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Heterogn Katalzis

Az anyag kt f rszbl ll:

1. elvi ismereteket foglaljuk ssze. Ezek a kataliztorok mkdsre,vizsglatra, tpusaira, kivlasztsra, ksztsre, mdostsravonatkoznak.

2. a katalitikus eljrsok specilis berendezseit, a kataliztorokellltsnak, regenerlsnak mdszereit s nhny fontosabbkatalitikus technolgit ismertetnk, trgyaljuk a gazdasgossg s a

krnyezetvdelem krdseit, belertve a kros lgnem anyagokkatalitikus megsemmistsnek mdszereit.

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Mr a XIX. szzad elejn szleltk, hogy szmos kmiai reakcira hatssal van olyan anyagoknyomnyi mennyisg jelenlte, amelyek nem fogytak el a reakci sorn.

Humphry Davy megfigyelte, hogy a platinaszivacs fenntartja az etanolgz oxidcijt, mikzbenfehren felizzik

J. W. Dbereiner pedig felfedezte, hogy a platina elidzheti a hidrogn oxidcijt.

A jelensget Jns Jacob Berzelius prblta meg rtelmezni,s a kvetkezkpp rt rla 1836-ban :

"Ez az j er, mely eddig ismeretlen volt, minda szerves, mind a szervetlen vilgbankznsgesen elfordul. Nem hiszem, hogy ezaz er az anyag elektrokmiai affinitstlteljesen fggetlen lenne. Ellenkezleg, aztgondolom, hogy csak annak egy jmanifesztcija, mivel azonban sem

kapcsolatukat, sem klcsns fggsgketnem ltjuk, egyszerbb lesz kln nevet adnineki. Ezt az ert katalitikus ernek nevezemmajd. Hasonlan a testeknek ezen er ltalelidzett felbomlst katalzisnek hvom, mintahogy a testek affinits okozta felbomlstanalzisnek nevezik."

Jns Jacob Berzelius

(1779-1848)

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Fontosabb idpontok:

1. ssav oxidci, Deacon process 1860

2. kndioxid oxidci 1875

3. ammnia oxidci 1902

4. ammnia szintzis 1905-1912

6. metanol szintzis 1923

7. krakkols, reformls 1930-1950 8. Ziegler-Natta etiln polimerizls 1940-

9. homogn fmkomplex katalzis ipari alkalmazsa,

10. Wacker szintzis, ecetsav elllts 1950-

11. zeolitok alkalmazsa 1960-

12. gpkocsi kipuffog kataliztorok 1970- 13. katalitikus eljrsok elterjedse a finomkmiai

szintzisekben 1980-

14. sztereoszelektv katalitikus reakcik 1985-

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1. ssav oxidci, Deacon process 1860

Cl2 gyrtsa

Henry Deacon in 1874.

Deacon process

4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O

400 to 450 C, CuCl2 Leblanc-Deacon

The Kel-Chlor process developed by the M.W. Kellogg Company inthe United States.

The Shell-Chlor process developed by the Shell Oil Company in theNetherlands.

The MT-Chlor process developed by the Mitsui Toatsu Company inJapan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Deacon_(industrialist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Deacon_(industrialist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.W._Kellogg_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Toatsu_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Toatsu_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.W._Kellogg_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Deacon_(industrialist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Deacon_(industrialist)

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2. kndioxid oxidci 1875

A knsavgyrts alapanyaga tbbnyire elemi kn, illetve a fm-szulfidok. A knt elgetve vagy a szulfidokat prklve kn-dioxidkeletkezik.

S + O2 SO2

2 ZnS + 3 O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO2 HgS + O2 Hg + SO2

A kn-dioxidot tovbb oxidljk, ilyenkorkn-trioxid keletkezik:

2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 V2O5 kataliztor

Az exoterm reakciegyenslyra vezet, ezrt clszer alacsonyhmrskleten (400-500 C) vgezni, azonban homogn fzisban a

reakci sebessge nagyon kicsi. A reakcisebessget vandium-pentoxid kataliztor alkalmazsval nvelik. A kn-trioxidotgyakorlati okok miatt nem vzben, hanem tmny knsavbannyeletik el, majd az gy keletkez diknsavat (piroknsav, leum)vzben a megfelel tmnysgre hgtjk.

http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-dioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-trioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoterm_reakci%C3%B3http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium-pentoxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium-pentoxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dik%C3%A9nsav&action=edit&redlink=1http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leumhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leumhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dik%C3%A9nsav&action=edit&redlink=1http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium-pentoxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium-pentoxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium-pentoxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoterm_reakci%C3%B3http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-trioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-trioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-trioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-dioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-dioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n-dioxidhttp://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n

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3. ammnia oxidci 1902

combustion of ammonia to nitrogen and wateris exothermic:

4 NH3 + 3 O2 2 N2 + 6 H2O (g) (Hr=1267.20 kJ/mol)

The standard enthalpy change of combustion, Hc, expressed permole ofammo

nia and with condensation of the water formed, is 382.81 kJ/mol.Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of combustion: all nitrogen oxides

are unstable with respect to nitrogen and oxygen, which is the principlebehind the catalytic converter. However, nitrogen oxides can be formed askinetic products in the presence of appropriate catalysts, a reaction of greatindustrial importance in the production ofnitric acid:

4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O

A subsequent reaction leads to water and NO2

2 NO + O2 2 NO2 The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of acatalyst (such as platinum gauze), as the temperature of the flame is usuallylower than the ignition temperature of the ammonia-air mixture. Theflammable range of ammonia in air is 1625%.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

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