aaddw09.povertynegtwist

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DDW 2009Dylan Gorman, Ana Ohara, Josh Thorn

ASPEC Card

Agent spe!"!at!on !s #ey to pol!yma#!ngGAO,June 13, 2006 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06751r.pdf

After the reation of the !epartment of "ome#and $eurit% &!"$' in (arh 2003, two legacy enforcementagencies)the former *mmigration and +atura#iation $ervie &*+$' and the -.$. ustoms $ervie &-$$')were among the 22 federal agencies brought together within DHS. 1 his transformation in turn mergedthe legac% *+$ and -$$ investigators 2 into the -.$. *mmigration and ustoms nforement &*' ffie of*nvestigations &*', and #ega% *+$ and -$$ inspetors, 3 among others, into ustoms and order rotetion&'. *t has 4een near#% 3 %ears sine the merger and efforts to integrate thousands of federa# emp#o%ees within* and ontinue. You raised questions about ongoing human caital challenges brought about by theintegration of legacy enforcement emp#o%ees within * and . *n prior wor, we have reported on themanagement and human apita# ha##enges !"$ faes as it merges the worfores of #ega% agenies, in#udingthe need to clarify the roles and resonsibilities o f the new agencies, the difficulty of legacy staff oerating

from searate locations, and how it decides to allocate in!estigati!e resources. 4

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Gener! Agen!es $a!l

"egulatory agencies emirically fail#inherent roblems

i4or $achan, hair in usiness this ree nterprise at hapman -niversit%8s Arg%ros $hoo#, researh

fe##ow 9 aifi esearh *nstitute "oover *nstitution6%2&/0; shoes not ?uite aswe## as the% need to 4e fi>ed 4ut @ust enough that the% wi## #ast a whi#e 4ut need to 4e returned for further repair.*ndeed, automo4i#e repairers are often suspeted of this. hat, apart from onsientiousness, eeps suh fo#s onthe straight and narrow is ompetition, the now#edge that if the% don8t do the wor we## enough someone e#se wi##

@ump in to do so. One main reason that bureaucracies are generally sluggish and unenthusiastic aboutser!ing the ubli ) as distint from private vendors# is this element of constant cometition, om4ined withthe fat that 4ureaurats gain their inome from ta>es, whih an often 4e raised with impunit% 4% those who hirethem. hat pu4#i hoie theorists #aim is that bureaucrats ha!e a far better oortunity to yield to thetemtation of malractice than are those in the ri!ate sector. he theor% does not #aim that a## 4ureauratsare heats and a## those in the private setor are professiona##% responsi4#e. ut it identifies an evident tenden%and shows it to e>ist through the stud% of eonomi and po#itia# histor%. ommon sense supports this, as we##,when most peop#e notie that if the% go to, sa%, the !epartment of (otor Behi#es &one of the more visi4#egovernment outfits', they mostly get a reluctant, bored, at times e!en curmudgeonly treatment, whereas inthe ri!ate sector the routine tends to be eagerness to ser!e,to generate and eep 4usiness. here is an e#ementa4out pu4#i hoie theor% that eonomists do not emphasie often enough, name#% that the o4@etives ofregulators are often !ery obscure, unclear, e!en contradictory. or e>amp#e, governments often em4ar onhistoria# preservation 4ut at the same time the% are supposed to mae sure that 4ui#ding and other fai#ities are

proper#% managed, ept safe, et. ut historia# preservation most#% re?uire eeping things in their origina# form,whi#e the pursuit of safet% invo#ves maing use of the most upCtoCdate tehno#og% and siene. One cangeneralie this )ind of conflict within go!ernment olicies all o!er the lace) whih is what aounts forvigi#ant propaganda against smoing whi#e to4ao farmers eep reeiving government su4sidies.

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%GOs &ey $ederal S'ess

-GO.s the number one internal to federal go!ernment success

/oo Allen Hamilton, #eading onsu#ting firm, he#ps government #ients so#ve their toughest pro4#ems nvironment ederal agencies are no longer communities unto themsel!es)technology and globaliation ha!e created greater interdeendence between -GOs and the ri!ate sector3

"esondents in e!ery federal sector, from agriu#ture and energ% to defense, desri4e their mission as .= urthermore, EE perent of respondents reort that the comle*ity of their missions requires col4laboration with other federal agencies or third arties outside the go!ernment structure. 'he need forincreasingly integrated and comle* misions will increase in the coming years . (ore than EF perent ofrespondents 4e#ieve that their missionGs omp#e>it% has inreased dramatia##% sine 2000. urthermore, theyrecognie comle*ity and mission integration as !ital to mission success. Aording to respondents,(ointmissions will be increasingly critical in the future for agencies to meet mission goals3+ear#% three ?uarters ofrespondents &73 perent' 4e#ieve that 4% 2012 @oint missions wi## p#a% a greater ro#e in their agen%Gs a4i#it% toahieve mission suess. A fu## 50 perent of respondents 4e#ieve their missions wi## 4eome it%, mission success is

increasingly deendent on mission integration3 ederal agencies need to draw on a di!erse mi* of secialtiesand caabilities, wor) across organiational boundaries, and oerate from deliberate lans with

accountability for clear, measurable results3

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Adm!n!strat!on "or Ch!ldren and $am!l!es

Adm!n!strat!on "or Ch!ldren, has ('r!sd!t!on o)er asyl'm h!ldrenhriss $cGannJune 1;, 2005


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Agr!'lt're Department

Agr!'lt're department has !nternal pro*lems and per"ormane gapsGAOC0;C650 6%2&/0;


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Department o" +ealth and +'man Ser)!es

Cons!ene r'le ats as a *'rea'rat! *arr!er to health are$edical -ews 'oday, 22 Dec 20019HHS 7onscience7 "ule reates 7Huge /ureaucratic

/arrier,7 Oinion :iece Says;http://www.media#newstoda%.om/arti#es/133E61.php

'he HHS


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Department o" Ed'at!on

The DOE !s a total "a!l'reatoC%ear authoriation period3 +f ast e*erience is any guide,those dollars will go rimarily to feeding the hungry bureaucracyand wi## ha!e little ositi!e imact onublic school students3*nstead of dereasing the ro#e of the federa# government in eduation, the +IA a##owsthe federa# government to intervene more than ever in what shou#d 4e strit#% a #oa# and state matter. hi#e theat provides shoo# distrits with inreased f#e>i4i#it% in spending some of their federa# su4sidies, mandated testingand staff restruturing represent an unpreeC dented usurpation of the authorit% of #oa# ommunities to run theirown shoo#s. !uring his presidentia# ampaign, ush emphasied that he did not want to 4eome the OOfedera#superintendent of shoo#s.GG ut the +IA gives the president and the federa# government far too muh powerover #oa# shoo#s and #assrooms. +nstead of roosing more to4down fi*es for education, the residentshould use his osition to ush for the return of control of education to states and localities and urge state4

le!el reforms that return the control of education to arents3

$ederal at!on deters #ey state and loal go)ernmentsato.htm#

$ine most information about the roblems and challenges of education is resent at the local le!el,

ongress simly does not ha!e the ability to imro!e learning in school classrooms thou4 sands of milesaway3 'hese roblems are best understood and addressed by local authorities and arents3

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States Sol)e Ed'at!on

State at!on sol)es *est.states model other statesato.htm#

3. +f education were left at the local le!el, arents would become more in!ol!ed in reform efforts3Differences in school effecti!e4 ness among states and communities would be noted, and other regions would

coy the more effecti!e rograms and olicies3

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Department o" /nter!or

/n"rastr't're pro*lems pre)ent DO/ prod't!)!tyGAO

+nterior also faces a challenge in ade?uate#% maintaining its facilities and infrastructure3 he departmentowns, 4ui#ds, purhases, and ontrats servies for assets suh as visitor enters, shoo#s, offie 4ui#dings, roads,4ridges, dams, irrigation s%stems, and reservoirsP however, repairs and maintenane on these fai#ities have not4een ade?uate#% funded. 'he deterioration of facilities can imair ublic health and safety, reduceemloyees. morale and roducti!ity, and inrease the need for ost#% ma@or repairs or ear#% rep#aement ofstrutures and e?uipment. *n +ovem4er 200E, the department estimated that the deferred maintenance bac)logfor fisa# %ear 200E was between =532 billion and =&3> billion &see ta4#e 1'. *nterior is not a#one in faingdaunting maintenane ha##enges. *n fat, we have identified the management of federa# rea# propert%, in#udingdeferred maintenane issues, as a government wide highCris area sine 2003.23

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Department o" /nter!or %at!)es 1!n#

The a"" "alls 'nder the department o" !nter!orGAO

/+A is the rimary federal agency charged with imlementing federal +ndian olicyand administering thefedera# trust responsi4i#it% for a4out 2 mi##ion Amerian *ndians and A#asa +atives. *A provides 4asi serviesto 562 federa##% reognied *ndian tri4es throughout the -nited $tates, in#uding natura# resoures management ona4out 5F mi##ion ares of *ndian trust #ands. rust status means that the federa# government ho#ds tit#e to the #andin trust for tri4es or individua# *ndiansP #and taen in trust is no #onger su4@et to state and #oa# propert% ta>es andoning ordinanes. *n 1;E0, the department esta4#ished a regu#ator% proess intended to provide a uniformapproah for taing #and in trust.1F hi#e some state and #oa# governments support the federa# governmentGstaing additiona# #and in trust for tri4es or individua# *ndians, others strong#% oppose it 4eause of onerns a4outthe impats on their ta> 4ase and @urisditiona# ontro#. e reported in Ju#% 2006 that while /+A generallyfollowed its regulations for rocessing land in trust app#iations from tri4es and individua# *ndians, it had nodeadlines for ma)ing decisions on them315Secifically, the median rocessing time for the E7 #and in trustapp#iations with deisions in fisa# %ear 2005 was 32 years)ranging from 5E da%s to a#most 1; %ears. ereommended, among other things, that the department move forward with adopting revisions to the #and in trust

regu#ations that in#ude &1' secific time frames for /+A to ma)e a decision once an alication is comleteand&2' guide#ines for providing state and #oa# governments more information on the app#iations and a #ongerperiod of time to provide meaningfu# omments on the app#iations. hi#e the department agreed with ourreommendations, it has not revised the #and in trust regu#ations.

3/A !s the department o" !nter!orQ edera# ommuniations ommision 11/26/01

'he /ureau of +ndian Affairs&www.doi.gov/4ia' is responsi4#e for the administration of federa# programs forfedera##% reognied *ndian tri4es, and for promoting *ndian se#fCdetermination. *n addition, the ureau has a trustresponsi4i#it% emanating from treaties and other agreements with +ative groups. *ndian Affairs &*AE is the oldestbureau of the 8nited States Deartment of the +nterior . sta4#ished in 1E2F, *A urrent#% provides servies

&diret#% or through ontrats, grants, or ompats' to appro>imate#% 1.7 mi##ion Amerian *ndians and A#asa+atives. here are 562 federa##% reognied Amerian *ndian tri4es and A#asa +atives in the -nited $tates.ureau of *ndian Affairs &*A' is responsi4#e for the administration and management of 66 mi##ion ares of #andhe#d in trust 4% the -nited $tates for Amerian *ndian, *ndian tri4es, and A#asa +atives. ureau of *ndianduation &*' provides eduation servies to appro>imate#% FF,000 *ndian students. he mission of the ureauof *ndian Affairs &*A' is to: R enhane the ?ua#it% of #ife, to promote eonomi opportunit%, and to arr% out theresponsi4i#it% to protet and improve the trust assets of Amerian *ndians, *ndian tri4es, and A#asa +atives.

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http://www.fcc.gov/indians/internetresources/bia.htmlhttp://www.fcc.gov/indians/internetresources/bia.htmlhttp://www.fcc.gov/indians/internetresources/bia.htmlhttp://www.fcc.gov/indians/internetresources/bia.html


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Department o" /nter!or 45S5 Terr!tor!es DA

A5 Department o" !nter!or has ('r!sd!t!on o)er 45S5 terr!tor!esGAO

'he Secretary of the +nterior has !arying resonsibilities to the island communities of Amerian $amoa, Duam,the ommonwea#th of the +orthern (ariana *s#ands, and the -.$. Birgin *s#ands, a## of whih ar e 83S3 territories)as we## as to the ederated $tates of (ironesia, the epu4#i of the (arsha## *s#ands, and the epu4#i of a#au ,whih are sovereign nations #ined with the -nited $tates through ompats of ree Assoiation. he ffie of*nsu#ar Affairs &*A', whih arries out the departmentGs responsi4i#ities for the is#and ommunities, is to assist theis#and ommunities in deve#oping more effiient and effetive government by ro!iding financial and technicalassistanceand to he#p manage re#ations 4etween the federa# government and the is#and governments by romotingaroriate federal olicies3he is#and governments have had #ongCstanding finania# and program managementdefiienies.

35 %ot only !s "ederal a!d !ns'""!!ent, *'t !t reates dependeny andr'!ns loal eonom!es

GAO

*n !eem4er 2006, we reorted on serious economic, fiscal, and financial accountability challengesfaingAmerian $amoa, Duam, the ommonwea#th of the +orthern (ariana *s#ands, and the -.$. Birgin *s#ands.16

'he economic challenges stem fromdependene on a few e% industries, sare natura# resoures, sma##domesti marets, #imited infrastruture, shortages of si##ed #a4or, and reliance on federal grants to fund basicser!ices. *n addition, efforts to meet formidable fiscal challenges and build strong economies are hindered byfinancial reorting that does not ro!ide timely and comlete information to management and o!ersight

officials for decision ma)ing3 Asa resultof these pro4#ems, numerous federal agencies ha!e designated thesego!ernments as 9high4 ris); grantee s. o inrease the effetiveness of the federa# governmentGs assistane tothese is#and ommunities, we reommended, among other things, that the department inrease oordinationativities with other federa# grantCmaing agenies on issues of ommon onern re#ating to the insu#ar areagovernments. he department agreed with our reommendations, stating that the% were onsistent with *AGs toppriorities and ongoing ativities. e wi## ontinue to monitor *AGs ations on our reommendations.

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+o's!ng and 4r*an De)elopment

+4D pol!!es get o6opted *y "!nan!al reg'latorsa#ph -ader, Apri# 26, 200>amp#e, our ana#%sis of "A$ and finania# data from 2002 through 2006 foundthat 200 housing agenies had written hes that e>eeded the funds avai#a4#e in their 4an aounts &4an overdrafts' 4% N25,000 or more)indiating a potentia# that these housing agenies ou#d have serious ash and finania# management pro4#ems and ou#d 4e prone to inreased

ris of fraudu#ent use of funds. "owever, 75 perent of these agenies reeived passing "A$ sores.Although H8D has focusedits efforts on the challenges of imro!ing the quality of single audits, the deartment has not ta)en stes to

de!elo mechanisms to mitigate the limitations of its o!ersight rocesses3 Fithout fully le!eraging the audit

and financial information it collects, the deartment limits its ability to identify housing agencies that are at

greater ris) of inaroriately using or mismanaging rogram funds3

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Department o" la*or

$alls 'nder the department o" la*orDeartment of CaborJu#% 6, 200&


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Department o" J'st!e

1a# o" data shar!ng hampers e""et!)enessOffice of the +nsector General, (arh 200&


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En)!ronmental Protet!on Ageny

EPA has sta"" and reso're alloat!on pro*lemsGAOMarch 200&


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O""!e o" %at!onal A!ds Pol!y

Sorry, !ts el's!)ely !nternat!onalJeff Gow 2002


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So!al Se'r!ty Adm!n!strat!on

SSA "'nds get -astedGAOC07C;E6 August 31, 200? provisions under the at.

SSA "'nds dont get en"oredGAOC07C;E6 August 31, 200?


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/CE

/mm!grat!on o'rts are *r'tally 'n"a!r and log the systemrad Heath 3/2;/200&


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8eterans +ealth Adm!n!strat!on

8A m!s'ses !ts *'dgetanda## . FilliamsonCC !iretor, "ea#th are, (arh 12, 200& eution=

IAalso faces challenges e*ecuting its health care budget3 'hese include sending and trac)ing funds for

secific initiati!es and ro!iding timely and useful informationto Congress on budget execution progress and

problems. GAOs 2006 report on VA funding for new mental health initiatives found VA had difficulty spending

and tracking funds for initiatives in VAs mental health strategic plan to expand services to address service gaps.

The initiatives were to enhance VAs larger mental health program and were to be funded by $100 million in

fiscal year 2005. Some IA medical centers did not send all the funds they had recei!ed for the initiati!es by

the end of the fiscal year, partly due to the time it took to hire staff and renovate space for mental health

programs. Also, IA did not trac) how funding allocated for the initiati!es was sent3 GAOs 2006 report on

VAs overall health care budget found that VA monitored its health care budget execution and identified

execution problems for fiscal years 2005 and 2006, but did not report the problems to Congress in a timely way.

GAO also found that VAs reporting on budget execution to Congress could have been more informative. VA has

not fully implemented one of GAOs two recommendations for improving VA budget execution. Sound budget

formulation, monitoring of budget execution, and the reporting of informative and timely information to Congressfor oversight continue to be essential as VA addresses budget challenges GAO has identified. /udgeting

in!ol!es imerfect information and uncertainty, but VA has the opportunity to improve the credibility of its

budgeting by continuing to address identified problems. This is particularly true for long-term care, where for

several years GAO work has highlighted concerns about workload assumptions and cost projections. By

improving its budget process, VA can increase the credibility and usefulness of information it provides to

Congress on its budget plans and progress in spending funds. GAOs prior work on new mental health initiatives

may provide a cautionary lesson about expanding VA programsnamely, that funding availability does not

always mean that new initiatives will be fully implemented in a given fiscal year or that funds will be adequately

tracked.

8A !ne""!!ent."ra'd, -aste, and a*'se

GAO September 2001, Improvements Needed in Design of Controls over Miscellaneous Obligations

IHA recorded o!er =63& billion of miscellaneous obligations for the rocurement of mission4related goods

and ser!icesin fiscal year 2007. According to VHA officials, miscellaneous obligations were used to facilitate

ayment for goods and ser!ices when the quantities and deli!ery dates are not )nown3 According to VHA

data, almost $3.8 billion (55.1 percent) of VHAs miscellaneous obligations was for fee-based medical services

for veterans and another $1.4 billion (20.4 percent) was for drugs and medicines. The remainder funded, among

other things, state homes for the care of disabled veterans, transportation of veterans to and from medical centers

for treatment, and logistical support and facility maintenance for VHA medical centers nationwide. GAO's

Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that agency management is resonsible for

de!eloing detailed olicies and rocedures for internal control suitable for their agency7s oerations.

However, VA policies and procedures were not designed to provide adequate controls over the authorization and

use of miscellaneous obligations with respect to oversight by contracting officials, segregation of duties, and

supporting documentation for the obligation of funds. Collectively, these control design flaws increase the ris)of fraud, waste, and abuse (including employees converting government assets to their own use without

detection). These control design flaws were confirmed in our case studies at VHA Medical centers in Pi ttsburgh,

Pennsylvania; Cheyenne, Wyoming; and Kansas City, Missouri.

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Po)erty $rontl!ne :2

5 Po)erty sol't!ons are dom!nated *y pol!t!al agendas not "ato4ert "ector&$enior esearh e##ow at the "eritage oundation, !omesti o#i%', isting owners are deterred from maing improvements on their propert%, and aspropert% va#ues go down, owners disinvest in their propert%. * now a sma## ontrator who tried to reha4i#itate innerCit% housing for #owCinometenants. "e had to give up 4eause drug addits wou#d 4rea in, rip out his improvements, and se## them for drug mone%. he% wou#d even ome inregu#ar#% and tae out a## of the piping in the 4ui#ding and se## it for srap. his ontrator o4vious#% ou#dn8t ontinue #ie that, and #ie man% others has

@ust stopped his efforts to reha4i#itate housing. * thin that what we saw in Ios Ange#es shows the diffiu#t% we are going to have in re4ui#ding thoseommunities. *t shows the impat of rime on a ommunit% in fast motion, fast forward. ut that same proess is ourring around the ountr% at a morede#i4erate speed. $o in short, * don8t thin %ou an have progress amid haos. And the fat is that no ur4an program an arrest the de#ine in our inner

ities, andno anti4o!erty rograms are going to ta)e hold unless they are combined with and founded uon stronglaw enforcement measures that suress !iolent crime3

Amer!ans are mater!ally -ell6o""

o4ert . "ector andTir A3 Kohnson, h.!.Januar% 5, 200>eutive $ummar%: -nderstanding overt% inAmeria= >eutive $ummar% U1713

vera##,the tyical American defined as oor by the go!ernment has a car, air conditioning , a refrigerator, a sto!e, aclothes washer and dryer, and a microwa!e. "e has two o#or te#evisions, and a4#e or sate##ite B reeption. "e has a B, a !B!

p#a%er, and a stereo. He is able to obtain medical care3 His home is in good reair and is not o!ercrowded3 /y his own

reort, his family is not hungry and he had sufficient funds in the ast year to meet his family7s essential needs .hi#e this individua#8s #ife is not opu#ent, it is e?ua##% far from the popu#ar images of dire povert% onve%ed 4% the press, #i4era# ativists, and

po#itiians.

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Ch!nese Po)erty /ne)!ta*le

Cl!mate hange ma#es Ch!nese po)erty !ne)!ta*lehina Daily 6%1fam "ong Tong, with @oint efforts of e>perts and researhers from thehinese Aadem% of Agriu#tura# $ienes &AA$' and #oa# meteoro#ogia# offiia#s in $ihuan, Duangdong andDansu.t said in the past 50 %ears, the diret eonomi #osses at (a4ian ount% in $ihuan provine due to torrentia#rain and f#oodCre#ated disasters have dramatia##% inreased. rom 2001 to 200E, the average annua# direteonomi #osses were around 23.E 4i##ion %uan, ompared to ;.7 4i##ion %uan in 50 %ears.Iin rda, a mem4er ofhina8s nationa# #imate hange e>pert pane# and a senior researher with the hinese Aadem% of Agriu#tura#$ienes, however, fee#s that hina has an outstanding tra reord in povert% a##eviation.Aording to statistis4% $tate ouni# Ieading Droup ffie of overt% A##eviation and !eve#opment, there were 250 mi##ion peop#e

#iving in a4so#ute povert% in the ountr%. % 2007, however, it had shrun to 1F.E mi##ion, aounting for 1.6perent of the ountr%8s tota# popu#ation."owever, ase studies from Duangdong, $ihuan and Dansu provinesshow that global warming does induce floods, snowstorms and landslides, which are detrimental toecologically sensiti!e areas and hamer o!erty relief efforts.


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Eonomy

5 Eon res!l!entAssociated :ress, ednesda%, Januar% 23, 2001news.om/wires/200EJan23/0,F670,or#donomiorumie,00.htm#

"er remars ame after two da%s of wi#d maret swings wor#dwide and the surprise edera# eserve interest rateut on uesda% #owered its 4enhmar rate to 3.5 perent from F.25 perent in 4etween regu#ar po#i%Csettingmeetings.+ )now that many are concerned by the recent fluctuations in 83S3 financial mar)ets, and byconcerns about the 83S3 economy , she said. resident ush has announed an out#ine of a meaningfu# fisa#growth paage that wi## 4oost onsumer spending and support 4usiness investment this %ear.$he said -.$.reasur% $eretar% "enr% au#son, who ane#ed his own visit to the or#d onomi orum annua# meeting atthe #ast minute, was #eading our administration8s efforts and woring #ose#% with the #eaders of 4oth parties inongress to agree on a stimu#us paage that is swift, ro4ust, 4roadC4ased, and temporar%.'he 83S3 economy ishange rates, thef#oundering !oha ound mu#ti#atera# trade ta#s and the rising ost of redit are prominent agenda items.ormonths now, po#itiians and ana#%sts have 4een fretting over fears that a sharp downturn in the -.$. housingmaret ou#d trigger a farCreahing ontration in g#o4a# ativit%.At the moment though the *( is prediting asoft #anding in the -nited $tates, aording to ato, who nonethe#ess autions that a sharp orretion in -.$.housing pries ou#d sti## desta4i#ie the nationa# eonom%.At the 4an + ari4as, eonomist ri Bergnaudnoted that while the world7s largest economy has been losing steam since last sring, the trend should ha!elittle imact on the 83S3 erformance for the year because of an esecially dynamic first quarter, whengrowth surged to 5.6 perent from the same period of 2005.ith Japan not doing too 4ad#%, with the euro oneen@o%ing strong growth this %ear, the world economyin 2006 should be able to absorb the 83S3 slowdownrather well,


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De*t $org!)eness CP Et

Canell!ng st'dent loan de*t -o'ld st!m'late eonom! gro-thHuffington :ost, e4ruar% N&http://www.huffingtonpost.om/@onChattman/forgivingCstudentC#oanCdeH4H16F103.htm# re4ates and meager ta> uts do nothingto stimu#ate the eonom%. A reession is as muh a ps%ho#ogia# phenomenon as an%thing e#se. Tnowing *8d havean e>tra N500 per month in m% poet wi## get me spending again. (u#tip#% that aross the ountr% and theeonom% wi## start to move again.App#e4aum has 4een fighting off his own #oans sine 1;;E, and owes more nowthan he did when he graduated. "e said he deided to form a group on the soia# networing powerhouse 4eause

he8s si of wathing peop#e #ie him pa% the prie for hoosing to go for higher eduation and advaneddegrees.* was wathing the news a4out not on#% the urrent eonomi stimu#us paage 4ut the seond 4ai#out forthe finania# institutions that8s oming down the pie &in addition to the N700 4i##ion A 4ai#out'. +ews a4out#avish vaations, e>or4itant 4onuses and the redeorating of the hairman of (erri## I%nh8s offie a4so#ute#%disgusted me, rea##ed App#e4aum, who has seen his group surpass 3,000 in @ust a few da%s after he formed it.*tourred to me that these gu%s are responsi4#e for the mess %et the% have their hands out asing the ta>pa%ers for4i##ions of do##ars Kwhi#eL ontinuing to spend mone% #ie drunen poets on pa%da%, he added.App#e4aum8s nota#one in his thought proesses. e##ow ae4ooer Tevin arto%, a 35C%earCo#d arheo#ogist from #d "ior%, +started up a simi#ar group a few wees ago 4eause he and his wife have 4een drowning in student #oan de4t aswe##. App#e4aum ontated arto%, and the two have sine 4anded together, running their respetive groups assisters. he goa# is to gain enough tration it8## gra4 resident 4ama8s attention. he reation of this petition wi##sure#% he#p. 'his would truly allow the educated lower and middle classes to create a solid foundation for anew economy,


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Et 7 'sl!m 1and

O'pat!on *reeds terrorAnouar /ou)hars 6%22/0;CCdiretor of the enter for defense and seurit% po#i% 9 i#4erfore -niversit%p#oit A#CXaeda8s vu#nera4i#ities= http://www.dai#%star.om.#4/arti#e.aspM

editionHidY10ategH idY5arti#eHidY10331E.

Occuation breeds terror, de#ared former *srae#i so#dier $eth reedman. B!ery incursion, e!ery raid, e!erycurfew and collecti!e unishment, dri!es the moderates into the welcoming arms of the militants, who

romise to return their honor and their wounded ride by fighting the oressors7 fire with fire of their

own. rodding Ara4 regimes towards po#itia# reform that is in#usive of *s#amist partiipation is the seond mosteffetive antidote to po#itia# radia#ism.

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A2 Po)erty Hoot Ca'se

Po)erty !s not the root a'se o" terror!sm.s!mple data(ihea# "aduQ .h.!, senior fe##ow at the oreign o#i% esearh *nstitute. 2002


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Et < 7 Cy*er Terror!sm

45S5 !s !nreas!ngly )'lnera*le to y*er6terror!smTevin D. oleman, ehno#%tis, 6%22, 200; tsevera# %ears. he economic imact of a successful cyber attac) is difficult to calculate. Aording to aongressiona# esearh $tud% into the sto prie impat of %4er attas, the% were a4#e to dedue that apu4#ia##% traded target &4usiness' of a suessfu# %4er atta suffer #osses of 1ZC5Z in the da%s after an atta.here are no figures avai#a4#e that represent the true impat of a suessfu# %4er atta on the nationGs ritia#infrastruture, 4ut we shou#d #oo at the +ortheast ower #aout for guidane. A stud% onduted 4% Iawreneere#e% +ationa# Ia4orator% researhers Tristina "amahiCIaommare and Joe to for the -.$. !epartment of

nerg%Gs ffie of #etri ransmission and !istri4ution estimates that electric ower outages and blac)outscost the nation about =10 billion annually3 -ow add to that the mental imact that we e*erienced after thelast terrorist attac) and the number becomes e!en higher. he pro4#em of information seurit% must 4eaddressed at an enterprise #eve#. Data is a !aluable asset and as such needs to be roerly rotected3e anGt@ust eep going at the seurit% pro4#em using a pieeCmea# approah. "istor% has shown that this approah isinade?uate. ne definition of insanit% is doing the same thing over and over again and e>peting different resu#ts[rganiations need to tae a different approah and esta4#ish a seurit% strateg% with programs that addressph%sia# and information omp#iane, governane and integrit%. e in the -nited $tates seem to wait unti# aftersomething rea##% 4ad happens 4efore we do what is neessar% to fi> the pro4#em. hat do %ou sa% we dosomething different for a hangeM

45S5 den!al o" !n"ormat!on se'r!ty p'ts se'r!ty at r!s#Tevin D. oleman, ehno#%tis, 6%22, 200; p#oited the vu#nera4i#it%. As * support staff is ut further, the#ength of e>posure time wi## sure#% grow, thus inreasing the ris of 4eing ompromised. 'he reorts ofcomuter comromises that we see and hear about are only the ti of the iceberg3 'echnical staff often do

not reort or co!er u incidents for fear that they may lose their (obs or the 4reah wi## mae them #oo 4ad.*n one inident, two staff mem4ers disovered a ompromised server. ne #ooed at the other and said,


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A2 Al6Iaeda

Al6Iaeda -!ll !ne)!ta*ly d!sappear.they ant *eat th!s ardAnouar /ou)hars 6%22/0;CCdiretor of the enter for defense and seurit% po#i% 9 i#4erfore -niversit%p#oit A#CXaeda8s vu#nera4i#ities= http://www.dai#%star.om.#4/arti#e.aspM

editionHidY10ategH idY5arti#eHidY10331E.

ventua##%, Al4aeda is doomed to disaear3 +ts e*cesses as e*emlified by its intransigence, indiscriminatebrutality and dismissal of olitics as a er!ersion of religion automatically banish it to the fringes of $uslim

societies3 Al4aeda7s hostility to owerful +slamist mo!ements#ie "amas and "i4u##ah, which deri!e theirowers from the ballot bo*, deri!es it from broadening its alliances3 +tsategoria# oosition to democracyalienates it from the o!erwhelming ma(ority of $uslims who support suh a s%stem whenever given theopportunit%. $uh are the man% vu#nera4i#ities of A#CXaeda and its #oose groups of dieChard fo##owers. +n$orocco, Algeria, Bgyt and Saudi Arabia, Al4aeda7s wea)nesses ha!e already been e*osed. A num4er ofsurve%s have shown support for A#CXaeda and suiide 4om4ings dropping signifiant#%. *n (oroo, ma@or figuresand theoretiians of the Jihadist $a#afism #ie (ohammad afii, a#ias A4ou "afs, (ohammad iai and "assanTettani have pu4#i#% renouned terrorism and denouned its perpetrators as nonC(us#im. *n g%pt, one of A#CXaeda8s founders, $a%%id *mam a#C$harif, who goes 4% the nom de guerre !r. ad#, #aunhed a fiere ideo#ogia#

atta against sama 4in Iaden. Saudi Arabia has also seen its share of religious and intellectual re!oltagainst Al4aeda7s radicaliation and methods3Obama7s olicies are geared toward caitaliing on andaccelerating Al4aeda7s internal di!isions and continuing loss of $uslim suort . "is emphasis on ta#ingthe main grievanes that A#CXaeda thrives on is a good starting point. f ourse, it wi## a## depend on po#i%e>eution 4ut the president8s emphasis on reasona4#e negotiations with *ran rather than 4e##igerent mi#itarism andhis ear#% engagement in the Ara4C*srae# onf#it have ertain#% muddied A#CXaeda8s audio, video, and internetmessages, at #east for now. he new administration8s mi#itar% and inreased eonomi aid to Afghanistan, aistanand other wea governments is a#so ritia# in he#ping them e>tend their writ over #arge swathes of theirungoverna4#e and underCgoverned areas. he president and his team seem to understand that A#CXaeda an on#% 4edefeated if its narrative is shattered and #egitimate (us#im governments are empowered to provide for theiritiens and po#ie their 4orders. Ameria8s support for former aistani mi#itar% #eader erve (usharraf wasshortCsighted. Authoritarian regimes might deli!er short4term stability but in the long4run they create theseeds of olitical radicalism3 Democracy might not always roduce results to the li)ing of the 8nited States,

but it does ha!e a moderating effecton those who use re#igion as a referene &(oroo8s *s#amists' or ideo#og%&(us#im rotherhood in g%pt'. *s#amists that are onstant#% harassed or thwarted 4% governments supported 4%the -nited $tates wi## adopt unompromising ideo#ogia# positions. $ome, as have a#read% happened in g%pt anda#so A#geria, wi## u#timate#% resort to vio#ene #oa##%, then internationa##%.

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A2 3!olog!al:Chem!al

Too many o*stales.tehn!al d!""!'lt!esAudre% Turth ronin, $peia#ist in errorism oreign Affairs, !efense, and rade !ivision. (arh 2E, 2005t= $

'here are at least four reasons why terrorist grous#ie A# Xaeda might a!oid using chem4bio agents inattac)s against the 8nited States and its interests. irst and most important, the technical difficulties incarrying out such attac)s continue to be significant3Aum $hinri%o is a good e>amp#e of a group that had unusua##% favora4#eirumstanes for produing hemia# and 4io#ogia# weapons, in#uding mone%, fai#ities, time and e>pertise, %et the% were una4#e to do soeffetive#%. $ome e>perts argue that Aum $hinri%oGs e>periene, whih in#uded pro4#ems ranging from o4taining 4io#ogia# seed u#tures toeffetive#% disseminating them to hemia# #eas and aidents, is as easi#% a warning of the tehnia# ha##enges invo#ved as it is an e>amp#e

for future groups.20 or most nonstate actors, difficulties with acquiring materials, maintaining them,

transforming them into weaons, and disseminating them effecti!ely are numerous3Fhile man% technicalad!ances ha!e occurredin reent %ears, argua4#% reduing the 4arriers somewhat, there are still considerableobstacles to terrorist de!eloment of chemical and biological weaons.21

3!o6Chem -eapons not e""et!)eAudre% Turth ronin, $peia#ist in errorism oreign Affairs, !efense, and rade !ivision. (arh 2E, 2005t= $

$eond, as mentioned a4ove, there are far easier and otentially more 9effecti!e;&at #east in terms of asua#t%num4ersE alternati!es to chemical and biological weaons3n the rare oasions when the% have 4een used, have not resu#ted in #arge death to##s, espeia##% ompared to onventiona# weapons suh as tru 4om4s andindividua# e>p#osive devies.22 +t is worth bearing in mind that the attac)s of Setember th accomlishedmass destruction without any uncon!entional weaonry3*f measured strit#% in terms of their proven apait%to i## peop#e or the fre?uen% of terrorist use in the past, weapons are not the most worrisome.

Terror!sts an!mos!ty aga!nst WD atta#sAudre% Turth ronin, $peia#ist in errorism oreign Affairs, !efense, and rade !ivision. (arh 2E, 2005t= $

'hird, the inentives anddisincenti!es for indi!idual terrorists to use chemical and biological weaons arecomle* and may not be e*actly the same as those that guide the use of more con!entional weaons. "ecentsuicide attac)s indicate, among other things, an aarently growing willingness on the art of terroristorganiations to lan and condone the death of their own oerati!esin the servie of the ause. *t is diffiu#t tohand#e man% hemia# and 4io#ogia# agents without putting the hand#er at ris, espeia##% in the a4sene of theind of topC?ua#it% e?uipment that is more ommon#% avai#a4#e to states. /ut instantaneous death in a dramatice*losion is a far cry from the agony of a slow death from smallo* or e*osure to a ner!e agent3 f ourse,there are man% unnownsP 4ut from an individua# perspetive, the inentives and disincenti!es for dying in a/F attac) should not be assumed to be the same as those that factor into other tyes of attac)s. *ndeed, thee>istene of #arger num4ers of re#igious terrorists ou#d atua##% imp#% a dereased #ie#ihood of the use of hemia# and 4io#ogia# weapons.A#though this point shou#d not 4e overstated, vio#ene whose primar% aim is to i## as man% pereived enemies as possi4#e ma% not 4e #ie#% toemp#o% these agents. *t is diffiu#t in most senarios to e>eute an atta with hemC4io weapons that i##s a #arge num4er of peop#e.

%o reason net atta# -!ll *e WDAudre% Turth ronin, $peia#ist in errorism oreign Affairs, !efense, and rade !ivision. (arh 2E, 2005t= $ina##%, grous tend to mimic re!ious successes. A#though terrorists do innovate in various wa%s,23 groupshave most often preferred to use weapons that have a proven tra reord. 'here are no guarantees, but goingstrictly on the odds and the historical atterns of terrorist beha!ior, most e*erts osit that there is a higher

li)elihood that the ne*t ma(or attac) will use con!entional not uncon!entional means3 ut, again, the aveatis that terrorism sees to sho.

3E


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1egal!Fe CP Sol)es WD

CP sol)es WDsugene OscaellaCC anadian oundation for !rug o#i%, to4er 2;, 200


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Dr'g oney Desta*!l!Fes =terror o'ntr!es>

Proh!*!t!on!st "ore!gn pol!!es desta*!l!Fe go)ernments o" all o'ntr!esugene OscaellaCC anadian oundation for !rug o#i%, to4er 2;, 200


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A2 CP !s St'p!d

That log! ('st!"y 9:ugene OscaellaCC anadian oundation for !rug o#i%, to4er 2;, 200


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Warm!ng 7 de"ense

5 Glo*al -arm!ng !snt realJoseph I/ast, resident, "eart#and *nstitute, 2005


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Warm!ng Hhetor! T'rn

The a""s phras!ng o" glo*al -arm!ng as an et!nt!on senar!o ma#es !tmore d!""!'lt to sol)e

@]rn Comborg CC the diretor of the openhagen onsensus enter Ju#% 1, 200&http://www.detnews.om/a

rti#e/200;0701/*+*+01/;0701031E/100E/opinion01/$topCsaringCidsCa4outCg#o4a#Cwarming

'he continuous resentation of scary stories about global warming in the oular media ma)es us

unnecessarily frightened3 B!en worse, it terrifies our )ids3A# Dore famous#% depited how a seaC#eve# rise of 20feet &si> meters' wou#d a#most omp#ete#% f#ood #orida, +ew Sor, "o##and, ang#adesh and $hanghai, eventhough the -nited +ations estimates that sea #eve#s wi## rise 20 times #ess than that and do no suh thing.henonfronted with these e>aggerations, some sa% the% are for a good ause, and sure#% there is no harm done if theresu#t is that we fous even more on ta#ing #imate hange. A simi#ar argument was used when Deorge .ush8s administration overstated the terror threat from $addam "ussein8s *ra?.ut this argument is astonishing#%wrong. $uh e*aggerations do lenty of harm3 Forrying e*cessi!ely about global warming means that weworry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. e fous, for e>amp#e, on g#o4a#warming8s impat on ma#aria CC whih wi## 4e to put s#ight#% more peop#e at ris in 100 %ears CC instead of ta#ingthe ha#fC4i##ion peop#e suffering from ma#aria toda% with prevention and treatment po#iies that are muh heaper

and dramatia##% more effetive than ar4on redution wou#d 4e. B*aggeration also wears out the ublic7swillingness to tac)le global warming3 +f the lanet is doomed, eole wonder, why do anything M A reord 5Fperent of Amerian voters now 4e#ieve the news media mae g#o4a# warming appear worse than it rea##% is3 Ama(ority of eole now belie!es 44 incorrectly 44 that global warming is not e!en caused by humans. *n the-nited Tingdom, F0 perent sa% g#o4a# warming is e>aggerated and 60 perent dou4t that it is manCmade.

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Geopolymer! CP

CP Tet The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld o""er theneessary !nent!)es to eno'rage the 'se o" Geopolymer! ement !nthe 4n!ted States5

Thats #ey to red'!ng em!ss!ons!r. Joseph Da!ido!its,1;&?amp#e is a remar)able cement%concrete technology called geoolymericcement that can significantly reduce global O2 Par4on dio>ide' emissions, while sol!ing a host of otherroblems without creating new ones3

missions of 2 from ement prodution is inreasing at a muh more rapid rate than a## other industria# souresput together. ew outside of the onstrution industr% are aware that the manufature of ort#and ement 4asedonrete, the materia# seen ever%where in 4ui#dings and pavements, emits greenhouse gases, espeia##% 2. /ythe year 2000, almost 0L of all global greenhouse gases will come from new construction with :ortland

cement based concrete. As ountries deve#op, the% 4ui#d infrastruture and housing that uti#ie a4undant?uantities of onrete. As g#o4a# deve#opment inreases, :ortland cement manufacturers can be e*ected toe*ert an increasingly greater influence on go!ernmental olicies regulating O2 emissions , a situation thatneeds to 4e orreted as soon as possi4#e. /y the year 20, global O2 emissions from the manufacture of:ortland cement is e*ected to be 5,00 million tonnes annually. his vast amount is e?uiva#ent to uropeGstota# urrent annua# 2 emissions. his e?ua#s 67Z of present annua# -.$. 2 emissions &5,160 mi##iontonnes'. #ear#%, these figures show the dramati 4enefit that wou#d 4e rea#ied if a## ountries onverted togeopo#%meri onrete.$anufacturing geoolymeric cement generates fi!e &5' times less O2 than does the manufacture of:ortland cement3Any country that con!erts to the manufacture of geoolymeric cement%concrete wouldeliminate 10L of the emissions generated from the cement and aggregates industries. +ew#% deve#opingountries that e#et to uti#ie geopo#%meri onrete ou#d inrease their onstrution rate five times without

inreasing present 2 emissions.

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Domest! $am!ne 7 de"ense :2

5 %e- d!seases -!ll -!peo't "ood s'ppl!es"o##% "amer ?%2/0; perts sa% it most #ie#% spread on gardenenter she#ves to p#ants not invo#ved in the initia# infetion. *t a#so an spread one p#ants reah their fina#destination, putting tomato and potato p#ants in 4oth home gardens and ommeria# fie#ds at ris. (eg (Drath,professor of p#ant patho#og% at orne## -niversit%, a##s #ate 4#ight worse than the u4oni #ague for p#ants.eop#e need to rea#ie this is robably one of the worst diseases we ha!e in the !egetable world, she said.*t8s ertain death for a tomato p#ant.

25 $am!ne !ne)!ta*le 7 o!l )s5 "ood!e4ora $acMenie 6%6/0; emptfrom the horrors of the Dreat !epression. -ow imagine that, instead of 0L of the oulation suffering fromthe woes of an economic collase, it was the &&32L who are not in!ol!ed in agriculture full4time3 'he

comarison ma)es &2& loo) li)e a wal) in the ar)3 Forse still, our food transoration ser!ices are now

fully deendent onmassive amounts of etroleum for transort, and the distances of food transoration

ha!e increased from tens of miles to thousands, whih maes the modern groer% networ #oo even morefragi#e 4% omparison.

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Domest! $am!ne 7 de"ense 2:2


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$am!ne 7 De"ense /nternat!onal

5 An!ent )olanoes a'se "am!ne-ASAto4er 200ess ferti#ier use sine a pea in the 1;;0Gs, the sientists write, 4ut runoff and re#eases from#ivesto operations sti## reate 4ig water pro4#ems, most nota4#% the Du#f of (e>io %genCstarved Du#f one

wi## 4e partiu#ar#% #arge.' +n star) contrast, cornfields in Menya are star!ed for nutrients, aording to the ana#%sisin $iene, whih was #ed 4% eter Bitouse, a professor of 4io#og% at $tanford -niversit%. +n 200> Menyan cornfarmers were using about ercent of the fertilier er acre that their counterarts in hina do . *n 2007, e#ia!ugger reported how (a#awi went from the 4rin of famine to 4eoming a orn e>porter in part through su4sidies for ferti#ier.

51


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$am!ne 7 De"ense /nternat!onal

?5 Desert!"!at!on leads to prolonged "am!ne$unda% Gabriel 6%?/0; perts sa% that the most de!astating is its disrution of the natural cycle ofwater and nutrients. +t also intensifies strong winds and wildfires.Studie s a#so re!eal that the effectsof dust storms and the sedimentation of water and streams can be felt thousands of)ilometres awayfrom where the pro4#ems originated.he ost of desertifiation is high, and not @ust in eonomi terms as it constitutes a threat to biodi!ersity.

+t can lead to rolonged eisodes of famine in countries that are a#read% impoverished and annot sustain #argeagriu#tura# #osses. oor rura# peop#e, who depend on the #and for surviva#, are often fored to migrate or starve.Desertification does not only mean hunger and death in the de!eloing world, it also increases the threat to global

security for e!eryone3

52


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3!o6"ort!"!at!on CP 6 et

GOs #ey to sol)e n'tr!t!on and -orld h'nger!avid Mern2006, !re>e# -niversit% pensive supp#% of safe and hea#th% food.

5F


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$ood S'rpl's $am!ne

45S5 S'rpl'ses desta*!l!Fe -orld agr!'lt're(ihe# hossudo!s)y 1;&


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Et ; 7 Gtmo

G'antanamo has o6opted e)ery glo*al h'man r!ghts e""ort.!n add!t!on!t o't-e!ghs any e""ort o" the plan

Suri Orlo! et alQ "e#ensi federation for human rights, June 200? amp#e of irumventing human rights prinip#es and have sought to @ustif% theirown po#iies 4% arguing that the% are on#% doing what the -$ is doingP` +onCdemorati regimes have found a onvenient opportunit% to reinfore harges ofpo#itia# 4ias and dou4#e standards in the -$ approah to human rightsP` he -$ and other western governments have 4een aused of seeing to medd#e in theinterna# affairs of ountries of the former $oviet -nion when #eve#ing ritiism ofhuman rights onditions in these ountries, a#though the% themse#ves vio#ateinternationa# ru#esP` Authorities of ountries in a wea position to ha##enge the -$ have 4een pressured to

a##ow seurit% interests to override human rights onerns in individua# ases in the


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So"t Po-er Ans-ers

5 /ra, A*' Ghra!*, G'antanamo, +ad!tha, Hend!t!ons, Tort're,8!olat!on o" Gene)a on)ent!on are all alternate a'sal!t!es to so"tpo-er del!ne

ame#a "%de SmithCC researh assoiate and teahes a #ass on pu4#i dip#oma% at Deorgetown -niversit%8s$hoo# of oreign $ervie, 200?amp#e, trade and seurit%' arevirtua##% none*istent in the #iterature.=61 'hison#usion is consistent with thetwo most detailed studies of reutationin *, whih deisive#% underut the notion that states have a genera#

reputation that wi## strong#% inf#uene how other states re#ate aross different issue areas.6;*n the end, the urrent #a of an empiria# or theoretia# @ustifiation for the notion that states arr% a sing#ereputation means that we have no 4asis for aepting the institutiona#istsG argument that Ameria must endorsemu#ti#atera#ism aross the 4oard 4eause to do otherwise has onse?uenes that endanger the entire institutiona#order. hat, together with theor%Gs #a of purhase on the issues of oordination osts and 4argaining power,inva#idates the institutiona#ist argument a4out the high ost of uni#atera#ism.

;5 Plan ant s'sta!n so"t6po-er "ore)er, 'npred!ta*le e)ents !n the"'t're -!ll 'n!ntent!onally damage 45S5 red!*!l!ty

5E


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Death Penalty CP 6 Et

He"orm!ng the death penalty sp!lls o)er.leg!t!m!Fes h'man r!ghtstreat!es a*road

ihard . Dieter,>eutive !iretor, 2002


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D!sease 7 De"ense :2

5 D!sease spread -ont a'se et!nt!on!r. #arene :eters and hrystal CC !iretor of iodefense and merging *nfetious !iseases 9 -, and

!r. ona#d, hairman of Denetis (ediine 9 orne##, !" o#itia# ransripts, 2005at#% whatthe end of it8s going to 4e, 4ut we a#read% now that Asian eonomies are suffering tremendous#%. (% predition isthat the% wi## not 4e a4#e to ontro# it in hina. *f that8s true, then we will be dealing with reeated introductionsin this countryfor the indefinite future so that we ma% see a hange in our wa% of #ife where we are taingtemperatures in airports, in addition to taing %our shoes off and putting them through the WCra% mahine. And wema% see emergen% rooms re4ui#t so that if %ou have a ough %ou go in one entrane and go into a negativepressure u4i#e unti# %our $A$ test omes 4a. So + thin)that whi#e wiing out human life is e*tremely

unli)ely, we have unengineered e>amp#es of 4ugs that have made great impats on ivi#iations. W: !r.r%sta#M S$AI: 'he natural e*amles of what you suggested were, as hundreds of years ago, withsmallo* and also with the lague3 'he lague wied out one4third of the ci!iliation 3e now havetreatments for ordinanes &ph' #ie the p#ague 4eause the% were engineered to 4e resistant. And if the% infeted anum4er of peop#e and had the apa4i#it% of 4eing spread rapid#% from individua# to individua#, it wou#d auseenormous havo. * agree with the pane# CC + don7t thin) it would wie out ci!iliation,4ut the onse?uenes toour soiet% wou#d 4e enormous.

25 A"" ant sol)e e)ery d!sease h'* glo*ally.o'ntr!es !n A"r!a, h!na,/nd!a -!th poor p'*l! health systems tr!gger the!r !mpat

;5 Ere negat!)e 7 a )!r's has ne)er at'ally #!lled o"" any spe!esd"egis, Author of imate#%E00 in the 20 %ears sine it appeared in 1;76. % ontrast, ma#aria, an anient i##ness, sti## i##s a wor#dwideaverage of one mi##ion peop#e annua##% CC more than 2,700 per da%. (ore than three times as man% peop#e die ofma#aria ever% da% than have 4een i##ed 4% 4o#a virus in a## of histor%. Set it8s 4o#a that peop#e find sar%[

61


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D!sease 7 De"ense 2:2


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Satell!te CP

CP Tet The Center "or Earth O*ser)!ng and Spae Hesearh sho'ldolla*orate -!th the %at!onal Aerona't!s and Spae Adm!n!strat!on toesta*l!sh d!sease s'r)e!llane satell!tes that 'se remote sens!ng data

mon!tor!ng

Disease surveillance key to minimize outbreaksDi#4erto Iicente et al 2002


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Satell!te CP Et

Remote sensing stops pandemics before they occurJennifer /ender64-o!4200?ture of vegetation, rainfa## and s#ope of the area, sientists an predit the food supp#% ofdisease transmitting vetors within the region and the threat the% ause to humans. eause p#ague is a#soonsidered a 4ioterrorism agent, -ASA sur!eillance systems enable scientists to deciher if an outbrea) wascaused by natural circumstances or was an act of bioterrorism. A articular infectious disease beingtargeted by -ASA is malaria, which affects 500400 million ersons worldwide, lea!ing >0 ercent of the

world at ris) of infection3 'he $alaria $odeling and Sur!eillance :ro(ect utiliing -ASA satellite

technology is currently in use by the Armed orces "esearch +nstitute of $edical Sciences in 'hailand and

the 83S3 -a!al $edical "esearch 8nit located in +ndonesia3 Data collected at these locations is combined

and used to monitor en!ironmental characteristics that effect malaria transmission in Southeast Asia and

other troical and subtroical regions3 $alaria sur!eillance ro!ides ublic health organiations with

increased warning time to resond to outbrea)s and assistance in the rearation and utiliation of

esticides, which leads to a reduction in drug resistant strains of malaria and damage to the en!ironment3

9-ASA satellite remote sensing technology has been an imortant tool in the #ast few %ears to not onlyro!ide scientists with the data needed to resond to eidemic threats quic)ly, but to a#so he#p redict thefuture of infectious diseases in areas where diseases were ne!er a main concern,= sa%s (r. "a%nes.


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T3 7 De"ense

5 1og!./" T3 !s already dr'g res!stant then the A"" !s too late to sol)e

25 8a!nes -!ll sol)e T3

Candry and Heilman .0 \assoiate diretorC po#i% and program operations,+ationa# Baine rogramffie, -.$. !epartment of "ea#th and "uman $ervies,\\diretor of the !ivision of (iro4io#og% and *nfetious!iseases at the +ationa# *nstitute of A##erg% and *nfetious !isease, p#oit genomis and highCthroughput sreeningapproahes that are 4ased on omputationa# methods. hese methods wi## a##ow for deve#opment of rationa##%4ased approahes that se#et potentia# antigens more effetive#% and preise#%. +n addition, future !accines willuse these new tools to get around the challenges of the remaining infectious diseases. Kn2L hese ha##engesin#ude the inherent a4i#it% of man% viruses to hange &antigeni variation', as is seen with "*B and inf#uenaP the

need to deve#op vaines that re#% on e##C4ased immunit% for protetion for infetions suh as tu4eru#osisP andtoo#s for addressing a pathogen8s a4i#it% to outsmart the immune s%stemCCimmune evasion strategies, suh as seenwith hepatitis . Kn3R +mact of new immune concets3 "esearch on the immune system has heled identifynew ways of fighting infections and is heling define the mechanisms needed for successful immuniation 3

(ost urrent#% #iensed vaines protet 4% produing neutra#iing anti4odies, made 4% the e##s of the immunes%stem. ne of the advantages of stimu#ating this arm of the immune s%stem is that it an 4e easi#% measured.esearhers 4e#ieve that vaines against man% of the infetions that are of highest priorit% &"*B, , and ma#aria'wi## need to have the other arm of the immune s%stemCCthe e##u#ar omponent, or e##sCCpu##ed into ation. KnFRor the first time in si>t% %ears,new '/ !accines are in clinical trials. Kn5L

;5 %e- treatments "or dr'g res!stant stra!ns(ihae# arter, uesda%, 6%&, 200;,http://www.aidsmap.om/en/news/2E!;;!03C!;F3CF!36C;F55C

5!0FA31;7A33.asp9-ew drug for $D"4'/ does well in trial;

'$20? is a safe and effecti!e drug for the treatment of multidrug4resistan t tuberculosis P',the resultsof a randomised, lacebo4controlled trial ublished in the Kune >th edition of the -ew Bngland Kournal of

$edicine ha!e shown3 :atients who recei!ed the drug were significantly more li)ely to ha!e a negati!e

culture result after eight wee)sthan patients who reeived standard seondC#ine treatment.


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T3 7 Alt Ca'ses :2

Se)eral Alternate Ca'sal!t!es to T3 7 #eep !n m!nd they ha)e to -!n theA"" sol)es e)ery s!ngle one o" these glo*ally

5 So'th A"r!a Pr!sonsi3o3l 6%50.phpMsetHidY1#iHidY15artHidYnw200;06301;51F02E6F;7712Umore. Doog#e

'here are currently ?5 sentenced offenders ser!ing time in South Africa7s risons, orretiona# $ervies(inister +osiviwe (apisaC+?au#a said on uesda%.pening de4ate in the +ationa# Assem4#% on herdepartment8s 4udget vote, she to#d (s there were a further F; F77 awaitingCtria# prisoners he#d 4ehind 4ars.he#arge num4er of awaitingCtria# prisoners was one of the main reasons many risons were o!ercrowded.%!eem4er #ast %ear, 6F E70 A!s &awaitingCtria# detainees' had 4een diverted from our s%stem. KA tota# ofL F; 072 offendershad a#so 4enefited from our paro#e and onversion proesses.*n spite of these measures, the num4er of A!s ontinues toinrease, primari#% due to the fat that 77 perent of KthemL do not have Kmone% forL 4ai# and annot 4enefit from thesea#ternatives.he other ontri4uting fator is that there is an inreasing num4er of offenders serving sentenes in e>ess of 10%ears, espeia##% in the 10CtoC15 %ear 4raet.his is a#so worsened 4% an inrease in peop#e serving #ife#ong sentenes in ourfai#ities.he effet of these rea#ities is that we e>periene a signifiant 4urden on our a4i#it% to manage overrowding, shesaid.$peaing during the de4ate, !emorati A##iane orretiona# servies spoesperson James $e#fe said it was neessar% totr% to the e>tent possi4#e and responsi4#e to redue the inf#ow into prisons.+ot ever%one who offends 4e#ongs in prison, andthis app#ies in partiu#ar to %oung, firstCtime and nonCvio#ent offenders.or appropriate offenders, suspended sentenes #inedto ommunit% servie wi## 4e muh more 4enefiia# than inareration, with the additiona# 4enefit of reduing overrowdingand reduing osts.Set our prisons are fu## of inmates who are serving sentenes for shop#ifting and e##phone theft, hesaid.riefing the media at ar#iament ear#ier on uesda%, (apisaC+?au#a said an additiona# 20 000 4ed spaes had 4eenreated in prisons over the past 15 %ears, 4ut the overrowding persisted.his was the resu#t of a 75 perent inrease in the

prison popu#ation over the same period.esponding to a ?uestion, she said 1; 061 of sentened offenders were "*Bpositive.he Afrian hristian !emorati art%8s $teve $wart to#d mem4ers prisons were 1F3,3 perent overrowded in

Januar% 200;, ho#ding a tota# of 16F 51E inmates.O!ercrowding remains a ma(or roblem, and is the root cause of

health roblems and the sread of diseases, such as tuberculosisand "*B and Aids in ertain prisons.

25 Poor nat!ons

Associated :resst 25, 200?


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T3 7 Alt Ca'ses 2:2

t. to4er 16, 2001


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4ltra)!olet l!ght CP

CP Tet The 4n!ted States "ederal go)ernment sho'ld alloate theneessary reso'res to !nrease the 'se o" 4ltra)!olet l!ght ster!l!Fat!onsystems !n hosp!tals5

Ster!l!Fat!on o" hosp!tal a!r )!a 48C !s #ey to red'!ng the spread o" T3!avid GutierreCC staff writer 6%&


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4ltra)!olet 1!ght CP Et5

4ltra)!olet l!ghts red'e the spread o" T3!avid GutierreCC staff writer 6%&


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A!ds 7 De"ense 2:;

E5 H'ss!an dr'g r!s!s"a%#e% Kar!is Q wors for ussian harit%, %2200; ua##% transmitted, as the diseasespreads aross the popu#ation at #arge.

$5 Cathol! 3anCife site -ews, !eem4er 3, 2005O!otors ithout orders harges Batian8s AntiCondom $tand "e#ps$pread of A*!$= http://www.#ifesitenews.om/#dn/2003/de/03120302.htm#

BA*A+, !eem4er 3, 2003 &Iife$ite+ews.om' C anatic condemnations of the Iatican7s ro4life standagainst contracetion are e*ected from ro4abortion grous suh as 8atho#is for a ree hoie8 however,toda% the :resident of the international council of $edecins$ans rontieres &!otors ithout orders'accused the Iatican of sreading A+DS3


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A!ds 7 De"ense ;:;

G5 4nreg'lated Porn !nd'stryTimi Yoshino andongCDong Cin 6%2 **.http://www.#atimes.om/news/#oa#/#aCmeCpornChiv12C200;L

"umor is ramant when the words 7H+I7 and 7orn7 are in the same sentence , she said. (ithe## saidA*(8s #ini has 4een a #eader in promoting prevention and testing. ut, she added, we are not the po#iedepartment of the industr% nor wish to 4e. u4#i statements from #ini representatives downp#a%ing the inidentCC whih one #ini offiia# a##ed not a ma@or event CC drew some ritiism. 'his industry screams forregulation, said (ihae# einstein, president of the Ios Ange#esC4ased A*!$ "ea#thare oundation. a#C$"A needs to re?uire that ondoms 4e used in an% fi#m. Sesterda%. 'he ositi!e H+I test has concernedhealth officials and A+DS acti!ists because the Ialley is one of the leading roducers of ornograhy in the

world, with a4out 200 roduction comanies that emloy about ,200 eole who wor) as adult erformers,and a4out 5,000 others. ith some of the nation8s #argest pornograph% produers 4ased in the Ba##e%, any diseasehas the otential to sread quic)ly. 'he 6 unublicied H+I cases were not in!estigated by county ublichealth officials, part#% 4eause priva% ru#es 4efore 2006 prevented the dis#osure of the names of "*BCinfetedindividua#s to government agenies. eause no government investigation of those ases too p#ae, it is un#earwhether those performers ontrated "*B at wor or e#sewhere.

73
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-porn-hiv12-2009http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-porn-hiv12-2009http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-porn-hiv12-2009http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-porn-hiv12-2009


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A2 A!ds !n A"r!a

A!ds !n A"r!a !s m!sal'lated!r. J. HardieJune, 2001


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A2 A!r*orne:'tat!on

A/DS -ont go a!r*orne 7 !ts an !ne""!!ent -ay to !n"et !mm'ne ellsJudith einberg, (ediine 9 -Cininatti, 200perts a4out opportunisti infetions,=http://www.the4od%.om/orums/A*!$/*nfetions/Arhive/asi*nformation/XF1152.htm#

H+I is not airborne and is unli)ely to become so3 +ts biology is oriented toward infecting a certain tye of

white blood cell3 being inhaled into the lungs isn7t a !ery efficient way of encountering ' heler

lymhocytes3 his onern is the resu#t of someone8s fears getting the 4est of them.

%o e)!dene a!ds -!ll m'tateentre for H+I%A+DS -etwor)ing, 200 -niversit% of Twa^u#uC+ata#, http://www.hivan.org.a/ampussupport/AXs.aspU16

As "*B/A*!$ is a vira# disease, how #ong wi## it tae 4efore the virus hanges its shape and 4eome air4orneM'here is no e!idence to suggest that H+I will mutate and become an airborne athogen3 Simly due to the

fact it is a !irus, does not mean that this would occur3(u#tip#e viruses re?uire ontat for transmission and arenot spread via the air4orne/inha#ation route &e.g.: herpes, "B, etR.'.

75
http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Infections/Archive/BasicInformation/Q41152.htmlhttp://www.hivan.org.za/campussupport/FAQs.asp#16http://www.hivan.org.za/campussupport/FAQs.asp#16http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Infections/Archive/BasicInformation/Q41152.htmlhttp://www.hivan.org.za/campussupport/FAQs.asp#16http://www.hivan.org.za/campussupport/FAQs.asp#16


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Et A"r!a

alar!a s'perharges o'r arg'mentTenned% Abwao E !eem4er 2006ua#interourse, this 4io#ogia# oCfator indued 4% malaria has contributed considerably to the sread of H+I byincreasing transmission robability er se*ual act, sa%s A4uCaddad.

76


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A2 So'th Ch!na orn!ng Post 2:2

3en A*rahams a "ra'd.!n ase yo' d!dnt already real!FeJohn rewdsonQu#iter prie winner 07/31/200periment he hadn8t o4served for the South hina $orning :ost3 *t was a remara4#e da%, he to#dthe paper. As * stood in the hospita# room, wathing this simp#e 4#ood infusion, it was as if whi#e Dett% wasaepting death with ever% drop, he was reeiving hope. *t was as if with ever% drop, histor% was hanging.

7E


79/148


C!r'm!s!on CP

CP Tet The go)ernment o" S-aF!land, !n ooperat!on -!th /srael!s'rgeons and the World +ealth Organ!Fat!on, sho'ld !n!t!ate andepand a glo*al male !r'm!s!on ampa!gn5

The program already e!stsL !t ('st needs to *e epandedMaiser amily oundation0F +ov 2001


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C!r'm!s!on Et

C!r'm!s!on an red'e the spread o" A/Ds 'p to @0M!ona#d D. $c-eil,(arh 2;, 200?


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C!r'm!s!on N Condoms:a*st!nene

C!r'm!s!on more e""et!)e then ondoms and a*st!neneMaiser Daily Health27 Apr 2006 worers and their partners."owever, ondom use in $outh Afria and otswana has had #itt#e effet in reduing those ountries8 "*Bepidemis CC whih have reahed the genera# popu#ation CC 4eause regu#ar se> partners rare#% use ondomsonsistent#%. *n omparison, faithfu#ness to one partner has wored at reduing "*B preva#ene in -ganda and

Ten%a, aording to "a#perin. eause a person is more #ie#% to transmit "*B during the first three wees ofontrating the virus, an "*BCpositive person who has @ust one partner during that time is #ie#% to pass the diseaseto that one person. /ut if an H+I4ositi!e erson in the highly infectious stage has many se*ual artners at atime, with other peop#e, "a#perin said3 +naddition, circumcision has been shown to reduce male4to4female H+I transmission by 60L to ?L&Doering,hiago ri4une, F/23'. A stud% pu4#ished in the +ovem4er 2005 issue of Io$ (ediine of men #iving in $outhAfria finds that ma#e irumision might redue the ris of men ontrating "*B through se>ua# interourse withwomen 4% a4out 60Z. (a#e irumision might a#so redue the ris of "*B transmission from "*BCpositive mento their fema#e partners, aording to a stud% of oup#es in aai, -ganda &Taiser !ai#% "*B/A*!$ eport, 2/;'.

E1


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?0 State C!r'm!s!on Sol)eny

States an la'nh !r'm!s!on ampa!gnsL theyre ('st not 7 %e- or#Pro)es

Maiser Daily"ea#th, 200


83/148


S-!ne $l' :;

5 %o pandem!.the W5+5O p'rposely man!p'lates !ts de"!n!t!ons toattrat attent!on

(ihae# umento 6%&CC diretor of *ndependent Journa#ism ro@et, where he speia#ies in siene and hea#th

issues. http://networ.nationa#post.om/np/4#ogs/fu##omment/arhive/200;/06/1;/mihae#CfumentoCtheCwhoCsCfa4riatedCpandemi.asp>

'heorganiation8s definition for


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S-!ne $l' 2:;

;5 S-!ne $l' 8a!ne no-Associated :ress 6%50O; io at a4out the same time. "ea#th offiia#s 4e#ieve ases of the new virus were iru#ating in (e>io in(arh. Scientists ha!e long assumed a relationshi between air tra!el and sread of the !irus3ut the newresearch for the first time confirmed the relationship, said !r. Tamran Than, who #ed the stud%. "e is aresearher at $t. (ihae#8s "ospita# in oronto.

EF
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/health/30glob.html?hpwhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hjdCHrP82YTFser5vD6CzTK1az6wD994J6G02http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/health/30glob.html?hpwhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hjdCHrP82YTFser5vD6CzTK1az6wD994J6G02


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S-!ne $l' ;:;

@5 S-!ne "l' annot *e onta!ned !n the 4&$am Cister, "ea#th ditor, 6%26http://www.timeson#ine.o.u/to#/#ifeHandHst%#e/hea#th/arti#e657;151.ee

Swine flu is sreading so raidly in some arts of the country that the disease cannot be contained and localauthorities are mo!ing to 9outbrea) management;, the Go!ernment said%esterda%. he po#i% of #osingshoo#s is stopping in areas worst affeted 4% the "1+1 virus, suh as the est (id#ands and Iondon. #inia#diagnosis of the disease, rather than swa44ing and #a4orator% onfirmation, is a#so 4eing adopted in


86/148


Et ? 7 A!r tra)el

Pre"er o'r e)!dene 7 90M a'ray(ie Stobbe 6%2&


87/148


Et @ 7 4& Spread

A't'mn s'per harges o'r l!n#.s-!ne "l' -!ll !nrease$am Cister, "ea#th ditor, 6%26http://www.timeson#ine.o.u/to#/#ifeHandHst%#e/hea#th/arti#e657;151.ee

$ir Ciam emhasisedthat many arts of the country were still in the containment hase , 4ut he a#so warnedthat there could be 9tens of thousands of cases; of swine flu each wee) by the autumn because the !irus wasmore li)ely to thri!e in the colder months .


88/148


S-!ne $l' T'rn

The ACs pol!y !s ('st sare monger!ng.th!s leads to apan! o" s-!ne "l' that a'ses people to stop spend!ng and ollapses

the eonomy(ie Smith, Apri# 2; 0&aggerated and overh%ped= http://www.e>aminer.om/>C6265Cur#ingtonConservativeC>aminerb%200;mFd2;C$wineC#uCisCe>aggeratedCandCoverh%ped

'he reasonthese scare stories, including the resent anic o!er Swine lu, are otentially more dangerousthan the contagions that sar)ed the alarm in the first lace, is twofold3

irst, if you scare eole badly enough, they7ll sto sending money . % that, * mean they7ll refuse to buycertain roducts that ha!e been targeted by the scare3 emem4er (ad ow in the -TM After a resurgene inthe fear of an out4rea of ovine $pongiform nepha#opath% in 1;;5 Q aided 4% a sreaming media Q ritain8smeat industr% had pratia##% ground to a ha#t. Fe7re constantly warned that a global andemic will ha!ede!astating effects on economies, but nobody e!er mentions the economic de!astation wrought by baseless

fearmongering3

Glo*al n'lear -ara#ter usse## $ead, +X8s oard of Advisors, +ew erspetives Xuarter#%, $ummer &&2, p.30hatif the g#o4a# eonom% stagnatesCor even shrinsM *n the ase, we wi## fae a new period of internationa# onf#it: $outhagainst +orth, rih against poor, ussia, hina, *ndiaCthese ountries with their 4i##ions of peop#e and their nu#earweapons wi## pose a muh greater danger to wor#d order than Derman% and Japan did in the 830s.

EE


89/148


State /mm'n!Fat!on CP

The "!"ty state go)ernments o" the 4n!ted States sho'ld adm!n!ster andoord!nate a s-!ne "l' !mm'n!Fat!on ampa!gn, !n oord!nat!on -!th theCenter "or D!sease ontrol !n the 4n!ted States5

A s-!ne "l' !mm'n!Fat!on ampa!gn an *e !n!t!ated.!ts ('st 'nlear-ho -!ll adm!n!ster !t

Associated :ress 6%26


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$l' 7 Gener!

5 $l' )a!ne !s -!dely a)a!la*leGAO$ep 2E, 200> t/d0F1100t.htm#

or the 200FC05 f#u season, ! is reommending that a4out 1E5 mi##ion Amerians in these atCris popu#ationsand other target groups reeive the vaine, whih is the primar% method for preventing inf#uena. lu !accine isgenerally widely a!ailable in a !ariety of settings,ranging from the usua# ph%siians8 offies, #inis, andhospita#s to retai# out#ets suh as drugstores and groer% stores, worp#aes, and other onveniene #oations.

$illions of indi!iduals recei!e flu !accinations through mass immuniation camaigns in nonmedical

settings, where organiations suh as visiting nurse agenies under ontrat administer the vaine.Kootnote FL *ttaes a4out 2 wees after vaination for anti4odies to deve#op in the 4od% and provide protetion againstinf#uena virus infetion. ! reommends to4er through +ovem4er as the 4est time to get vainated 4eausethe f#u season often starts in #ate +ovem4er to !eem4er and peas 4etween #ate !eem4er and ear#% (arh."owever, if inf#uena ativit% peas #ate, vaination in !eem4er or #ater an sti## 4e 4enefiia#.

25 %ormal "l' has *een aro'nd "or a 000 year, ma#e them pro)e -hy

no- !s #ey

;0


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States Sol)eny 7 $l'

States an address "l' pandem!s!orse% Griffith Tdie Cau, $taff riters, Jan. 1;, 2006 ,perts predit. 'he new state lan e*ands a more general onede!eloed in 200 and iggybac)s on the federal go!ernment7s andemic flu resonse lan re#eased in+ovem4er. After fie#ding pu4#i omments, state hea#th offiia#s wi## issue a fina# p#an in the spring. hea#ifornia p#an sets up a survei##ane s%stem to detet the virus within state 4orders and to ontro# the disease oneit infets humans or other anima#s. *t in#udes measures to stopi#e and distri4ute the antiCvira# drug amif#u, andit a##s for strategies to ramp up avai#a4i#it% of emergen% supp#ies, hea#th are personne# and fai#ities apa4#e ofhousing si peop#e. A f#u pandemi ou#d #ast we## over a %ear and ou#d i## the most vigorous and produtiveamong us, warned !r. D#ennah rohet, $aramento ount% pu4#i hea#th offier and president of the a#iforniaonferene of Ioa# "ea#th ffiers. he eonomi impat wou#d 4e signifiant, 4eause 4usinesses as diverse asmovie theaters and groer% stores ou#d 4e fored to temporari#% #ose. he% ou#d have too few emp#o%ees orustomers wi##ing to tae the hane of 4eoming infeted in suh pu4#i p#aes. he atua# hea#th impat wou#ddepend on the a4i#it% of vaines and drugs to prevent and om4at the i##ness, how we## the virus is ontained and Cmost signifiant#% C the speifi harateristis of a virus that doesn8t %et e>ist. eause an atua# pandemi f#ustrain has not 4een identified, the response p#an does not detai# the ations to 4e taen in an out4rea. ut it doesprovide a guide from whih #oa#, state and federa# agenies wou#d oordinate their response, and it out#ines theresponsi4i#ities of the pu4#i and private setors a#ie. he p#an wou#d i in upon the first onfirmed detetionof the virus in a person in the -nited $tates or evidene of sustained humanCtoChuman transmission of the virusan%where in the wor#d. -nder that senario, the go!ernor could declare a state of emergency and healthofficers could ta)e stes to sto the disease from sreading. or e>amp#e, the% ou#d ?uarantine an%one whohad ontat with an infeted individua#. he% ou#d #ose shoo#s and restrit aess to other pu4#i p#aes andshedu#ed events. 'hey could disseminate a!ailable sulies of anti4!iral drugs3 'hey could set u ma)eshifthositals or clinics3

State go)ernors an order emergeny "l' shots!an Corent e4ruar% 200 states, go!ernors or chief health officials issued emergency orders to gi!e

flu shots to riority grous only3 'he orders conformed to D recommendations that the !accine be

reser!ed for seniors 6 years oldor older, all infantsfrom si* to 25 months of age, regnant women, eolewith certain chron4ic illnesses, residents of long-term care facilities, adults caring for infants less than sixmonths of age, children two to 18 years of age receiving chronic aspirin therapy, and health care wor)ersproviding direct patient care.

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+epat!t!s C 7De"ense :2

5 +ep C has *een aro'nd "or ent'r!es.ma#e them pro)e -hy no- !s#ey

25 +ep C !s dereas!ngArthur Schoenstadt&(!', t deade. A4out 70 perent ofa## #iver deaths here are due to hepatitis . Bgyt has the highest re!alence of heatitis in the world , the#ega% of a we##Cintended hea#th ampaign that went horri4#% wrong. *n the 1;60s, the government turned tomodern mediine in the hope of eradiating 4i#haria, a waterC4orne parasite that has p#agued g%ptian farmerssine the dawn of time. *n a tragi iron%, the tartarCemeti in@etions given to g%ptians #iving in rura# areas uredtheir 4i#haria, 4ut spread another dead#% disease among the popu#ation, the hepatitis virus &"B'. At thattime, bilharia treatment was administered intra!enously, rea##s !r. efaat Tame#, a prominent surgeon andspeia#ist in tropia# diseases. here were no disposa4#e s%ringes, so once the needle got infected, the diseasesread quic)ly from one erson to another. (i##ions of g%ptians were inadvertent#% infeted with "B4efore the or#d "ea#th rganisation &"' sponsored antiC4i#haria ampaign was shut down in 1;E2.

$ientists on#% disovered the hepatitis virus in 1;E7, and it was another deade 4efore the% proved that its highpreva#ene in g%pt was a onse?uene of the mass treatment ampaign. hi#e g%ptian hea#thare worersadopted disposa4#e need#es in the 1;E0s, "B ontinued to spread due to improper 4#ood sreening and poorh%giene praties. here is a #a>it% in preautions in g%pt, sa%s Tame#. eop#e are are#ess or ignorant where4#ood is invo#ved, and this has fai#itated the transmission of "B. he resu#ts of a nationa# surve% re#eased #astmonth show that eight to nine mi##ion g%ptians, more than 10 perent of the popu#ation, have 4een e>posed tohepatitis , of whih appro>imate#% 5.5 mi##ion are hroni arriers. *n some rura# areas over ha#f the adu#tpopu#ation arries "B anti4odies. A4out 30 perent of peop#e infeted with "B spontaneous#% #ear the virusfrom their s%stem within si> months, aording to studies done in g%pt. he rest deve#op hroni hepatitis, whihin a4out a ?uarter of ases #eads to irrhosis and #iver fai#ure in 20 to 30 %ears. Bgyt7s !iral time bomb is aboutto go off. !otors estimate that some 50,000 Bgytians die each year of HICre#ated #iver fai#ure C a figure thatis ro(ected to climb as the disease rogresses in those who contracted it during the &6>412 anti4bilharia

camaign. e e>pet the num4er of morta#ities wi## pea in 2012, sa%s !r. ahid !oss, head of the +ationa#

ommittee for the ontro# of Bira# "epatitis &+B"', a government 4od% formed to fight the disease.

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%eedle Ehange CP

CP Tet The Go)ernment o" A'stral!a sho'ld s'*stant!ally epand !tsdomest! syr!nge6ehange programs a*road5

A'stral!an needle ehange programs are #ey to red'!ng +ep 6 CMaiser Daily"ea#th o#i% eport 200hange rograms "ave ur4ed "*B, "epatitis Among*!-s *n Austra#ia, $hou#d e >panded, pinion iee $a%s=http://www.aisernetwor.org/dai#%reports/hea#thpo#i%

'he Australian go!ernment7s needle4e*change rograms ha!e


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%eedle Ehange Sol)eny Et

%eedle ehange !s #ey to red'e +ep CDrug Alliance -etwor), $ay 22, 2006.9Sterile Syringe Access P-eedle B*changeE;http://www.drugpo#i%.org/reduingharm/need#ee>han/

+ncreasing sterile syringe a!ailability through needle e*change rograms, pharma% sa#es, and ph%siianrescrition reduces needle sharing among in(ection drug users, which decreases transmission of"*B/A*!$and heatitis3 -eedle e*change rogramsand pharma% sa#e of s%ringes ha!e also been shown to increase safedisosal of used syringes. *n addition, these programs provide in@etion drug users with referra#s to drugtreatment, deto>ifiation, soia# servies, and primar% hea#th are. +n(ection drug use is associated with a highris) of infection by blood4borne diseases such as "*B and heatitis . $ine the A*!$ epidemi 4egan, 3FZ ofa## reported ases in the -nited $tates have 4een among in@etion drug users and their se>ua# partners. -p to 75Zof new A*!$ ases among women and hi#dren are diret#% or indiret#% a onse?uene of in@etion drug use.^eroCto#erane drug po#iies, whih in man% states rimina#ie 4oth the possession of s%ringes and the distri4utionof steri#e s%ringes, e>aer4ate the pro4#em. hese po#iies resu#t in the reCuse and sharing of ontaminateds%ringes, spreading 4#oodC4orne diseases and reating poor hea#th onditions.

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A'stral!a Glo*al A!d

A'stral!a an g!)e glo*al a!dommonwealth of Australia 2/05/05


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State H!ghts:$ederal!sm CP

The 4n!ted States $ederal Go)ernment sho'ld permanently a*ol!sh thedepartment o" ed'at!on5

El!m!nat!ng the DOE sol)es states r!ghtsato.htm#

Kames $adison, who roclaimed that the owers of the federal go!ern4 ment should be few and

enumerated, would be shoc)ed at what the resident and ongress are doing today in re#ation to an aspet of

fami#% #ife that was never intended to ome under the ontro# of ongress, the hite "ouse, or an% federa# agen%3ongress should ta)e the enlightened !iew, consistent with that of the nation.s ounders, and draw a line inthe sand that won.t be crossed3 Bducation is a matter reser!ed to the states, eriod

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Patr!arhy 7 De"ense :;

5 %o threshold to !mpat.the ase !snt large eno'gh to sol)e all the!mpats o" patr!arhy

25 Patr!arhy annot *e epla!ned *y a s!ngle a'sal!ty$teven Goldberg&hairman of the !epartment of $oio#og%, it% o##ege, it% -niversit% of +ew Sor', p#anations fai# on empiria# grounds.

;5 Patr!arhy !s not the root a'se o" all !mpatsat $aguire of B n#ine, an on#ine feminist news soure June ; 200http://eve.envirowe4.org/whatHis/main.htm#

+t assumes atriarchy is the root cause of all our roblems. Fhile the atriarchal mindset is certainlyaccountable for much of humanind8s dysfunctionality, atriarchy is only ,000 years old3merging theories from thiners #ie he##is D#endinning ontend that our dis#oation from nature &and henef

aaddw09.povertynegtwist

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