1, Spring 1993, pp 68 69. . 119. . Ogden Newspapers Inc. Thomson Gannett"" % Gannett )(. Non- Owner Managers Owner Managers . )(. )(. Brendan(2003) (1) Maguire Miles : Changes In Ownership Affect Quality Of Oshkosh Paper, Newspaper Research Journal , vol . 26,Issue.4, fall2005, PP 74-75 .(2) Stephen Lacy &Marry Alice: The Effect Of Public Ownership On The Financial Performance Of NewspaperCorporations, Journalism Quarterly,Vol .73, No .2 ,1996 , PP 334-335.(3) Chang Kuang- Kuo & Zeldes Geri Alumit : " How Ownership ,Competition Affect Papers Financial Performance,Newspaper Reseach Journal,vol .23, Issue.4 , Fall 2002 , P.101 . 120. )( . )(: : . : . "")(:- .- News Rooms"" "Stock Holdor Concerns".- .- . . )(. (1) Mc Donald Brendan : Media Ownership, Australian Screen Education, Issue .34, autumn 2004 , P.P 125 126.(2 Sharen .S.Johnson, Recommended Reading :what Hath Corporate Ownership Wrought ?, Book Reviews, Fall 2001, p.19.(3)Gil Cranberg : Corporate Ownership Affects Pages, Symposium Work In The 21 sT Century, Fall 2001 , PP 12-13 121. . )(. Philip Meyer "" " "Death Spiral )(. - " " )(. WalterE- Hussman Ar Kanses Democrate Gazette :Hussman Publisher /Owner.Philip S. AndersonWehco Media Inc (1)An. Sonntae , Jin . Hyun seung : Interlocking Of Newspaper Companies With Finanical Institutions And LeadingAdvertisers, Journalism & Mass Communicatio Quarterly , Vol .81, Issue .3 , Auttumn 2004 , PP 596-597.(2)West Mark & Diefenbach Donald, Developing, Community Affiliation And Demographics, Paper Presented at theannual Meeting Of The American Association For Public Opinion Research 2004, U S A, Phoenix , P.22.)( ) : (. 122. Hussman " " )(. : RalfThrift(1977))( Editoral-Vigor . Editoral Vigor : :- .- .- . - Less Editorial Vigor (1) Pardue Mary Jane :"Quality Key To Highest City zone Penetration In U.S., Newspaper Research Journal ,Vol.25,Issue.4, fall2004 ,P.P 13-14 .(2) Ralf R . Thrift: How Chain Ownership Affects Editorial Of Newspaper, Journalism Quarterly, Vol.55, No. 2, 1977, P P327 -329 . 123. . )(. . )(. (2003) George- Santa Clara University &MissouriUniversity Minority Ownership )(. Brendan(2004) )(:- .- . " " "" " "(1) Ibid. P.329..(2)Donald Gilmore &Cecile Gaziano: Chain Newspaper Autonomy, Journalism Quarterly, Vol.52, 1978, p.411.(3)Curry George.E : Fcc Decision To Expand media Ownership will Curb Dissent, Newyourk Amsterdam News ,vol .94,Issue 23,2003 ,PP.13-14 .(4) McDonald Brendan ,OP .cit ,P.126. 124. Timy Rowland Rowland )(. " " )(. - - .(1) Kimberley Fradgley &Walter Neibauer : Londons "Quality " Newspaper : Ownership and Reporting Patterns,Journalism Quarterly, Vol . 27, No. 4,1996, P.P204-209(2)Ibid,PP.204-206. 125. : Breaking " News " " "Well Street )(. "Commercial Paper " "Flagship Paper" )(. . . (1979) Gans Evidence )(. . . "" (1) H .Denis Wu & John Maxwell Hamihon , Us Foreign correspondents : Changes and continuity at The Turn Of TheCentury , Gazette, Vol .66 , No.6, De 2004, P.518.(2) Jang.W.H.& J.M.chan :The Political Enomy Of International News Coveage : Astudy Of Dependent communicationDevelopment, Asian Journal Of communication,Vol.1, 1990 , P.P 53-58 .(3) Chomsky Daniel , An Interested Reader : Measuring Ownership Control At The New Yourk Times, Paper Presented atthe Annual Meeting Of The Western Political Science Association , Portland 2004, P. 29 . .