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1© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Bandwidth Playbook

Thwarting Fiber-to-the-Home Competition

John J. Downey

ro!d"!nd #etwor$ %ngineer

Cisco Systems

&downey'cisco.com

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Agenda

( Speeds and Feeds ) Competitive Outlook FiOS!

) Ob"e#tives

) Current $ %ew Speed O&&erings

( Future 'volution Options

( Cablevision(s Choi#e

) Con&igs ) Cabling )deas

) Other )deas

( %ew Te#hnology Cornerstones

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*© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Speeds and Feeds

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+++© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Ob"e#tives

( *se e+isting HFC network

( Separation o& tiers o& servi#e

( Bandwidth usage monitoring,shaping

( Se#urity )ssues - mitigate ha#kers.

( %umber o& subs per port

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© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Current and %ew Speed O&&erings

( Typi#ally / tier at 01 2S by 0345 *S( 1SOs using /6/ to migrate to multiple tiers o& servi#e

) 2ial-up repla#ement /735 + /735

) 8ow to 1ed speed /1 + 79:5 or 01 + 0345

) High speed 9-;1 + 9/7-;:35

( O&&erings &rom +7 1bps? 7>+9? $ 0>+9 FTTH

( %ew residential $ #ommer#ial o&&erings ) /9+7 - Co+

) />+/? /9+7? 0>+9 - C<

) /:+7 - Com#ast

) 7>+@ - C%

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---© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

*sage Patterns

( Changing #ap. at same pri#e may not have linear a&&e#t ) Average usage may be less than e+trapolated

) Customers that use a lot o& P7P servi#es may look

more appealing to others outside network

) O&&ering /9 1bps at />>/ oversell allows 7>> subs,2S$ may be &ine? but needs to be observed over time

( Customers paying &or higher #ap. #ould &eel #ompelled to

get their moneys worth and use mu#h more than previous

( *sage #ould in#rease e+ponentially ) Customers be#ome more #omputer savvy

) Other appli#ations be#ome proli&i# or "ust temporary

( 'uates to an over-subs#ription #al#ulation that must be re-

evaluated and probably de#reased

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2S Speed A&&e#ted by

( *sable rate and &rame si=e

( 1odem

) Con&ig &ile? CP* PPS!? $ 'thernet

( Transport layer

) TCP or *2P

) *S speeds $ windowing a&&e#t TCP

( 1a+ 2S burst - per#eption is reality

)

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*S Speed A&&e#ted by

( ate limit $ other tra&&i#

2OCS)S Proto#ol

( 1ap advan#e? 2S interleaving $ 1odulation

( Con#atenation

( 1a+ #on#at $ tra&&i# burst settings

( 1odulation pro&iles

( Fragmentation

( 2OCS)S /6> C1@

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Future 'volution Options

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Solutions

/6 2o nothing and wat#h the #ompetition

erode your subs#riber base

76 Segment the &iber nodes

06 FTTC? FTTHP!? FTTDAP

46 Bonding. *S $ 2S 2OCS)S #hannels

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Option / - Same C1TS with

Freuen#y Separation

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Option / - Same C1TS with Fre Separation

( 1ap 7 2S &res $ 7 *S +s into same node

) Fre A serving es subs $ &re B serving new subs

( *tili=e 79:-EA1 on both 2Ss

) 0: 1bps per 2S &re depends on &rame si=e!( *tili=e 067 1H= CD,/:-EA1 on both *Ss

) 1bps per *S &re depends on &rame si=e!

( *S and,or 2S load balan#e

) Allow res subs to use under-utili=ed #ommer#ial *S

( Client-#lass pro#essing GsteersG es subs to A $ new

subs to B

) Set 2S &re and,or *S Ch )2 in C1(s #on&ig &ile

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Separating C1s Through Client-Class Pro#essing

C1TS

C 3AC Address4

0140240*40+4040-

C!"le 3odem

3AC Address4!"4cd4e540140240*

sco6e2+.1.1.0.127.2

!"4cd4e540140240*

0140240*40+4040-

........

C 8!gC Cl!ss

C t!g

Client %ntries

Sco6e10.1.1.0.27.12+

9es 3odem Cl!ss 3odem 8!g

3odem 8!g

Sco6esClient Cl!sses Sco6e8!gs

Sco6e

10.2.2.0.27.12+

I#%8 3odem Cl!ss3odem 8!g

3odem 8!g

Sco6esClient Cl!sses Sco6e8!gs

0240*40+40-4!!40-

C!"le 3odem :

3AC Address4

0240*40+40-4!!40-

rovisioning Server

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Option / - Separating C1s via F21 $ Provisioning

*> 7>6> 1H= I 067 1H=

*> 7067 1H= I 067 1H=

2S> 490 1H= I 79:-EA1

2S/ 49 1H= I 79:-EA1

2S>

*>

*/

*7

*0

2S/

*>

*/

*7

*0

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Option / - Euestions to Answer

( 1ultiple 2Ss broad#ast be#ause o& '2FAs@

) Broad#ast makes it di&&i#ult to a#hieve // 2S-

to-node #ombining later down the road

( %odes with / 2S + $ 7 *S T+s@

) Two 2Ss #ould be sent to node

) / *S laser &eeds *S o& / ma# domain

) 7nd laser &eeds *S &rom other ma# domain

) *S &reuen#y re-use possible

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Option / J Pros and Cons

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Option / - Pros

( Provides simple Gget up and runG approa#h

( Only real modi&i#ations are

) Combining to map 7-4 *Ss to nodes

) 'nsure provisioning system steers them to proper*S #h

( *S and 2S load balan#ing possible

) Poor man(s. redundan#y

) Caution a#ross #ards - pa#ket drops be#ause no )1

alignment between #ards

( )& using mi+ed mode? then 76> C1s #ould burst at :4-

EA1 &or K /0 1bps

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Option / - Pros #ont!

( 7 2Ss at 79:-EA1 K ;7 1bps

( 7 *Ss at /:-EA1 , 067 1H= K /3 1bps

( Advan#ed phy &eatures ) )ngress #an#ellation and more F'C

) 74-tap 'E $ *S interleave

) A,2 #onversion

( 9+7>* has advan#ed spe#trum management? remote

analy=ing and per-C1 F'C #ounters

) Available with /760/0! )OS $ L

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Option / - Cons

( euires #ombining work

( euires 2S and *S spe#trum availability

( 1oving to new 2S reuires new *S( Outage #ould make C1s register on

in#orre#t 2S $ a&&e#t registration times

( C1s will need to be #lient-#lass pro#essedwith in&o in their 2OCS)S #on&ig &iles

( Dhat i& an *S port dies@

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Option 7 - Separate C1TSs

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Option 7 - 2iagram

2S>

*>

*/

*7

*0

C1TS A

2S/

*>

*/

*7

*0

C1TS B

( 1ap *S,2S ports &rom 7nd C1TS into e+isting nodes

( Conne#t 7nd C1TS to #ore network

( Provision Commer#ial C1s to proper &re $ C1TS

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Option 7 - Pros

( Hardware )solation

( 1ore pro#essing power

( Future e+pansion and poor-man(s. HA

( Separates high speed. #ustomers &or

%OC #larity.

( Some systems use this &or open a##ess or

to segregate 2ata &orm

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2*2*2*© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Option 7 - Cons

( Se#ond C1TS

( Dill CP* ma+ out i& one #hassis dies@

( 1ore power draw $ ra#k spa#e in H',hub( 1ust integrate 7nd #hassis to network

( %eed address spa#e &or additional C1TS

( C1s #ould lo#k on wrong C1TS $ )P bundle ) )P address depletion

) Pa#ket drops no )1 alignment between #hassis!

) C1 o&&line on one C1TS $ online on another

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2+© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Option 0 - Same as Option /? but

*tili=ing AT21A

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Option 0 - Same C1TS *tili=ing AT21A

( *tili=e AT21A-only *S ports &or Commer#ial C1s

( Only allows 76> C1s to GseeG *S port $ register

( '+isting es subs are blind to AT21A port

) 2onMt understand ma# message 7 in#luded in *C2

( %eed to #on&igure provisioning to blo#kCommer#ial C1s &rom registering on /6+ *S port

) *se provisioning to &or#e spe#i&i# 2S &re or *S Ch )2

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2-2-2-© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

( 2S>,*> T21A /6+ mode!

( 2S/,*> AT21A 76>-only!

( Only allows 76> C1s to GseeG 2S/,*>

$ register on it

Option 0 - 2iagram

2S>

*>

*/

*7

*02S/

*>

*/

*7

*0

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2/2/2/© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

2OCS)S 76> J AT21A Basi#s

( )ntrodu#es do#sis-mode. #on#ept

) T21A traditional /6+ mode!

) AT21A-T21A mi+ed /6+ and 76>!

) AT21A 76>-only!

( *se #able upstream + do#sis-mode N. to

#on&igure *S #hannel to a desired mode

) Automati#ally pi#ks a new de&ault mod pro&ile

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2OCS)S 76> Bene&its

( reater spe#tral e&&i#ien#y

) Better use o& e+isting #hannels

) 1ore #apa#ity

( Provides higher throughput in *S dire#tion

) Per-C1 speed greater with better PPS

( obust against worst-#ase plant impairments

) Although not part o& spe#? ingress #an#ellationallows higher orders o& modulation

) Opens unused portions o& spe#trum

) )nsuran#e &or li&e-line servi#es

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*0*0*0© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

2OCS)S 76> Bene&its

( )*Cs added &or /6+,76> mi+ed environment

) a-short? /> a-long? // a-ugs

(Better statisti#al multiple+ing

) :64 1H= #hannel is better than 7? 067 #hannels

( )n#reases *S #apa#ity to 0>6;7 1bps

( 'nhan#es &le+ibility when used in#ombination with

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2OCS)S /6/ Phy Change P'-'E!

( *S euali=ation is supported on all #ards &or /6> and /6/ ) 3-tap blind euali=er

( /6/ allows Mpre-euali=ationM where 'E #oe&&i#ients are

sent allowing a C1 to pre-distort its signal

) Cab up + euali=ation-#oe&&i#ient

( Supported on all line#ards and releases that support /6/

) euires /6/ #apable C1s? but not 6#m &ile

) Con&igurable option

( 76> in#reases the euali=er tap length &rom 3 to 74

) Supported on * #ards in AT21A mode

) O&& by de&ault

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Amplitude ipple,Tilt

( :64 1H= AT21A

signal e+hibits

severe in-band

tilt at *S port

( Pre-'E in C1#an #ompensate&or nearly all tilt

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**© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Option 0 J Pros and Cons

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*-© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Cablevision(s Choi#e

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***© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

%ew Ar#hite#ture )dea *sing Option 0

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*/*/*/© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

%ew Ar#hite#ture )n&ormation

( 2S>-2S0 are /+7 1AC domains J egular Tier

( 2S4 is /+3 1AC domain J Power Tier

( *Ss use #onne#tor assignments $ &re sta#ked

( Boost Con&iguration

) *S *p to 7; 1bps per node

) 2S K79 1bps I :4-EA1 or K09 1bps I 79:-EA1

per 3 nodes

( Could be &urther segmented down to 4 nodes

( 4 *S ports not used

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***© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Euestions to Answer

( Ba#k-o&&i#e pro#edures $ implementation?what happens when

) %ew C1 registers on wrong 2S

) Catastrophi# &ailure on entire node ) esidential sub buys their own 76> C1

) C1s move between 2Ss and,or *S ports

( Physi#al implementation ) )s 2S spe#trum available &or 79:-EA1

) Can *S laser handle multiple #arriers andhigher modulation s#hemes

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+0© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

C1TS Con&iguration

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+1+1+1© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

8ab Testing Pro#edures and k with P'/ running /760a!BC4

(

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+2+2+2© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

C1TS 8ine#ard Con&iguration

inter5!ce C!"le/;1;0

c!"le downstre!m modul!tion 2-

c!"le downstre!m 5re0>>>>>>

c!"le downstre!m ch!nnel7id >

c!"le downstre!m r576ower /

#able upstream ma+-ports 7

#able upstream > #onne#tor > shared

c!"le u6stre!m 0 5re>3>>>

c!"le u6stre!m 0 ch!nnel7width *200000

c!"le u6stre!m 0 minislot7si=e 2

c!"le u6stre!m 0 modul!tion76ro5ile 2*

no c!"le u6stre!m 0 shutdown

#able upstream / #onne#tor 7 shared






inter5!ce C!"le/;1;+c!"le downstre!m modul!tion 2-

c!"le downstre!m 5re>>>>>>

c!"le downstre!m ch!nnel7id 4



#able upstream > #onne#tor > shared c!"le u6stre!m 0 5re>>





#able upstream / #onne#tor 7 shared c!"le u6stre!m 1 5re>>

c!"le u6stre!m 1 do#sis-mode atdma



c!"le u6stre!m 1 modul!tion76ro5ile 77/


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+*+*+*© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Con&iguration #ont!

inter5!ce C!"le/;1;1


c!"le downstre!m 5re0>>>>>>

c!"le downstre!m ch!nnel7id /



c!"le u6stre!m 0 connector 4 shared






c!"le u6stre!m 1 connector : shared






inter5!ce C!"le/;1;+


c!"le downstre!m 5re>>>>>>

c!"le downstre!m ch!nnel7id 4



c!"le u6stre!m 2 connector 4 shared

c!"le u6stre!m 2 5re>>





c!"le u6stre!m * connector : shared

c!"le u6stre!m * 5re>>

c!"le u6stre!m * ch!nnel7width *200000

c!"le u6stre!m * minislot7si=e 2

c!"le u6stre!m * modul!tion76ro5ile 2*

no c!"le u6stre!m * shutdown

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++++++© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Con#erns

( )P Address )mpli#ations ) How to prevent )P address e+haust during

ranging onto in#orre#t 2S &re

(C1 issues with multiple 2S $ *S &res@

) 8ong time to register C1s #a#he 2S &re!

( Power level when 7nd *S &re added@

) C1TS per&orms pwr on per-*S &re $ CD

) Analog &ront-end #ould overload $ #ause

harmoni#s

( Per-C1 speeds

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Con#erns #ont!

( 1aybe laser #lipping &rom adding additional&res and higher modulation s#hemes

( How to s#ale /+3 and /+7 1AC domains as

utili=ation in#reases@

) Take into a##ount F #onne#tions?

provisioning? et#6

( Bandpass &ilters in plant

( *S diple+ &ilter range

)9-0>? 9-4>,47? 9-99? 9-:9? Q

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+-+-+-© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Another )dea to *tili=e All R)Bs.

2S>

*>,C>

*/,C7

/+7

2S/

*>,C4

*/,C/:

/+7

2S4

*>,C>

*/,C7

*7,C4

*0,C/:

*4,C3

*9,C/>

*:,C/7

*;,C/3

/+3

2S 4 :> 1H=

2Ss >-0 :>0 1H=

1C9+7>

2S7

*>,C3

*/,C/>

/+7

2S0

*>,C/7

*/,C/3

/+7

2S Combiner

*S Splitter

2S Splitter

euires

( 7 2S &reuen#ies

( 7 *S &res in ea#h node( One *S &re per 2S

( 4 *S ports not used

All *Ss at

7369 1H=

All *Ss at 79 1H=

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*sing All *S Ports 4? /+0s and /? /+3!

2S>

*>$/,C>

*7,C7

/+0

2S/

*>$/,C4

*7,C:

/+0

2S4

*4,C7

*9,C:

*:,C/>

*;,C/4

*>,C/:

*/,C/;

*7,C/3

*0,C/

/+3

2S 4 49 1H=

2Ss >-0 490 1H=

1C9+7>

2S7

*>$/,C3

*7,C/>

/+0

2S0

*>$/,C/7

*7,C/4

/+0

2S Combiner

*S Splitter

2S Splitter

euires

( 7 2S &res

( 0 *S &res in some nodes

and only 7 in others

All *Ss at

7369 1H=

All *Ss at 79 1H=

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+/© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Cabling )deas

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1a+net )) Pi#ts

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1a+net )) Pi#ts

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P1 P2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

One F Swit#h Option

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P 1emory Si=e

P'/ P'7

C1 , STB support

9/7 1B />74 1B

*p to 495

FP 1emory Si=e

/>74 1B />74 1B

Toaster Pro#essors 07 :4

P Clo#k 7:; 1H= 9>> 1H=

Toaster Clo#k />> 1H= /9> 1H=

Ben#hmark PPS 763 1pps :67 1pps

Pa#ket Bu&&er 79: 1B/73 1B

8ine Card )nter#onne#t /6: b,s 067 b,s

Cis#o uB/>>/7 HardwareP'/ and P'7 Spe#i&i#ations

2ependant upon &eatures enabled

:45

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%ew Te#hnology Cornerstones

( 2OCS)S 06> )Channel Bonding &or higher #apa#ity links

'nable &aster HS2 servi#e

1 + % ma# domains now'nable b

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uB/>>/7 Dideband Components

uBR10012 Base System

uB/>>/

7

WB SIP

WBSPA

WAN INTERFACE 4x HH-GE

ROUTING ENGINE 2x PRE2 @ !""s

RP Re#u$#a$%y

&OCSIS CAR&S 'x !C()20

40 &S * 10 US "+,ts "e, Cass.s

WI&EBAN& SIP 1 WB SIP*Cass.s

2 WAN S/+ts

2x WB SPA*WB SIP

E)TERNA E&GE A! O-te-se/3 +& A!

uBR10012 W.#e5a$# 6.t

WI&EBAN& SPA 2x WB-SPA "e, Cass.s

1G5"s*SPA 7824 A!s*SPA9

Re#u$#a$t GE Out"ut 7SFP9

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Future-Proo&ing

( HH' #ards

) /760!

( 1CV #ards

( 1-C1TS ar#hite#ture

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-0-0-0© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

2esign / 7 DB Channels per 3 %odes

Boost Con&iguration is un#hangedDideband Con&iguration*S *p to 7; 1bps per node shared w, Boost

2S K9> 1bps per 3 nodes at :4-EA12S K;> 1bps per 3 nodes at 79:-EA1

'+panding Bandwidth to 2esign / Four DB

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'+panding Bandwidth to 2esign /- Four DBChannels per 3 %odes

Boost 2ownstream added to Dideband BBoost *Ss added into /+7 1AC domain 8B!*S *p to :+7; 1bps per node 8B! shared w, Optimum2S K/>> 1bps per 3 nodes at :4-EA1

2S K/4> 1bps per 3 nodes at 79:-EA1

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2esign 7 : DB Channels per 3 %odes

Dideband Con&iguration*S *p to 7; 1bps per node shared w, Boost2S K/9> 1bps per 3 nodes at :4-EA1

2S K7/> 1bps per 3 nodes at 79:-EA1

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-+-+-+© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

C'So)P Con&ig File0* #et Access ControlE B :es

22 ?6stre!m !c$et Cl!ssi5ic!tion loc$E

S01 Cl!ssi5ier 9e5erenceE B 1

S0* @low 9e5erenceE B 2

S0 9ule riorityE B 1

S0- Activ!tion St!teE B 1

S0 I !c$et Cl!ssi5ic!tionE

802 I rotocolE B 2

80 Source ort St!rtE B 21+2 80/ Source ort %ndE B 21+2

80 Destin!tion ort St!rtE B 21+2

810 Destin!tion ort %ndE B 21+2

2* Downstre!m !c$et Cl!ssi5ic!tion loc$E

S01 Cl!ssi5ier 9e5erenceE B 2

S0* @low 9e5erenceE B

S0 9ule riorityE B 1

S0- Activ!tion St!teE B 1

S0 I !c$et Cl!ssi5ic!tionE

802 I rotocolE B 2

80 Source ort St!rtE B 21+2

80/ Source ort %ndE B 21+2

80 Destin!tion ort St!rtE B 21+2

810 Destin!tion ort %ndE B 21+2

2+ ?6stre!m Service @low loc$E

S01 @low 9e5erenceE B 1

S0- FoS !r!meter Set 8y6eE B

S0 8r!55ic riorityE B *

S0/ 3! Sust!ined 8r!55ic 9!teE B 2000000

S1 Service @low Scheduling 8y6eE B 2

2+ ?6stre!m Service @low loc$E

S01 @low 9e5erenceE B 2

S0- FoS !r!meter Set 8y6eE B

S1 Service @low Scheduling 8y6eE B -

S1- 9e

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( Cable HD)C,D)C will deliver 2OCS)S 76> $

'uro2o#sis,R-2o#sis #ompliant HFC

inter&a#e Cable!

(*tili=ing Broad#om #hipset

( 2ual mode? able to operate as D)C or HD)C

( Pa#ket#able 1ultimedia Support

( 2OCS)S EoS $ )OS router EoS intera#tion

( O&&ering 7 S5*s Fi+ed-#on&ig #able

router

( 1odular Plat&orm support

/34/? 73>>? 03>>? )A2740+

7:/? 0;>> post FCS!

Broad#om 2OCS)S 76>C1 daughter #ard

Cable HD)C,D)C Overview

Enabling Cable Commercial Services with Cisco ISR

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------© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Cable HD)C,D)C #ont!

( Additional Features post FCS!

) 1ultiple Cable HD)C support per router

) T21 #lo#k syn# with 2OCS)S #lo#k

( Program *pdate ) Customer Beta in progress at

Co+? TDC? Sprint? Charter? Bresnan? *PC

Broadband $ 'ssent 5able#om

( Per&orman#e evaluation

) Cable8abs #ert Cable HD)C )S submit in Ruly? >:

) T#omlabs #ert &or 'uro2o#sis targeting Aug? 7>>:

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Cis#o 3/9 Fi+ed-Con&ig Cable outer

/>,/>>Port

Cable D)CCable D)CConsole

Port

4 Port 1anaged4 Port 1anaged

/>,/>> Swit#h/>,/>> Swit#h

A*VPort

• 5ey Features

• )ntegrated 2OCS)S 76> C1 D)C

• )ntegrated 4 Port />,/>> 1anagedSwit#h

• )''' 3>76/E

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-/-/-/© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.DOCSIS Security

Cis#o 3/9 $ uB>9 Comparison

uB>9 Cis#o 3/9

Cable 1odem 2OCS)S /6/ 2OCS)S 76>

8A% 4-Port />T Hub 4-Port />,/>>1anaged Swit#h

/>,/>> DA% Ba#kup %o '+t6 2ial Ba#kup

3>76/E

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Cable A##ess outer Port&olioComplete O&&erings &or Cable Operators

7:/,73>> w,Cable HD)C

0;>>,03>> w,Cable HD)C

Primary DA% Primary DA%? DA% Ba#kup? DA% o&&load

)A2740+ w,Cable HD)C

1 u l t i s e r v i #

e C a p a b i l i t i e s

Cable HD)C #an be

used with /7

di&&erent modular

router models

/34/ w,Cable HD)C

3/9 Fi+ed Con&ig

'nterprise Bran#hS1B,Small Bran#hSOHO

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Summary

( Separation o& tiers o& servi#e

( 1ath $ new designs are beginning steps

( 1onitor a#tual tra&&i# load and manage &airuse o& network

( Bandwidth usage monitoring,shaping

( 2etermine when additional #apa#ity is

ne#essary

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