1. , 2004. 4-9 2. , .2004. 9 - 2 - 3. 1. ( , )2. ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )- 3 - 4. 1. 2 1.1. 21.1.1. 1.1.2. : 41.1.3. : 51.2.: 3 72. 8 3. 9 3.1. 93.2. 93.3. 9 1. 12 1.1. ? 121.2. ? 131.3. ? 131.4. ? 141.5. ? 161.5.1. 161.5.2. 172. 18 2.1. 182.1.1. 182.1.2. 192.1.3. 273. 28- 4 - 5. 3.1. 283.1.1. 283.1.2. 293.1.3. 303.1.4. 303.1.5. 323.1.6. 333.1.7. 353.1.8. 363.1.9. 373.2. 394. 45 454.1.14.2.2 455. 46 5.1. 465.2. 475.3. 48 1. 50 1.1. 501.2. 511.2.1. 511.2.2. 1.2.3. 56:, 532. 58 3. 59 3.1. 593.2. 613.2.1. 613.2.2. 614. 63 4.1. 634.1.1. 634.1.2. 63- 5 - 6. 4.2. 654.2.1. 654.2.2. 664.2.3. 804.2.4. 814.2.5. 815. 83 5.1. 835.1.1. 5.1.2. 855.2.- 84 855.2.1. 855.2.2. 86 1. 88 2. 93 2.1. 932.1.1. 2.2. 93 1022.2.1. 1022.2.2. 1023. 106 3.1. 1063.2. 1073.2.1.3.2.2. 1263.2.3.3.2.4.() 1653.2.5. 1743.3. 107 142 1773.3.1. 1,23.3.2. 3 1793.3.3. 4 1803.3.4. 178 1824. 183- 6 - 7. 4.1. 1834.1.1. 1834.1.2. 1854.2. 1864.2.1. 1874.2.2. 1874.2.3. 1884.2.4. 188 - (NIOSH,MAC) 1. 189 1.1. 1891.2. 1901.2.1. 1901.2.2. 1941.2.3. 1951.3. 1962. 198 2.1. 1982.2. 1992.2.1. 1992.2.2. 2062.2.3. 2102.2.4. () 2172.2.5. 2262.2.6. 2273. 230 4. 231 1. 2. 3.- 7 - 8. - 1 - 9. 1. 1) 1.1. , . . 2002 11 . 1990 . . 2001 26,635 4,363(16.4%) . 10 1.6 2). , NIOSH 1 1635(82.37%) , NIOSH 2 738(37.18%) 3). 1990 . . , . 1)2) . . . , , 2002.3) , , 2002.- 2 - 10. . . , , . () (host factor) , (aging process) . (individual environmental factor) , , , . (group environmental factor) , , , , , . 1. () , , , , , , , , .1.1.1. : . - 3 - 11. . , . . . . . . . . . . , . .1.1.2. : , . . , , . .C y ( arpal tunnel s ndrome) ,, . , - 4 - 12. . . . , . . . 1.1.3. . . , , , . : , . . .- 5 - . 13. 2. 20 , 8 1 . . . , . , 8 . . . , , , , , , . . , (- 6 - ) 14. . , , 1.2. . 2002 1230 , 24( ) 1.(2003 7 9( 5 1 ) ) , , < - > ( 2003 24) 11 - . 12 ) . .(2003 7 . , . , . , . .- 7 - . , 15. 2. , 2 . 1 , 3 , 4 . 3. 1 : 1) - --2) 3) - 2 : -1) 2) - 3 : 1) - - 2) - --3) 4 : 1) 2) :4) 3) - 8 - 16. 3. 3.1. . . . , , . 3.2. . 3.3. . . - 9 - 17. , , . . - 10 - 18. 19. 1. 1.1. ? , , , , E &D k ,,, ,, .( rdil , , ic erson, 1997) . (NIOSH, 1989) . 1 ) (, 1 , , ) ,(, , .- 12 -, , 20. 4. A(OSH ) (muscles)(nerves)(ligaments)y( oints)(cartilage)(spinal discs),: 1, ( urning) (stiffness) (cramping) 2: : . . . . . , , ,,,,,,- 13 - . . ?, . . , , 31.3. , . (loss of function) , b ? (pain) ,(tingling)(decreased range of motion)(num ness)(decreased grip strength)j 1.2.(s mptoms)(deformit )(tendons) y b (signs) . 21. , , , , ( , . 2001 , , , , , ) .1.4. ? ( ) .- 14 - 22. 5. ( ) , ,, , , - 15 - 23. 1.5. ?1.5.1. ( 1996 33.1% 1999 ) 506 . 410 17.6% . 6. 1)(%)2)(%)1996439,900281,100(64.0)1,529506(33.1)1997429,800279,600(64.0)1,424221(15.5)1998391,900253,300(64.6)1,288123( 9.5)1999372,300246,700(66.3)2,333410(17.6)1) ' 2) *. (1996-1998): OSHA, BLS(2001) ;;. (1999) (28.6%),. (1992) . (25.5%),(5.2%), 23.8% . . (1989) (1995) (2.8%),(2.4%) 9.5% 3,220 NIOSH 32.2% , 45.7% 29.0% / 36.2%,- 16 - /, . (1997) (1998) 10.3%3 24. / / 5.2, 2.5 3081.5.2. . 77 ( 1 , 2000)2000 . A OSH200L ' ogs ( ) 1981 ( 15 199513.41994 332,000 20% , 308,200 62.3% 1999 ) 23,000A (OSH , 2001). 1995 60% . - 626,000, 150 200/ 1 3 A(OSH , 1999). AEOSH- 450 540-.A 1000 10 A / F rgonomics 1000 24 813 (OSH , 2000). , 1000 30.4 ( NSI H S 100, 1988Program,2000); A B TR NSI11., 1993;ANSIZ-365, 1996 ; , . - 17 - 25. 2. 2.1.2.1.1. . 609 5012 . . 494- 18 - .81.1% 26. 2.1.2. 7. - - - - : / / / / / / / - - B - - - - , , , , , (, ), , , , , , , ,,, , , , , , ( org scale), , , , , , , , , , , , , - 19 - 27. (1) (NationalOccupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) (Institute, 1) (2000) ( 2, .3) .1 : 1 1 1 1 ( )2 : 1 1 1 1 3 :(2)4 : '' 1 1 1 1 ++ ' ' 3 . , , , . ANSI .ANSI , , . ,0-9 ,10-15 16( ) . . .- 20 - 28. Ak 8. ( NSI chec list )F. . . ?1.1-1. ? 1 2.3-6.82-1.6.813.5 1 11~4 22.5 4/ ? 1~4 4-22.5 ?3-1.-13.5/ ?3.1~4 ?2. /)(15 () 4 (3m ) ?4. 2.3-6.84-1.6.8-13.5 13.5 (3m ) ? 11~4 4 5. . ?/?/?/?? ?6.(, ) ? ?7.8. 1~4 1 ?, , , , ?9.10. ?11./ ?- 21 - 4 29. (3) , 1, 6, 1, 2 . 6 (4) 20 .Borg scale () , , , / 6, , 7, , 3, 1, 2 . 1 5 , , , , . (5) . Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek,- 22 -1979)(1). 30. 1. (low strain group) . , , . (passive . group) . (active (high . group) strain group). , , , , (Karasek ,1988). Karasek Theell(1990) . Karasek (1988) . , .1+2)*3+(3+4+5)*2=(, 1, 2( )4-3-2-11+2+3)*4+(4+5+6+7+8+9)*2=(, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9( )4-3-2-1 Karasek(1979) .- 23 - 31. Karasek (1982) . (4) (4) . Likert ' '(4), ' '(3), (2), ' '(1) . =1+2+3+4.=1+2+3+4.=(6)+. , 43 . 8 . , , , , , , , . . 8 . , , , . . . . , .- 24 -, , , 32. . . . . . () . . . , , , . . ( , , ) . . , . . , . . () . . . 2 . (, ) . , , . . . . .- 25 - 33. , , , . () , (, ) . , , , , . ., , , . . . . , , . . / . , . . . . , , . ( ) .() .( ) , . . (7) (global (daily- 26 -dysfunctioning),fatigue), 34. (situational (sumfatigue), (,of fatigue) .2000) (8) (1993) (Psychosocial Well-being Index) 18,PWI(SF-PWI)(PWI 2000) . 4SF-PWILikert(0-1-2-3) , . . (, . .2000) 27:9~26:8: 19.4%,2,286 399 61.3%,1,887 .19.3%2.1.3. . (National Health, NIOSH) (1)Institute Occupational Safety and 2 , , , , , , . .The SAS System for Windows V8- 27 - 35. 3.3.1.3.1.1. , 494(97.08%) . 466(92.2%) .448 .(76.76%)(44.78%) ,210(64.21%) 314(64.46%) . 9. (cm) (kg) 47.0 168.5 66.7370312 47.07.2 5.4 8.5- 28 - 466 14 28 448 4 0 6 210 131 128 370 112 314 175 312 150 22(%) (%) 97.08 14 2.92 10 34 33 5.76 92.18 0.82 8 0 1.23 44.78 27.93 25 27.29 76.76 12 23.24 64.21 5 35.79 64.46 30.99 10 4.55 36. 3.1.2. , 4068, 1 22.1 .43.8 19.8, 1 2.3 . . (25.6%)(15.3%) 17 . 10. 1 1 ( ) ( ) () () 2 3 4068.0 22.1 43.8 19.8 2.3 3.4 576.8 6.3 4.7 17.4 1.6 23.2- 29 -5 27 10 444 3 460 1 0 7 125 364 101 11 17 20 62 12125(%) (%) 163 10 50 65 79 54 1.02 5.52 2.04 5 90.80 0.61 98.29 0.21 26 0 1.50 25.56 5 74.44 90.18 382 9.82 15.32 18.02 383 55.86 10.81 37. 3.1.3. . 11. /CS 3.1.4. 108 102 194 87 22.00 20.77 39.51 17.72 3 . 1 (NIOSH)) 1 1 1(80.77%, ))59.11%,(NIOSH 1 2( , 3( 1 ))(. , /, /22.40%. / . 5 2003 , 1 . 2, 3, 4 .- 30 - 38. 12. 1 148 (29.96) 261 (52.83) / 136 (27.53) / 145 (29.35) / 209 (42.31) / 176 (35.63) 399 (80.77) 13. 2 77 (15.59) 161 (32.59) 70 (14.17) 87 (17.61) 139 (28.14) 110 (22.27) 292 (59.11) 3 26 (5.26) 77 (15.59) 27 (5.47) 35 (7.09) 72 (14.57) 53 (10.73) 165 (33.40) 1 486(44.96) 608(56.24) 349(32.28) 455(42.09) 628(58.09) 501(46.35) 968(89.55) 2 187(17.30) 281(25.99) 144(13.32) 185(17.11) 304(28.12) 240(22.20) 554(51.25)( ) 3 92(8.51) 141(13.04) 61(5.64) 73(6.75) 157(14.52) 124(11.47) 312(28.86)% 4 26 (5.26) 70 (14.17) 24 (4.86) 27 (5.47) 68 (13.77) 47 (9.51) 150 (30.36) / / / / :( ):% 4 86(7.96) 132(12.21) 56(5.18) 65(6.01) 143(13.23) 110(10.18) 289(26.73) : , , 2003. , . /CS .- 31 - 39. 14. /CS 108 102 194 87( 1 96 (88.89) 85 (83.33) 163 (84.02) 58 (66.67) 2 69 (63.89) 62 (60.78) 122 (62.89) 38 (43.68) 3 40 (37.04) 39 (38.24) 68 (35.05) 17 (19.54))% 4 38 (35.19) 34 (33.33) 62 (31.96) 15 (17.24) . 18.10%, . 6.33% . 15. / 3.1.5. 166 113 173 167 40 14 229 143 18 60(%) (%) 36.73 25.00 42 38.27 75.57 18.10 273 6.33 50.89 31.78 44 4.00 13.33 6 Borg scale 20 (13.2) 12.6 .- 32 - 40. 16. (Borg scale) 12.6 2.4 24 (32.3) . (2)34.3 . (11.3) 17. ( (1) (2)* 19.0 (5.1) 16.6 (2.9) 17.1 (5.1) 15.4 (3.0) 20.2 (4.6) 16.5 (2.9) /CS 15.8 (5.4) 14.1 (2.6) 18.5 (5.2) 15.9 (3.0) *9-11 1,2 ) 35.3 (7.2) 32.5 (7.4) 36.8 (5.9) 29.9 (7.4) 34.3 (7.2) /CS ( ANSI) . 16 19.6 . 18. ANSI /CS 3.1.6. ( )ANSI 16.3 (7.4) 18.0 (7.7) 19.6 (8.4) 12.3 (6.8) 17.2 (8.2) . , / . - 33 - 41. , / . , , ( ) . . 19. / ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21(4.37) 56(11.64) 248(51.56) 109(22.66) 47(9.77) 13 19(4.00) 43(9.05) 390(82.11) 17(3.58) 6(1.26) 19 37(7.81) 66(13.92) 326(68.78) 40(8.44) 5(1.05) 20 11(2.33) 72(15.22) 316(66.81) 64(13.53) 10(2.11) 21 23(4.84) 44(9.26) 215(45.26) 145(30.53) 48(10.11) 19 166(35.10) 72(15.22) 154(32.56) 72(15.22) 9(1.90) 21 11(2.35) 29(6.18) 224(47.76) 154(32.84) 51(10.87) 25 8(1.69) 24(5.06) 210(44.30) 183(38.61) 49(10.34) 20 5(1.22) 9(2.19) 333(81.02) 52(12.65) 12(2.92) 83 6(1.31) 20(4.38) 243(53.17) 157(34.35) 31(6.78) 37 64(13.91) 114(24.78) 234(50.87) 32(6.96) 16(3.48) 34 6(1.41) 6(1.41) 396(92.96) 15(3.52) 3(0.70) 68 4(0.92) 16(3.70) 329(75.98) 76(17.55) 8(1.85) 61 2(0.45) 14(3.18) 295(67.05) 114(25.91) 15(3.41) 54 16(3.60) 31(6.98) 297(66.89) 70(15.77) 30(6.76) 50 33(7.73) 24(5.62) 324(75.88) 30(7.03) 16(3.75) 67 19(4.25) 15(3.36) 315(70.47) 81(18.12) 17(3.80) 47 23(5.04) 42(9.21) 335(73.46) 53(11.62) 3(0.66) 38 19(4.16) 22(4.81) 382(83.59) 28(6.13) 6(1.31) 37 , , ./CS- 34 - 42. 20. 17.8 (2.7) 17.7 (2.9) 17.6 (2.6) 16.9 (2.4) 17.5 (2.7) /CS 3.1.7. 23.3 (2.6) 9.5 (1.5) 23.3 (2.6) 9.3 (1.8) 23.1 (2.8) 9.6 (1.8) 21.7 (2.3) 9.3 (1.1) 22.9 (2.7) 9.5 (1.7) 2.9 (0.7) 3.4 (0.9) 3.1 (0.7) 3.1 (0.4) 3.1 (0.7) 5.9 (0.7) 60.3 (4.9) 6.0 (0.8) 59.9 (5.5) 6.1 (0.6) 59.8 (5.4) 6.0 (0.7) 57.0 (4.2) 6.0 (0.7) 59.3 (5.2)/ // . (+2.6) (-11.7) . (-1.6) (+1.3). 21.