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This document consists of 4 printed pages.

SP (NF) S86389/3

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You must answer Question 1.

T$ !N N2 T$ $N2 F T$ S!$E "NF#*"T

; Read the sources and then answer the question.

Source

The Suez-Sinai conflict transformed the UN. It brouht ali!e the "Unitin for #eace$ resolution of1%&'( ne!er )re!iousl* a))lied. +n 1 No!ember the ,eneral ssembl* bean its first emerenc*session an all-niht one. +n / No!ember the ssembl* as0ed the Secretar*-,eneral( a2ammars03old( to )roduce a )lan for a UN force within /4 hours. +n 5 No!ember it a))ro!ed hisfull )lan and !oted him wide authorit* to "ta0e all other necessar* administrati!e and e6ecuti!eactions$.

ll this was thrust u)on 2ammars03old( not initiated b* him. 7ut the UN 8merenc* 9orce :UN89;could not ha!e been con3ured u) to )la* its crucial role if he and his staff had not flun themsel!es intoits creation with furious ener*. nd within a matter of da*s 2ammars03old found himself actin in thedi)lomatic e!en more than the administrati!e field. 2e had to wor0 hard on #resident Nasser of 8*)tto et areement about the terms on which the force would enter 8*)t. 2e could not et Israel$sareement to o)erate on its side of the border at all.

Andrew Boyd, a British journalist, in his bookUnited Nations: Piety, Myth and Truth, 19!"

Source 1

The creation of the UN89 was the condition on which the ceasefire had been brouht about< theeffecti!e de)lo*ment of the force was the condition u)on which the 7ritish( 9rench and Israelitroo)s would withdraw. The first necessit* was to ma0e the UN89 into realit* as quic0l* as

)ossible. The two main )roblems were to recruit and trans)ort the force to 8*)t and to neotiatewith 8*)t its acce)tance of this new international e6)eriment u)on its so!erein territor*. Thesecurin of 8*)tian areement )ro!ed to be the most difficult of the )roblems in establishin theUN89. 2ammars03old in fact succeeded in establishin a basis for coo)eration between the UN and8*)t u)on which the UN89 o)erated smoothl* and effecti!el* for ten *ears. 2ammars03old$sener* and resourcefulness attracted considerable attention at the time and his re)utation( e6ce)t in9rance( 7ritain and Israel( had ne!er stood hiher.

Brian Ur#uhart, in his bio$ra%hy o& 'a$

(a))arskjold, UN *e+retary-eneral, 19.!"

Source "

The Suez crisis was( in m* 3udement( the finest hour of the ,eneral ssembl*. Resolutions wereado)ted callin for a ceasefire and Israeli withdrawal and establishin a United Nations 8merenc*9orce to re)lace the nlo=9rench=Israeli forces in the >anal ?one and Sinai. The idea came from@ester #earson( the >anadian 9orein Ainister< the e6ecution of his )lan was carried out b* a2ammars03old and his admirable staff( includin the merican Ral)h 7unche and the 7ritish 7rianUrquhart. The* )erformed miracles of im)ro!isation. The ,eneral ssembl* maintained themomentum until the 7ritish and 9rench forces had left and merican )ressure had forced Israel to

withdraw behind armistice lines.

Anthony Parsons, British di%lo)at, in his book/ro) 0old ar to (ot Pea+e: UN

2nter3entions 194.51996, 1996"B U>@8S C''& %D%5='E=A=F='&

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Source 2

In the Securit* >ouncil( the 7ritish and the 9rench !etoed resolutions b* the United States and theSo!iet Union demandin that Israel withdraw and others sta* out of 8*)t. Yuosla!ia then used the"Unitin for #eace$ )lan< since the Securit* >ouncil was )aral*sed( the issue would be sent to the,eneral ssembl*. urin the debate in the ,eneral ssembl* on 1 No!ember( @ester #earson( the

>anadian 9orein Ainister( )ro)osed a UN militar* force to ta0e o!er )ositions from the 7ritish(9rench and Israelis. 2ammars03old had serious doubts at first about the wisdom or effecti!eness ofsuch a mo!e. +n / No!ember( the ,eneral ssembl* instructed 2ammars03old to submit a )lanwithin /4 hours for the settin u) of "an emerenc* international UN force$. 7ritain$s rudinacce)tance of the )rinci)le of a UN force o)ened the wa* for 2ammars03old to )ersuade all sidesinto a UN solution. In a remar0able feat of manaement and ener*( 2ammars03old )ut toether theUN$s first )eace0ee)in force in a wee0.

*tanley Meisler, an A)eri+an journalist, in his

book United Nations: the /irst /i&ty 7ears,

1996"

Source $

It was in the ,eneral ssembl* in the first three da*s of No!ember that the UN$s first )eace0ee)inforce bean to emere.

The 0e* )erson( in addition to 2ammars03old himself( was @ester #earson. The United States(while remainin in the bac0round( encouraed mo!es towards a UN-based solution. +n /

No!ember the ,eneral ssembl* )assed a >anadian resolution )ro)osin the creation of aUnited Nations 8merenc* 9orce. 2ammars03old quic0l* )ro!ided a )reliminar* )lan. +n &

No!ember the ,eneral ssembl* authorised the establishment of the force. more detailed )lan

was )resented to the ssembl* on 5 No!ember( b* which time 7ritish and 9rench forces hadoccu)ied #ort Said on the Suez >anal. 9urther basic )rinci)les were laid down in this e6tended

blue)rint.

7ritain and 9rance would ha!e fa!oured a UN o)eration in which their own forces had a )rominentrole. 7oth 2ammars03old$s )ro)osal for a force free of reat )ower in!ol!ement and the )rinci)le of8*)tian consent ruled this out. Neither 7ritain nor 9rance was inclined to arue.

Norrie Ma+8ueen, a British a+ade)i+, writin$ in 1999"

Now answer the followin question.

(ow &ar do *our+es A5 su%%ort the 3iew that the work o& (a))arskjold was the )ost i)%ortant

reason why the *ue +on&li+t was brou$ht to an end in No3e)ber 196;

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You must answer three questions from this section.

You must not answer both Question E and Question /.

% Ghich of the followin has the best claim to mar0 the start of the >old GarH >hurchill$s Iron >urtains)eech( 1%/D< the Truman octrine( 1%/5< the 7erlin 7loc0ade( 1%/4/% 86)lain *our answer.

3 Gho or what was res)onsible for the lobalisation of the >old Gar

,

4 ssess the relati!e contributions of merica and the So!iet Union to the outcome of the JietnamGar.

' 2ow im)ortant was the Gest in the colla)se of the USSR b* 1%%1

6 2ow successful were attem)ts to control the nuclear arms race between the su)er)owers in the)eriod from 1%D' to 1%4'

"7* the 1%4's( the merican dominance of the international econom* had almost disa))eared.$iscuss.

8 Gh* did frica e6)erience serious )roblems of famine in the 1%4's

0o%yri$ht A+knowled$e)ents:

Source B ndrew 7o*d< United Nations: Piety, Myth, and Truth( #enuin< 1%DC

Source 7 B 7rian Urquhart< (a))arskjold< ))14E/< 7odle* 2ead

Source > B nthon* #arsons< /ro) 0old ar to (ot Pea+e: UN 2nter3entions 194.51994( #enuin

Source B Stanle* Aeiser< United Nations: the /irst /i&ty 7ears< )). 1'411C< tlantic Aonthl* #ress

Source 8 Norrie AacQueen< The United Nations *in+e 1946: Pea+ekee%in$ and the 0old ar< ))C/C&< B ddison Gesle* @onman( 1%%%

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)leased to ma0e amends at the earliest )ossible o))ortunit*.

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Uni!ersit* of >ambride International 86aminations is )art of the Uni!ersit* of >ambride @ocal 86aminations S*ndicate :U>@8S;( which is itself a de)artment of

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